Parts of Speech NOUN VERB Week 1 PRONOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB Needed Definitions PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERJECTION Parts of Speech Noun Verb Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection Is Person Place Thing Idea Answers?? : Who Or What Shows : Action Time Mood Verb Answers?? : Doing Kinds of Action, Linking, Auxiliary, Modal He rode the horse to victory. Kinds of Verbs: Action Action verbs express mental or physical action. The police car raced across the road. 1
Kinds of Verbs: Linking Kinds of Verbs: Helping She is a teacher. Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. Helping verbs aid or help a main verb (for various tenses). Helping verbs used for questions and negatives. He was riding the horse. Did she have a cold? She has been sick. He has ridden the horse. No, she did not. Pronoun Replaces a noun Shows possession Can use contractions Kinds of: Personal Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Relative The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Personal Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, it, its we,us, our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, one, etc. Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose Adjective Answers??: Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Answers these questions: Describes a Noun Which one Or Did you lose your address book? What Kind Is that a wool sweater? Just give me five minutes. 2
Adverb Describes a Verb Describes an Adjective Describes an Adverb Answers??: How When Where Why How Many Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. He ran quickly. She left yesterday. We went there. Answers the questions: How? When? Where? It was too hot! To what degree or how much? Preposition Shows relationships between words, phrases, clauses Must have an object They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his trip to Canada. The preposition never stands alone! The preposition never stands alone! preposition noun pronoun object of preposition pp object You can press those leaves under glass. pp object object object can have modifiers more than one object Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news. pp object It happened during the last examination. 3
Some Common Prepositions The conjunction aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. and either/or but or neither/nor The conjunction: Coordinating The conjunction: Subordinating For And Nor Joins Two Equal Ideas FANBOYS But Or Yet Joins two UNEQUAL ideas When Although Because Before So until The interjection an exclamatory word that expresses emotion Other Vocabulary Goodness! What a cute baby! Wow! Look at that sunset! 4
Subject p90 Topic of the sentence Usually precedes verb Can be simple NOUN Or Complex NOUN Phrase Object of Preposition NEVER subject Predicate The verb and everything which follows or belongs to the verb. 2 Parts of Sentence Examples Subject: What or who the sentence is about with modifiers (Usually has some kind of noun). Simple Complete Predicate Verb and everything else in sentence that is not subject. Simple Complete Simple Subject/ Simple Predicate. I like cake. More Complex Mrs. Coleman s cat enjoys eating fresh tuna. Phrase p90 Clause p90 Two or more words that DO NOT contain a subject and a verb Two or more words that DO HAVE a subject and a verb 5
Transitive Verb p90 Intransitive Verb p90 A verb that TAKES a Direct Object A verb that DOES NOT take a Direct Object Linking Verb p90 Direct Object p90 A verb that CONNECTS a subject and Its complement (noun or adjective) A word or phrase that receives the action of the verb Indirect Object p90 Subject Complement p90 A word or phrase that receives from Direct Object A noun or noun phrase that describes the subject (often used with linking verb) when used with linking verb predicate nominative 6
Adjective Complement Object Complement p90 (Also Predicate Adjective ) Used with linking verb to describe an noun A word that describes the object (often used with linking verb) Coordinating Conjunction p 90 Subordinating Conjunction p90 Connects 2 or more Independent Clauses Only 7 = FANBOYS Connects Dependent Clause with Independent Clause Independent Clause pg 94 (Complete Sentence) A subject and verb in agreement and often an object or complement Dependent Clause p 94 (Incomplete Sentence) Cannot Stand alone Used with Subordinating Conjunction to join to DC 7
Declarative Sentence p 103 A sentence that makes a statement Usually ends in period Interrogative p 103 (Question) Asks for information Often uses Wh word who, what, where, when, why, how Imperative Simple Sentence p 108 (Command) A sentence which is addressed to second person (often dropped) Has ONE Independent Clause Compound Sentence p 108 Has TWO or more Independent Clauses Complex Sentence p 108 Has ONE or more Dependent Clauses and ONE Independent Clause joined with SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION 8
Compound Complex Sentence p 108 Has ONE or more Dependent Clauses and TWO or more Independent Clauses 9