Teacher Behaviors Preparation Content objectives Writing Quality Learning Objectives Learning objectives (often called performance objectives or competencies) are brief, clear, specific statements of what learners will be able to perform at the conclusion of instructional activities. Learning objectives stem from course objectives; course objectives are broad statements reflecting general course goals and outcomes, while learning objectives are targeted statements about expected student performance. Generally, learning objectives are competency-based as they designate exactly what students need to do to demonstrate mastery of course material. With this in mind, learning objectives are always stated in terms of student outcomes. The purpose of learning objectives is to: Facilitate overall course development by encouraging goal-directed planning Inform students of the standards and expectations of the course Provide information for the development of assessments by identifying the types of evidence that students need to produce to demonstrate understanding Clarify the intent of instruction and guide the formation of instructional activities (textbook selection, teaching resources, instructional methods, etc) Provide a framework for evaluating student understanding and progress Serve as an implicit contract between instructor and students setting up a basis for accountability Drive curriculum planning (such as the development or revision of courses) Create a framework for evaluating overall effectiveness of an educational program Provide evidence of student learning to be utilized for accreditation Guidelines for Writing Effective Learning Objectives: Effective learning objectives highlight expected student behavior as well as the specific conditions and standards of performance. Behavior - Write learning objectives in terms of an observable, behavioral outcome; essentially, learning objectives should provide a description of what the student will be able to do. When writing the objective in performance terminology, the selection of an effective action verb is of utmost importance. The use of a clear, targeted verb provides directions about the expectations of student performance at the completion of instructional activities. Because the verb provides the desired direction of emphasis, it is important to choose a verb that is focused and targets a level of performance appropriate for the course. Student-Centered - All learning objectives should focus on the student. An effective learning objective will explain expectations for student behavior, performance, or understanding. To ensure that learning objectives are student-centered, a good objective should appropriately complete the statement "The student will..." Conditions - Learning objectives should be specific and target one expectation or aspect of understanding and highlight the conditions under which the student is expected to perform the task. The conditions of the objective should communicate the situation, tools, references, or aids that will be provided for the student.
Standards - Each learning objective should be measurable and include the criteria for evaluating student performance. Generally, standards provide information to clarify to what extent a student must perform to be judged adequate; thus effective learning objectives indicate a degree of accuracy, a quantity of correct responses or some other type of measurable information. Standards serve the dual purpose of informing students of performance expectations and providing insight as to how achievement of these expectations will be measured. Since students will utilize the standards to guide their performance, be sure to use specific terminology that has limited interpretations and ensure that all students understand the same interpretation. Tips for Improving Learning Objectives: Learning objectives have two parts: an action verb and a content area. Utilize the action verb to specify the desired student performance followed by a specific description of the course-specific content target. Keep statements short and focused on a single outcome. This allows instructors to determine whether or not an objective has been met without having to distinguish between partial completion or success. To ensure that learning objectives are effective and measurable, avoid using verbs that are vague or cannot be objectively assessed. Use active verbs that describe what a student will be able to do once learning has occurred. Learning objectives should be student-focused and target the expected student outcome. To assist in maintaining a student-centered emphasis, start learning objectives with the phrase "The learner/student will be able to..." Learning objectives should be SMART (specific, measurable, acceptable to the instructor, realistic to achieve, and time-bound with a deadline). Include complex or higher-order learning objectives when they are appropriate. Most instructors expect students to go beyond memorization of facts and terminology; learning objectives should reflect instructors' expectations for student performance. Utilize learning objectives as a basis for course preparation. Learning objectives should match instructional strategies and assessment requirements. To ensure the connection between various course activities, it is useful to construct a table highlighting the relationship. For example: Learning Objective Instructional Activities Assessment Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative assessment Lecture, group activity Exam #1, Assessment Portfolio #1, Mastery Questions Using the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives to Write Learning Objectives: Depending on the course goals, learning objectives may target a range of skills or cognitive processes. Bloom's (1956) taxonomy of educational objectives differentiates between three domains of learning: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor Domain Target Focus Cognitive Knowledge, Mind intellectual skills Affective Attitudes, interests, feelings, values, adjustments Spirit Psychomotor Motor and manipulations skills Body Most courses in higher education focus on the cognitive domain, thus it is important to examine various levels of cognitive understanding. The cognitive domain is broken-down into six categories: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Generally, instructors will want to design learning objectives to target a range of levels of student understanding. The phrasing
of learning objectives will help guide both instructional activities and assessment, thus instructors should carefully select the emphasis of learning and the relevant verb. Domain Emphasis Relevant Verbs Cognitive Knowledge Recall, identify, recognize, acquire, distinguish, state, define, name, list, label, reproduce, order Cognitive Comprehension Translate, extrapolate, convert, interpret, abstract, transform, select, indicate, illustrate, represent, formulate, explain, classify, comprehend Cognitive Application Apply, sequence, carry out, solve, prepare, operate, generalize, plan, repair, explain, predict, demonstrate, instruct, compute, use, perform, implement, employ, solve Cognitive Analysis Analyze, estimate, compare, observe, detect, classify, discover, discriminate, explore, distinguish, catalog, investigate, breakdown, order, determine, differentiate, dissect, contrast, examine, interpret Cognitive Synthesis Write, plan, integrate, formulate, propose, specify, produce, organize, theorize, design, build, systematize, combine, summarize, restate, argue, discuss, derive, relate, generalize, conclude, produce Cognitive Evaluation Evaluate, verify, assess, test, judge, rank, measure, appraise, select, check, judge, justify, evaluate, determine, support, defend, criticize, weigh, assess Affective Psychomotor Agree, avoid, support, participate, cooperate, praise, help, offer, join Adjust, repair, taste, bend, measure, perform, operate, use, move
Avoid using verbs that are difficult to measure objectively. The following verbs are difficult to assess, thus should be used with caution: know comprehend understand appreciate familiarize study be aware become acquainted with gain knowledge of cover learn realize If you utilize verbs like "know" or "understand", make sure that you state how "knowledge" or "understanding" will be demonstrated. Remember, a good learning objectives is one that can be assessed to determine students' mastery of course material. Review Checklist: Does the learning objective stem from a course goal or objective? Is the learning objective measurable? Does the learning objective target one specific aspect of expected performance? Is the learning objective student-centered? Does the learning objective utilize an effective, action verb that targets the desired level of performance? Do learning objectives measure a range of educational outcomes? Does the learning objective match instructional activities and assessments? Does the learning objective specify appropriate conditions for performance? Is the learning objective written in terms of observable, behavioral outcomes? Resource Links: A Quick Guide to Writing Learning Objectives Guidelines for Writing Learning Objectives Writing Learning Objectives Using Bloom's Taxonomy Basic Guidelines (and Examples) for Writing Learning Objectives Writing Performance Objectives (San Mateo County Office of Education) A Clear Guide to Writing Objective Statements References:
Aiken, L. R. (2000). Psychological Testing and Assessment (10thEdition). Boston, MA: Allyn Anderson, L. W., Krathwohl, D. R., Airasian, R. W., Cruikshank, K. A., Mayer, R. E., Pintrich, P. R., Raths, J. & Wittrock, M. C. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Baiocco, S.A. & DeWaters, J.N. (1998). Successful College Teaching: Problem-Solving Strategies of Distinguished Professors. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bloom, B.S. (Ed.) (1956) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, Cognitive Domain. New York ; Toronto: Longmans, Green. Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G. J., & Ronning, R. R. (1995). Cognitive Psychology and Instruction (2ndEdition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Chatterji, M. (2003). Designing and Using Tools for Educational Assessment. Boston, MA: Allyn Davis, B.G. (2001). Tools for Teaching. New York: Jossey-Bass. Gronlund, N. E. (2003). Assessment of Student Achievement (7thEdition). Boston, MA: Allyn Johnson, D. W. & Johnson, R. T. (2002). Meaningful Assessment: A Manageable and Cooperative Process. Boston, MA: Allyn McKeachie, W. J. (1999). Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers (10thEdition). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Popham, W. J. (2000). Modern Educational Measurement: Practical Guidelines for Educational Leaders (3rdEdition). Boston, MA: Allyn Trice, A. D. (2000). A Handbook of Classroom Assessment. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. ------------------- Questions concerning the Park University Faculty Development: Quick Tips website should be directed to Dr. Jean Mandernach jean.mandernach@park.edu. This article was retrieved on February 2008 from Park University. To go to the site: http://www.park.edu/cetl/quicktips/writinglearningobj.html