Grade Twelve Phonemic Awareness, Word Recognition and Fluency Fluency continues to develop past the primary grades. Readers increase their rate of oral reading to near conversational pace. They show their appropriate use of pauses, pitch, stress and intonation that they are reading in clauses and sentence units to support comprehension. They gain control over a wider, complex sight vocabulary and over longer syntactic structures, so that they are able to read progressively more demanding texts with greater ease. Silent reading becomes considerably faster than oral reading and becomes the preferred, more efficient way to process everyday texts. Acquisition of Vocabulary 1. Recognize and identify how authors clarify meanings of words through context and use definition, restatement, example, comparison, contrast and cause and effect to advance word study. 2. Analyze the relationships of pairs of words in analogical statements (e.g., synonyms and antonyms, connotation and denotation) and evaluate the effectiveness of analogous relationships. 3. Examine and explain the influence of the English language on world literature, communications and popular cultures. 4. Use knowledge of Greek, Latin and Anglo- Saxon roots, prefixes and suffixes to understand complex words and new subject-area vocabulary (e.g., unknown words in science, mathematics and social studies). 5. Determine the meanings and pronunciations of unknown words by using dictionaries, thesauruses, glossaries, technology and textual features, such as definitional footnotes or sidebars. SE/TE: Context clues, check, 137, 140, 141, 143, 145, 151; Vocabulary in context: SAT: Critical Reading, Sentence Completion, 231, 459, 711, 937, 1117, SAT: Reading Comprehension, Sentence Completion, 1485; also see: Vocabulary Development, 66, 121, 136, 197, 280, 306, 359, 377, 398, 417, 492, 537, 597, 627, 663, 704, 745, 754, 793, 851, 865, 879, 908, 930, 988, 1007, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1186, 1205, 1243, 1270, 1279, 1279, 1357, 1431 SE/TE: Synonym, 32, 89, 152, 306, 502, 537, 551, 645, 685, 745, 766, 793, 919, 1038, 1150, 1186, 1243, 1279; Antonym, 32, 89, 166, 359, 537, 566, 851, 919, 1007, 1051; Connotation, Denotation, 152; also see: Analogy, 222, 296, 450, 1444, 1453 SE/TE: Vocabulary Workshop: Words from mythology, 452, Etymology: political science/history terms, 704, Etymology of science, medical, mathematical terms, 930, Idioms, 1110; also see: The Changing English Language: Beginnings of English, 7, A Man of Fire-New Words, 241, No Harmless Drudge, He, 469, The Romantic Age, 723, Euphemisms: the Fig Leaves of Language, 949, Britspeak, A to Zed, 1129 SE/TE: Roots, 66, 197, 280, 306, 359, 398, 417, 537, 627, 663, 704, 754, 793, 851, 879, 908, 908, 930, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1186, 1205, 1243, 1279, 1279, 1357, 1431; Suffixes, 121, 704, 745, 865, 930, 988; Prefixes, 136, 377, 492, 597, 704, 930, 1007, 1270 SE/TE: Vocabulary Workshop: Dictionaries and other resources, 224; Dictionary, 646, 650, 652, 662, 707 1
Reading Process: Concepts of Print, Comprehension Strategies and Self-Monitoring Strategies In Grades 8 through 12, students should read purposefully and automatically, using the comprehension and self-monitoring strategies outlined in previous grades. As they encounter increasingly challenging content-area and literary texts, students may more consciously employ these strategies and benefit from teacher modeling of the reading process. Comprehension Strategies 1. Apply reading comprehension strategies, including making predictions, comparing and contrasting, recalling and summarizing and making inferences and drawing conclusions. 2. Answer literal, inferential, evaluative and synthesizing questions to demonstrate comprehension of grade-appropriate print texts and electronic and visual media. SE/TE: Main idea, determine, 38, 42, 45, 48, 51, 52, 53, 58, 61, 65, 168, 196, 252, 254, 305; Paraphrasing, 42, 45, 48, 51, 52, 53, 58, 61, 65, 309, 668, 670, 880, 883, 887, 888, 893; Clarity of meaning, analyze, 82, 85, 86, 89, 342, 343, 350, 353, 358; Comprehension, repair, 95, 98, 106, 108, 112, 115, 120, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, 588, 592, 596, 852, 856, 864, 1191, 1193, 1203, 1204; Context clues, check, 137, 140, 141, 143, 145, 151; Visual information, analyze, 151, 196, 536, 626, 662, 753, 765, 792, 878, 987, 1050, 1083; Summarize, 168, 172, 176, 181, 183, 186, 189, 194, 196, 282, 283, 289, 291, 1366, 1370, 1376; Predictions, make/confirm, 758, 762, 765, 1244, 1249, 1251, 1252, 1256, 1259, 1267, 1269; Background knowledge, apply, 1340, 1343, 1346, 1352, 1356, 1358 SE/TE: Critical Reading, 29, 37, 64, 80, 119, 150, 165, 183, 204, 208, 210, 260, 269, 276, 287, 301, 339, 355, 375, 396, 415, 428, 434, 483, 490, 500, 508, 510, 513, 550, 556, 616, 625, 643, 653, 675, 739, 791, 808, 849, 863, 869, 872, 876, 889, 907, 968, 973, 984, 1004, 1020, 1037, 1047, 1049, 1059, 1076, 1090, 1143, 1146, 1175, 1178, 1184, 1212, 1234, 1241, 1277, 1291, 1305, 1311, 1326, 1336, 1347, 1364, 1369, 1371, 1375, 1386, 1390, 1394, 1398, 1408, 1413, 1414, 1429, 1442, 1466 2
Self-Monitoring Strategies 3. Monitor own comprehension by adjusting speed to fit the purpose, or by skimming, scanning, reading on, looking back, note taking or summarizing what has been read so far in text. Independent Reading 4. Use criteria to choose independent reading materials (e.g., personal interest, knowledge of authors and genres or recommendations from others). 5. Independently read books for various purposes (e.g., for enjoyment, for literary experience, to gain information or to perform a task). Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text 1. Analyze the rhetorical devices used in public documents, including state or school policy statements, newspaper editorials and speeches. 2. Analyze and critique organizational patterns and techniques including repetition of ideas, appeals to authority, reason and emotion, syntax and word choice that authors use to accomplish their purpose and reach their intended audience. 3. Analyze and compile information from several sources on a single issue or written by a single author, clarifying ideas and connecting them to other sources and related topics. SE/TE: Reread, 35, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135; Sentences, break down, 679; Reading rate, adjust, 991; Sentences, read poetry in, 1400, 1403, 1407, 1409; Dialogue, read aloud, 1473; also see: Paraphrasing, 42, 45, 48, 51, 52, 53, 58, 61, 65, 309, 668, 670, 880, 883, 887, 888, 893; Comprehension, repair, 95, 98, 106, 108, 112, 115, 120, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, 588, 592, 596, 852, 856, 864, 1191, 1193, 1203, 1204; Context clues, check, 137, 140, 141, 143, 145, 151; Summarize, 168, 172, 176, 181, 183, 186, 189, 194, 196, 282, 283, 289, 291, 1366, 1370, 1376; Background knowledge, apply, 1340, 1343, 1346, 1352, 1356, 1358 SE/TE: Independent Reading, 225, 453, 705, 931, 1111, 1479 SE/TE: Independent Reading, 225, 453, 705, 931, 1111, 1479 SE/TE: Rhetorical questions, 223, 451; Rhetorical devices, 444; also see: Persuasive techniques, 222, 910, 929, 1062; Informational Texts: evaluate author s purpose and perspective, 436 441, rhetorical devices, analyze, 896 909, determine essential message, analyze rhetorical devices, 1284 1295 Author's arguments, outline, 1462, 1464, 1467 SE/TE: Text structure, analyze, 272, 279, 378, 381, 391, 392, 397, 552, 557; Cause-and-effect relationships, 360, 363, 365, 367, 370, 376, 1218, 1222, 1225, 1227, 1228, 1233, 1238, 1239, 1242; Patterns of organization, analyze, 1076, 1080, 1081; also see: Informational Texts: analyze cause-and-effect relationships, 1454 1459 SE/TE: Informational Texts, 70 75, 198 213, 282 290, 435 441, 568 580, 598 603, 810 817, 896 908, 1022 1027, 1284 1295, 1454 1459; Comparing Literary Works: Primary sources, 212, 290, 580, 908, 1069, 1294, Persuasive techniques, 296, 305, 919, Writing about daily life, 732, 744, Social commentary/criticism, 753, 1011 3
4. Distinguish between valid and invalid inferences and provide evidence to support the findings, noting instances of unsupported inferences, fallacious reasoning, propaganda techniques, bias and stereotyping. 5. Examine an author s implicit and explicit philosophical assumptions and beliefs about a subject. 6. Evaluate the effectiveness and validity of arguments in public documents and their appeal to various audiences. 7. Analyze the structure and features of functional and workplace documents, including format, sequence and headers, and how authors use these features to achieve their purposes and to make information accessible and usable. 8. Critique functional and workplace documents (e.g., instructions, technical manuals, travel schedules, business memoranda) for sequencing of information and procedures, anticipation of possible reader misunderstandings and visual appeal. SE/TE: Logical fallacies, 223; Propaganda, 928; also see: Persuasive techniques, 222, 910, 929, 1062; Author's arguments, outline, 1462, 1464, 1467 SE/TE: Author's perspective, analyze, 480, 484, 491, 708, 934; Author's philosophical assumptions, analyze, 680, 685, 958, 974, 1038, 1138, 1141, 1148; Author's beliefs, analyze, 958, 974, 1086, 1093, 1094; Author's assumptions, analyze, 1028, 1030, 1035, 1149; also see: Informational Texts: summarizing, restating main ideas, 282 291, evaluate author s purpose and perspective, 436 441, rhetorical devices, analyze, 896 909, determine essential message, analyze rhetorical devices, 1284 1295 SE/TE: Informational Texts: rhetorical devices, analyze, 896 909, determine essential message, analyze rhetorical devices, 1284 1295; also see: Author's arguments, outline, 1462, 1464, 1467 SE/TE: Informational Texts: digital reference tools: online encyclopedia article, Wikipedia article, 70 75, letters, folk ballads, 198 213, speech, eyewitness account, 282 290, feature article, theater review, 436 441, diary, policy statement, 568 581, transit map and schedule, annual report, 598 603, government report, travel guide, 810 817, parliamentary debate, letters, 896 909, brochure, web site homepage, 1022 1027, newspaper articles, advertisements, 1062 1070, speech, government memorandum, 1284 1295, technical documents: technical article, press release, 1454 1459 SE/TE: Informational Texts: evaluate validity and reliability of a research source, 70 75, text features, analyzing and evaluating, 198 213, summarizing, restating main ideas, 282 291, evaluate author s purpose and perspective, 436 441, verify and clarify facts, 568 581, evaluate information from text features, 598 603, evaluate information from charts, graphs, illustrations, 810 817, rhetorical devices, analyze, 896 909, predict content and purpose, 1022 1027, newspaper articles, advertisements, comparing, 1062 1070, determine essential message, analyze rhetorical devices, 1284 1295, analyze cause-and-effect relationships, 1454 1459 4
Reading Applications: Literary Text 1. Compare and contrast motivations and reactions of literary characters confronting similar conflicts (e.g., individual vs. nature, freedom vs. responsibility, individual vs. society), using specific examples of characters thoughts, words and actions. 2. Analyze the historical, social and cultural context of setting. 3. Explain how voice and narrator affect the characterization, plot and credibility. 4. Evaluate an author s use of point of view in a literary text. 5. Analyze variations of universal themes in literary texts. SE/TE: Comparing Literary Works: Frame stories across cultures, 156, Medieval romances, 196, Tragedies, 421, 435, Epics around the world, 541, 551; also see: Conflict, internal/external, 360, 364, 366, 373, 376, 1340; Characterization, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 115, 117, 120, 1340, 1345, 1350, 1354, 1418, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1434, 1437, 1439, 1443 SE/TE: Historical context, understand, 18, 28, 32, 679; Issues of the period, relate a work to, 400, 404, 406, 413, 416; Cultural context, understand, 679; Historical perspective, apply, 753; Historical period, 558, 566, 779, 782, 784, 792, 1040, 1050, 1043, 1154, 1156, 1158, 1167; Social criticism, compare, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017, 1018, 1020, 1021; Cultural conflict, 1316, 1319, 1330, 1337; Knowledge of history, apply, 1340, 1343, 1346, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1355, 1356; also see: Setting, 137, 151, 990, 1216, 1340, 1342, 1349, 1351, 1356 SE/TE: Narrative elements, archetypal, 123, 128, 130, 135; Point of view, 588, 591, 593, 596, 1191, 1194, 1195, 1244, 1252, 1257, 1258, 1269; Voice, 1390, 1393; also see: Characterization, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 115, 117, 120, 1340, 1345, 1350, 1354, 1418, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1434, 1437, 1439, 1443; Plot, 990, 1216, 1218, 1224, 1226, 1228, 1230, 1237, 1238, 1242 SE/TE: Point of view, 588, 591, 593, 596, 1191, 1194, 1195, 1244, 1252, 1257, 1258, 1269; Voice, 1390, 1393 SE/TE: Universal themes, compare, 264, 270; Carpe diem theme, 504, 508, 510, 514; Universal theme, 1308, 1310, 1312, 1313, 1315; also see: Narrative elements, archetypal, 123, 128, 130, 135; Theme, 702, 990, 1040, 1043, 1047, 1049, 1050, 1216, 1218, 1242, 1244, 1247, 1248, 1250, 1252, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1264, 1268, 1269, 1272, 1315, 1358, 1363, 1365, 1388, 1390, 1393, 1396, 1437 5
6. Recognize and differentiate characteristics of subgenres, including satire, parody and allegory, and explain how choice of genre affects the expression of theme or topic. 7. Compare and contrast varying characteristics of American, British, world and multi-cultural literature. 8. Evaluate ways authors develop point of view and style to achieve specific rhetorical and aesthetic purposes (e.g., through use of figurative language irony, tone, diction, imagery, symbolism and sounds of language), citing specific examples from text to support analysis. Writing Processes Prewriting 1. Generate writing ideas through discussions with others and from printed material, and keep a list of writing ideas. SE/TE: Elegy, 18, 23, 31, 32, 774, 1410, 1415; Epic, 38, 46, 48, 57, 58, 60, 521, 536, 540, 541, 551; Folk epics, 35; Frame stories, 137, 141, 143, 146, 150, 151, 156, 156, 165, 166, 196; Legend, 168, 179, 194; Medieval romances, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 186, 187, 191, 192, 194, 196; Folk ballads, 198, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212; Pastoral, 264, 266, 270, 1170, 1180, 1185, R20; Parable, 296, 301, 305, R20; Shakespearean tragedy, 400, 403, 404, 406, 407, 409, 411, 416; Metaphysical poetry, 480, 487, 488, 489, R18; Lyric poem, 494, 497, 500, 501, 779, 781, 782, 797; Satire, 604, 608, 610, 612, 614, 620, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 1011, R21; Biography, 646, 657, 660, 662; Gothic literature, 758, 762, 765; Narrative poem, 818; Dystopian fiction, 1011; Ghost story, 1296, 1299, 1304, 1306; Villanelle, 1388, 1390, 1399 SE/TE: Literary History: Gallery of frame stories, 155, The Muse's children: lyric poets in world literature, 796 797; World Literature Connection: Mystery of the sonnets, 277, Parables around the world, 302, Renewing the literary tradition, 531, Byron's influence on world literature, 863, Greek anthology, 1081, The nineteenth century novel, 1001, Yeats's Philosophy, 1144, Joseph Conrad, international author, 1231 SE/TE: Point of view, 588, 591, 593, 596, 1191, 1194, 1195, 1244, 1252, 1257, 1258, 1269; Style, 1366, 1376, 1388, 1390, 1393, 1396, 1399; also see: Dramatic irony, 360, 366, 376; Irony, 610, 614, 626, 1072, 1308, 1313, 1315, 1319, 1322, 1323, 1331, 1334; Situational irony, 1337 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Prewriting, 215, 443, 695, 921, 1097, 1469; Writing Lesson: Prewriting, 66, 121, 136, 153, 197, 226, 262, 271, 280, 306, 341, 359, 377, 398, 418, 454, 492, 502, 538, 597, 627, 645, 663, 706, 706, 745, 754, 766, 794, 851, 865, 879, 894, 932, 975, 988, 1008, 1051, 1084, 1095, 1112, 1150, 1168, 1186, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1279, 1307, 1357, 1431 6
2. Determine the usefulness of and apply appropriate pre-writing tasks (e.g., background reading, interviews or surveys). 3. Establish and develop a clear thesis statement for informational writing or a clear plan or outline for narrative writing. 4. Determine a purpose and audience and plan strategies (e.g., adapting formality of style, including explanations or definitions as appropriate to audience needs) to address purpose and audience. 5. Use organizational strategies (e.g., notes and outlines) to plan writing. Drafting, Revising and Editing 6. Organize writing to create a coherent whole with an effective and engaging introduction, body and conclusion and a closing sentence that summarizes, extends or elaborates on points or ideas in the writing. 7. Use a variety of sentence structures and lengths (e.g., simple, compound and complex sentences; parallel or repetitive sentence structure). SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Prewriting, 215, 443, 695, 921, 1097, 1469; Writing Lesson: Prewriting, 66, 121, 136, 153, 197, 226, 262, 271, 280, 306, 341, 359, 377, 398, 418, 454, 492, 502, 538, 597, 627, 645, 663, 706, 706, 745, 754, 766, 794, 851, 865, 879, 894, 932, 975, 988, 1008, 1051, 1084, 1095, 1112, 1150, 1168, 1186, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1279, 1307, 1357, 1431 SE/TE: Thesis statement, 153, 226, 271, 280, 359, 444, 454, 706, 754, 794, 894, 1084, 1098; also see: Topic, choose/narrow, 121, 215, 306, 443, 645, 695, 921, 932, 1097, 1112, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1357, 1469, R27 SE/TE: Arguments, anticipate/refute, 136, 418, 1051; Audience/readers, remember, 262, 1470; Message, clarify, 627; Formal language, use, 1095; Position, clarify, 1206; Persuasive impact, improve, 1431 SE/TE: Writer's Toolbox: Organization, 447; Outline, develop, 538, 745, 794, 1168, 1243; Organization, review, 894, 1100, 1472; Material, organize, 921; Logical organization, plan, 922, 1098, 1186, 1307 SE/TE: Opening strategy, 136, 216, 341, 398, 418, 444, 538, 696, 794, 1098, 1431; Thesis statement, 153, 226, 271, 280, 359, 444, 454, 706, 754, 794, 894, 1084, 1098; Closing strategy, 216, 306, 538, 794; Structure, use logical, 446; Outline, develop/follow, 492, 538, 745; Summarize, 502; Opening, strengthen, 538, 794; Structure, balance, 698; Supporting details/evidence, add, 745, 794, 1206, 1243, 1279; Logical organization, plan, 922, 1098, 1186, 1307 SE/TE: Writer's Toolbox: Sentence fluency, 1099, 1473; Sentence order, normal/inverted, 1339; also see: Grammar and Style Lesson: Using Coordinating Conjunctions, 67; Subordinating Conjunctions, 263; Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics Handbook: Sentence Structure, R60 7
8. Use paragraph form in writing, including topic sentences that arrange paragraphs in a logical sequence, using effective transitions and closing sentences and maintaining coherence across the whole through the use of parallel structures. 9. Use precise language, action verbs, sensory details, colorful modifiers and style as appropriate to audience and purpose, and use techniques to convey a personal style and voice. SE/TE: Grammar: Improving Paragraphs, 1486; also see: Closing strategy, 216, 306, 538, 794; Structure, use logical, 446; Outline, develop/follow, 492, 538, 745; Summarize, 502; Opening, strengthen, 538, 794; Structure, balance, 698; Supporting details/evidence, add, 745, 794, 1206, 1243, 1279; Logical organization, plan, 922, 1098, 1186, 1307; Parallel structure, 1207 SE/TE: Vivid language, use, 197, 341, 446, 663, 851; Sensory details, 306, 766; Figurative language, strengthen, 377, 766, 1472; Words/images/sounds, chart, 627; Key descriptions, expand, 696; Vivid language, use, 1186; Description, include, 1270; Sensory details/language, use, 1307, 1472; Descriptive language, use, 1472 10. Use available technology to compose text. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Multimedia Presentation, 920 927, Publishing and Presenting, 1475; also see: Essential Question Workshops: Multimedia Report/Presentation, 227, Annotated Film Database 455, Slideshow, 933, Documentary 1481; Research and Technology: Brochure, 248; Writing Lesson: Multimedia Presentation Plan, 627, 1365, Internet Publication, 701 11. Reread and analyze clarity of writing, consistency of point of view and effectiveness of organizational structure. 12. Add and delete examples and details to better elaborate on a stated central idea, to develop more precise analysis or persuasive argument or to enhance plot, setting and character in narrative texts. 13. Rearrange words, sentences and paragraphs and add transitional words and phrases to clarify meaning and achieve specific aesthetic and rhetorical purposes. SE/TE: Revising: Clarity, rephrase for, 153, Format, streamline, 262, Redundant ideas, remove, 271, Thesis, refine, 280, Structure, use logical, 446, Logical flow, follow, 446, 1243, Ideas, organize, 447, 865, Opening, strengthen, 538, 794, Pacing, improve, 924, Parallelism, use, 645, Reflection, balance with narration, 698, Organization, review, 894, 1100, 1472, Topic sentences, place effectively, 1100, Causes and effects, clarify, 988, Format, review, 1008, Traditional narrative style, maintain, 1206, Correct order, present, 1307, Clarity/accuracy, review, 1431 SE/TE: Details, add, 280, 1051, 1472; Details, place for emphasis, 754; Details, verify, 538; Supporting details/evidence, add, 745, 794, 1206, 1243, 1279; Evidence and support, ensure, 975 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Revising, 218, 446, 698, 924, 1100, 1472; Writing Lesson: Revising, 66, 121, 136, 153, 197, 262, 271, 280, 306, 341, 377, 398, 418, 492, 502, 538, 597, 627, 645, 663, 745, 754, 766, 794, 851, 865, 879, 879, 894, 975, 988, 1008, 1051, 1084, 1095, 1186, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1307, 1431 8
14. Use resources and reference materials (e.g., dictionaries and thesauruses) to select effective and precise vocabulary that maintains consistent style, tone and voice. 15. Proofread writing, edit to improve conventions (e.g., grammar, spelling, punctuation and capitalization), identify and correct fragments and run-ons and eliminate inappropriate slang or informal language. 16. Apply tools (e.g., rubric, checklist and feedback) to judge the quality of writing. Publishing 17. Prepare for publication (e.g., for display or for sharing with others) writing that follows a manuscript form appropriate for the purpose, which could include such techniques as electronic resources, principles of design (e.g., margins, tabs, spacing and columns) and graphics (e.g., drawings, charts and graphs) to enhance the final product. Writing Applications 1. Write reflective compositions that: a. use personal experiences as a basis for reflection on some aspect of life; b. draw abstract comparisons between specific incidents and abstract concepts; c. maintain a balance between describing incidents and relating them to more general, abstract ideas that illustrate personal beliefs; and d. move from specific examples to generalizations about life. SE/TE: Writer's Toolbox: Word choice, 219; Vocabulary Workshop: Dictionaries and other resources, 224; also see: Revising: Vivid language, use, 197, 341, 663, 851, Weak language, replace, 446, Descriptive language, use, 1472, Formal language, use, 1095 SE/TE: Editing / proofreading, 221, 449, 701, 927, 1107, 1475; also see: Grammar, Usage and Mechanics, 67, 154, 263, 419, 493, 503, 539, 755, 767, 795, 1009, 1085, 1151, 1169, 1207, 1339; Grammar, Usage and Mechanics Handbook, R58 R65 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Rubrics, 221, 449, 701, 927, 1107, 1475; Guide to Rubrics, R43 R46 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Publishing and Presenting, 221, 449, 701, 927, 1107, 1475; also see: Essential Question Workshops: Multimedia Report/Presentation, 227, Annotated Film Database 455, Slideshow, 933, Documentary 1481; Research and Technology: Brochure, 248; Writing Lesson: Multimedia Presentation Plan, 627, 1365, Internet Publication, 701 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Autobiographical Narrative, 214 221, Reflective essay, 694 698, 700 701; Writing Lesson: Autobiographical narrative, 766 SE/TE: Concrete incidents, use, 597; also see: Essential Question response, 213; Analytical essay, 291, 1295; Archetypal images, 398; Response to literary criticism, 418, 502, 794, 1279; Critical essay, 581; Literary analysis, 706; Multi-genre analysis, 754 SE/TE: Reflective composition, 932; Reflective essay, 1409, 1431; also see: Writing Workshop: Autobiographical Narrative, 214 221, Reflective essay, 694 698, 700 701; Writing Lesson: Autobiographical narrative, 766 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Autobiographical Narrative, 214 221, Reflective essay, 694 698, 700 701; Writing Lesson: Autobiographical narrative, 766 9
2. Write responses to literature that: a. advance a judgment that is interpretative, analytical, evaluative or reflective; b. support key ideas and viewpoints with accurate and detailed references to the text or to other works and authors; c. analyze the author s use of stylistic devices and express an appreciation of the effects the devices create; d. identify and assess the impact of possible ambiguities, nuances and complexities within text; e. anticipate and answer a reader s questions, counterclaims or divergent interpretations; and SE/TE: Response to literature, 153, 166, 280, 359, 435, 454, 538, 809, 851, 894, 932, 1051, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1307; Essential Question response, 213; Analytical essay, 291, 1295; Archetypal images, 398; Response to literary criticism, 418, 502, 794, 1279; Critical essay, 581; Literary analysis, 706; Multi-genre analysis, 754 SE/TE: Archetypal images, 398; Response to literary criticism, 418, 502, 794, 1279; Critical essay, 581; Literary analysis, 706; Multi-genre analysis, 754; also see: Response to literature, 153, 166, 280, 359, 435, 454, 538, 809, 851, 894, 932, 1051, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1307 SE/TE: Response to literature: imagery, 280, inventive approaches, 454, dramatic quality, 894, reflection on Romanticism, 932, augmentation, 1206, 1243, 1307; also see: Analytical essay, archetypal images, 398; Compare-and-contrast essay, social criticism, 1021 SE/TE: Response to literature, 153, 166, 280, 359, 435, 454, 538, 809, 851, 894, 932, 1051, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1307; Essential Question response, 213; Analytical essay, 291, 1295; Archetypal images, 398; Response to literary criticism, 418, 502, 794, 1279; Critical essay, 581; Literary analysis, 706; Multi-genre analysis, 754 SE/TE: Response to literary criticism, 418, 502, 794, 1279; Critical essay, 581; also see: Response to literature, 153, 166, 280, 359, 435, 454, 538, 809, 851, 894, 932, 1051, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1307 f. provide a sense of closure to the writing. SE/TE: Closing strategy, 538; also see: Response to literature, 153, 166, 280, 359, 435, 454, 538, 809, 851, 894, 932, 1051, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1206, 1243, 1270, 1307; Essential Question response, 213; Analytical essay, 291, 1295; Archetypal images, 398; Response to literary criticism, 418, 502, 794, 1279; Critical essay, 581; Literary analysis, 706; Multi-genre analysis, 754 10
3. Write functional documents (e.g., requests for information, resumes, letters of complaint, memos, proposals) that: a. report, organize and convey information accurately; b. use formatting techniques that make a document user-friendly; and c. anticipate readers problems, mistakes and misunderstandings. 4. Write informational essays or reports, including research, that: a. develop a controlling idea that conveys a perspective on the subject; b. create an organizing structure appropriate to purpose, audience and context; c. include information on all relevant perspectives, considering the validity and reliability of primary and secondary sources; d. make distinctions about the relative value and significance of specific data, facts and ideas; SE/TE: Job application, 66; Blog, 121; Manual for writing sonnets, 262; Public service announcement, 514; Memo, 557, 1315; Directions for reciting a poem, 676; Letter to the editor, 685; Report/recommendation, 817, 988, 1038; E-mail, 919; Letter of recommendation, 1095; Workplace Writing, R35 R42 SE/TE: Workplace Writing, R35 R42; also see: Job application, 66; Blog, 121; Manual for writing sonnets, 262; Public service announcement, 514; Memo, 557, 1315; Directions for reciting a poem, 676; Letter to the editor, 685; Report/recommendation, 817, 988, 1038; E-mail, 919; Letter of recommendation, 1095 SE/TE: Job application, 66; Blog, 121; Manual for writing sonnets, 262; Public service announcement, 514; Memo, 557, 1315; Directions for reciting a poem, 676; Letter to the editor, 685; Report/recommendation, 817, 988, 1038; E-mail, 919; Letter of recommendation, 1095; Workplace Writing, R35 R42 SE/TE: Thesis statement, 153, 226, 271, 280, 359, 444, 454, 706, 754, 794, 894, 1084, 1098; Historical investigation: Background information, review, 1095; Logical organization, plan, 1098; Topic sentences, place effectively, 1100; also see: Writing Lesson: Biographical Narrative, 492, Develop a Research Plan, 879, Annotated Bibliography, 1008; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R21 R23 SE/TE: Writer's Toolbox: Organization, 447; Outline, develop, 538, 745, 794, 1168, 1243; Organization, review, 894, 1100, 1472; Material, organize, 921; Logical organization, plan, 922, 1098, 1186, 1307 SE/TE: Supporting details/evidence, add, 745, 794, 1206, 1243, 1279; Evidence and support, ensure, 975; Providing Appropriate Citations, 1102, 1103; Cite Supporting Details, 1279, 1431; Citing Sources, R21 SE/TE: Evaluate sources for reliability, 1008; also see: Informational Texts: evaluate validity and reliability of a research source, 70 75, verify and clarify facts, 568 581, evaluate information from charts, graphs, illustrations, 810 817 11
e. anticipate and address a reader s potential biases, misunderstandings and expectations; and SE/TE: Arguments, anticipate/refute, 136, 418, 1051; Audience/readers, remember, 262, 1470; Message, clarify, 627; Formal language, use, 1095; Position, clarify, 1206; Persuasive impact, improve, 1431 f. provide a sense of closure to the writing. SE/TE: Historical investigation: Background information, review, 1095; Logical organization, plan, 1098; also see: Writing Lesson: Biographical Narrative, 492, Develop a Research Plan, 879, Annotated Bibliography, 1008 5. Write persuasive compositions that: a. articulate a clear position; SE/TE: Persuasive essay: Topic, choose/narrow, 443, Thesis statement, 444, Logical flow, follow, 446, Logical fallacies, avoid, 447; also see: Writing Activities: Editorial, 32, 663, Persuasive Sermon, 136, Public Service Announcement, 514, Persuasive Speech, 745 b. support assertions using rhetorical devices, including appeals to emotion or logic and personal anecdotes; and c. develop arguments using a variety of methods (e.g., examples, beliefs, expert opinion, causeeffect reasoning). 6. Produce informal writings (e.g., journals, notes and poems) for various purposes. SE/TE: Persuasive essay: Elaboration, provide, 444, Logical flow, follow, 446, Opinions, support with facts, 447; also see: Writing Activities: Editorial, 32, 663, Persuasive Sermon, 136, Public Service Announcement, 514, Persuasive Speech, 745 SE/TE: Persuasive essay: Elaboration, provide, 444, Logical flow, follow, 446, Opinions, support with facts, 447; also see: Writing Activities: Editorial, 32, 663, Persuasive Sermon, 136, Public Service Announcement, 514, Persuasive Speech, 745 SE/TE: Writing Activities: Editorial, 32, 663; Persuasive Sermon, 136; Persuasive Speech, 745; Position Statements, 233, 461, 939, 1487 Writing Conventions Spelling 1. Use correct spelling conventions. SE/TE: Spelling errors, 221, 449, 701, 1107, 1475; also see: Roots, 66, 197, 280, 306, 359, 398, 417, 537, 627, 663, 704, 754, 793, 851, 879, 908, 908, 930, 1084, 1150, 1168, 1186, 1205, 1243, 1279, 1279, 1357, 1431; Suffixes, 121, 704, 745, 865, 930, 988; Prefixes, 136, 377, 492, 597, 704, 930, 1007, 1270 Punctuation and Capitalization 2. Use correct capitalization and punctuation SE/TE: Punctuation tip/commas, 67, 154, 263, 419, 755; Writer s Toolbox: Punctuation, 1473; Handbook, R63 R64 12
Grammar and Usage 3. Use correct grammar (e.g, verb tenses, parallel structure, indefinite and relative pronouns). Research 1. Compose open-ended questions for research, assigned or personal interest, and modify questions as necessary during inquiry and investigation to narrow the focus or extend the investigation. 2. Identify appropriate sources and gather relevant information from multiple sources (e.g., school library catalogs, online databases, electronic resources and Internet-based resources). 3. Determine the accuracy of sources and the credibility of the author by analyzing the sources validity (e.g., authority, accuracy, objectivity, publication date and coverage, etc.). 4. Analyze the complexities and discrepancies in information and systematically organize relevant information to support central ideas, concepts and themes. 5. Integrate quotations and citations into written text to maintain a flow of ideas. 6. Use style guides to produce oral and written reports that give proper credit for sources and include appropriate in-text documentation, notes and an acceptable format for source acknowledgement. SE/TE: Grammar, Usage and Mechanics, 67, 154, 263, 419, 493, 503, 539, 755, 767, 795, 1009, 1085, 1151, 1169, 1207, 1339; Grammar, Usage and Mechanics Handbook, R58 R65; also see: Editing / proofreading, 221, 449, 701, 927, 1107, 1475 SE/TE: Historical investigation: Background information, review, 1095; Logical organization, plan, 1098; Topic sentences, place effectively, 1100; also see: Writing Lesson: Biographical Narrative, 492, Develop a Research Plan, 879, Annotated Bibliography, 1008; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R21 R23 SE/TE: Writing Lesson: Develop a Research Plan, 879; Sources, evaluate for reliability, 1008; also see: Informational Texts: evaluate validity and reliability of a research source, 70 75, verify and clarify facts, 568 581, rhetorical devices, analyze, 896 909, newspaper articles, advertisements, comparing, 1062 1070, determine essential message, analyze rhetorical devices, 1284 1295 SE/TE: Evaluate sources for reliability, 1008; Providing Appropriate Citations, 1102 1103; Works-Cited List, 1107; Cite Supporting Details, 1279, 1431; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R21 R23; also see: Informational Texts: evaluate validity and reliability of a research source, 70 75, verify and clarify facts, 568 581 SE/TE: Writing Lesson: Develop a Research Plan, 879; Sources, evaluate for reliability, 1008; also see: Informational Texts: evaluate validity and reliability of a research source, 70 75, verify and clarify facts, 568 581, rhetorical devices, analyze, 896 909, newspaper articles, advertisements, comparing, 1062 1070, determine essential message, analyze rhetorical devices, 1284 1295 SE/TE: Providing Appropriate Citations, 1102 1103; Works-Cited List, 1107; Cite Supporting Details, 1279, 1431; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R21 R23; also see: Annotated Bibliography, 879, 1008, 1461 SE/TE: Providing Appropriate Citations, 1102 1103; Works-Cited List, 1107; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R21 R23 13
7. Use a variety of communication techniques including oral, visual, written or multimedia report to present information that supports a clear position about the topic or research question and defend the credibility and validity of the information presented. Communication: Oral and Visual Listening and Viewing 1. Apply active listening strategies (e.g., monitoring message for clarity, selecting and organizing essential information, noting cues such as changes in pace). 2. Analyze types of arguments used by the speaker, such as causation, analogy and logic. 3. Critique the clarity, effectiveness and overall coherence of a speaker s key points. 4. Evaluate how language choice, diction, syntax and delivery style (e.g., repetition, appeal to emotion, eye contact) affect the mood and tone and impact the audience. Speaking Skills and Strategies 5. Demonstrate an understanding of the rules of the English language and select language appropriate to purpose and audience. 6. Adjust volume, tempo, phrasing, enunciation, voice modulation and inflection to stress important ideas and impact audience response. 7. Vary language choices as appropriate to the context of the speech. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Multimedia Presentation, 920 927, Publishing and Presenting, 1475; also see: Essential Question Workshops: Multimedia Report/Presentation, 227, Annotated Film Database 455, Slideshow, 933, Documentary 1481; Research and Technology: Brochure, 248; Writing Lesson: Multimedia Presentation Plan, 627, 1365, Internet Publication, 701 SE/TE: Book talk, 1134; Debate, 476; Panel discussion, 227; Discussion, 14, 16, 91, 248, 250, 311, 476, 517, 728, 954, 993, 1134, 1153, 1162, 1433, R48 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Evaluate Persuasive Speech, 222 223; Compare Media Coverage of Same Event, 1476 1477; Debate, 476 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Evaluate Persuasive Speech, 222 223; Book talk, 1134; Debate, 476; Panel discussion, 227; Discussion, 14, 16, 91, 248, 250, 311, 476, 517, 728, 954, 993, 1134, 1153, 1162, 1433, R48 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Evaluate Persuasive Speech, 222 223; Compare Media Coverage of Same Event, 1476 1477; Debate, 476 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; Deliver an Oral interpretation of Literary Work, 702 703; Writing Workshop: Publishing and Presenting, 701, 1475; Writing Activities: Persuasive Speech, 745; Listening and Speaking: Discussion, 14, 16, 91, 248, 250, 311, 476, 517, 728, 993, 954, 1134, 1153, 1162, 1433; Debate, 476; Press Conference, 728; Oral Presentation, 1136 SE/TE: Directions for reciting a poem, 676; Oral interpretation of Literary Work, 702 703; Press conference, 728; Poetry slam, 933; Debate, 476; Award speech, 1481 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; Speaking and Listening: Debate, 476, Interview, 707, Book talk, 1134, Award speech, 1481 14
Speaking Applications 8. Deliver informational presentations (e.g., expository, research) that: a. present a clear and distinctive perspective on the subject; SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; Writing Workshop: Publishing and Presenting, 701, 1475; Listening and Speaking: Discussion, 14, 16, 91, 248, 250, 311, 476, 517, 728, 993, 954, 1134, 1153, 1162, 1433; Debate, 476; Press Conference, 728; Oral Presentation, 1136 b. present events or ideas in a logical sequence; SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; also see: Speaking and Listening: Multimedia report, 227, Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Interview, 707, Presentation, 1136 c. support the controlling idea or thesis with well-chosen and relevant facts, details, examples, quotations, statistics, stories and anecdotes; d. include an effective introduction and conclusion and use a consistent organizational structure (e.g., cause-effect, compare-contrast, problem-solution); e. use appropriate visual materials (e.g., diagrams, charts, illustrations) and available technology to enhance presentation; and f. draw from and cite multiple sources, including both primary and secondary sources, and consider the validity and reliability of sources. SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; Writing Workshop: Publishing and Presenting, 701, 1475; Persuasive Speech, 745; Listening and Speaking: Multimedia report, 227, Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Interview, 707, Presentation, 1136 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; Writing Workshop: Publishing and Presenting, 701, 1475; Writing Activities: Persuasive Speech, 745; Listening and Speaking: Discussion, 14, 16, 91, 248, 250, 311, 476, 517, 728, 993, 954, 1134, 1153, 1162, 1433; Debate, 476; Press Conference, 728; Oral Presentation, 1136 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Multimedia Presentation, 920 927, Publishing and Presenting, 1475; also see: Essential Question Workshops: Multimedia Report/Presentation, 227, Annotated Film Database 455, Slideshow, 933, Documentary 1481; Research and Technology: Brochure, 248; Writing Lesson: Multimedia Presentation Plan, 627, 1365, Internet Publication, 701 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Multimedia Presentation, 920 927, Publishing and Presenting, 1475; also see: Essential Question Workshops: Multimedia Report/Presentation, 227, Documentary 1481; Writing Lesson: Multimedia Presentation Plan, 627, 1365 15
9. Deliver formal and informal descriptive presentations that convey relevant information and descriptive details. 10. Deliver persuasive presentations that: a. establish and develop a logical and controlled argument; b. include relevant evidence, differentiating between evidence and opinion, to support position and to address counter-arguments or listener biases; c. use persuasive strategies such as rhetorical devices; anecdotes and appeals to emotion, authority, reason, pathos and logic; d. consistently use common organizational structures as appropriate (e.g., cause-effect, compare-contrast, problem-solution); and e. use speaking techniques (e.g., reasoning, emotional appeal, case studies or analogies). SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Deliver a Persuasive Speech, 450 451; Writing Workshop: Publishing and Presenting, 701, 1475; Writing Activities: Persuasive Speech, 745; Listening and Speaking: Debate, 476; Press Conference, 728; Oral Presentation, 1136 SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Persuasive speech, deliver, 450 451; Oral interpretation of literary work, write and deliver, 702 703; also see: Speaking and Listening: Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Book talk, 1134 SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Persuasive speech, deliver, 450 451; Oral interpretation of literary work, write and deliver, 702 703; also see: Speaking and Listening: Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Book talk, 1134 SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Persuasive speech, deliver, 450 451; Oral interpretation of literary work, write and deliver, 702 703; also see: Speaking and Listening: Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Book talk, 1134 SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Persuasive speech, deliver, 450 451; Oral interpretation of literary work, write and deliver, 702 703; also see: Speaking and Listening: Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Book talk, 1134 SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Persuasive speech, deliver, 450 451; Oral interpretation of literary work, write and deliver, 702 703; also see: Speaking and Listening: Comparative critique of speeches, 455, Debate, 476, Media evaluation, 478, Book talk, 1134 16