AN ANALYSIS ON REPRESENTATIVE ACTS IN FILM HARRY POTTER AND THE PHILOSHOPER S STONE BY J.K. ROWLING By: Dewi Lutfiatun Nikmah IAIN Tulungagung Abstract: Actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, argue, promise, or request. A representative act is kind of act that state what the speaker believe to be the case or not. The aim of this research is to know what types of representative acts are found and how are formal patterns of the request strategy as employed in the conversations occurring in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie subtitles along with their frequency each types and its formal patterns. This research applied quantitative approach because the researcher analyzed types of representative act and counted the frequency of the representative act found in conversational fragments of Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie. The research finding showed that the most used type is arguing act and the least used is claiming act. The reason is that the speakers in this movie tend to use arguing because the speakers always have different arguments. So, it makes them showing what was in their mind. The speakers also tend to use informing in order to inform the hearer about something that the hearer does not yet know what the speaker will inform. Keywords: Representative Acts, Illocutionary Acts, Conversational Fragments, Speech Acts, Pragmatics. A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sound, and which is used by group of people for the purpose of communication (Susanto, 2007:2). Language is as purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desire by means of systems of voluntarily produced symbol (Sapir, 1931:7). Langauge is a system of sounds, words, pattern used by human to
communicate thoughts and feeling (Hornby, 1989:700). From many theories above, it can be concluded that language is the main key or way to communicate with other people, either symbolic, written or orally. Without language we cannot communicate, express feeling and convey the meaning with others. On any account, communication not only depends on recognizing the meaning of words in every utterance, but also recognizing what speakers mean by their utterance. Then, the meaning of each utterance itself is not only seen from lexical meaning but also from the situation and context. Context is very important to be understood, because the meaning of each utterance will be different if the speaker and the situation is different too. That why every language produced is not as simple as its lexical meaning but also depends on the context. The study about contextual meaning is called pragmatics. This study analyzed about representative acts in Harry Potter and the Philoshoper s Stone Movie. A representative act is a kind of act that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. A representative act is very important to be studied. By studying representative acts, we will know many utterances in informing, asserting, claiming, assuring, arguing, predicting, complaining and etc that are taken from Native in this movie. There are various types in representative act that can be analyzed from its sentence pattern too. The researcher is interested to analyze the structure of conversational fragments containing representative in Harry Potter and the Philoshoper s Stone. Behind nine types of representative, there are different analyses on the pattern of sentences. Like the example The boy will be famous as
predicting type that uses will be to show what will happen in the future. Besides, the sentence I think she heard you uses verb think to predict something. The different is indicated on the word after the subject. The first example used modal that followed by to be and it is make strong prediction. The speaker believes about his/her prediction will be the case. From the second example, we can see that verb think only predicts but does not make strong prediction. The speaker is only predicting. This study was conducted because the language of the native speaker film is an ideal manifestation of language use. By knowing and studying the realization of representative act of the language used in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone film, we can have good model on how to realize English whenever we want to make some expressions and the teachers can take some samples to teach their students in having communication based on its situational context. Moreover, the reader can enrich their knowledge about pragmatic especially representative act in having communication and the result of this study can be used as source in studying pragmatic deeply. On the other hand, the variation of pattern in representative acts will make students learn more about uttering English especially in representative naturally. In this research, the subject analyzed by the researcher was some representative speech act in conversational fragment of the Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone film. This film was chosen for its contextual characteristic s
with today s setting which can be suitable to be used as language model and this movie includes fantacy, so it can be watched by all people although the children. The formulation of the research problem were (1) what types of representative acts are found in conversational fragments in film Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone?(2) how are the formal patterns of those representative acts? (3) what is the frequency of each type of representative act found and its formal patterns in conversational fragments in film Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone? The purpose of this study were (1) to know what type of representative acts found in conversational fragments in film Harry Potter and the Philoshoper s Stone (2) to know the formal patterns of representative acts in the conversational fragments in film Harry Potter andthe Philoshoper s Stone (3) to find out the frequency of the type of representative acts and its formal pattern as found in conversational fragments in film Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone. The research method applied in this research were: 1) the research design in this study was descriptive with quantitative approach, 2) the population of this study were utterances in conversational fragments found in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie containing representative acts with population 424 utterances and 72 samples taken by purposive sampling, 3) the research instrument was documentation, and 5) the data analysis method were making matrix, categorizing the data, analyzing the dialogue, determining the percentage, and making conclusion.
Related to the objectives of the study, this analysis is intended to see some advantages as elaborated in three major significances that this study wants to contribute. For the English teacher, by understanding the illocution can motivate the English teacher to create various learning based on context, especially in speaking class. It is because the teacher will know the use of illocution and can relate it with the context, so it will be helpful to the teacher in the class especially speaking. On the other hand, the teacher will have a new standard of English learning in order to create pragmatic competence of the students. For the English learner, this study will lead the learners to speak based on the context. It is because by knowing and understanding the illocution expecially representatives acts can make the English learners will improve their ability in using English, especially speaking. On the other hand, the learners will get the good example took from native speaker through movie when express representative act. The last for the reader, the reader can learn the illocution especially representative acts and how to realize or apply it in daily life. Later, they will know that knowing representative act is important to speak based on the context and avoid misunderstanding each other. METHODOLOGY In this study, the writer had to analyze the Representative act found in film Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone. The writer used descriptive with quantitative approach since the purpose in this research was to verify the certain theory. Cohen (2007:205) explain that descriptive research is concern with how/what
is or what exist is related or event. This study used descriptive because the researcher describe trend about syntactic structure in the analysis types of representative act. This research used quantitative approach because the researcher analyzed types of representative act and counted the frequency of the representative act found in conversational fragments of Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie. Since the researcher used sample to be analyzed and the result of the sample analysis was used for generalization. The technique in collecting data used by the researcher was documentary method. This method was intended to obtain data directly from the research such as script, book, or other documents. In this study, the document used was movie transcript of The Harry Potter and The Philosopher s Stone which contains conversational fragments that including the representative inside. The method of data collection included watching the movie, understanding the context, transcripting the movie script, and selecting the conversational fragments containing representative acts. In analyzing the data, the researcher carried out in some steps, such as making matrix/ mapping table which set the criteria of representative act, categorizing the data because not all conversational fragments consist of representative act, analyzing the dialogue based on the representative act in order to know the used of representative act found in the dialogue based on theoretical framework of Searle
(1979) found in the dialogue, determining the percentage form by using statistical analysis, and drawing conclusion. The formula of statistical analysis was described as follow: Note: a. P is the symbol of percentage b. f is the frequency of the occurrences of each representative acts c. N is the total number of the representative acts FINDINGS In order to know what types of representative acts are found in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie subtitles, the researcher analyzed the subtitles excerpts with considering the pattern occurred in each excerpts. Here was the table presented the frequency of request strategy used by the characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie subtitles. Table 4.1 Frequency of Representative Acts in Conversational Fragments of Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone Movie. No. Types of Representative Acts F N 1. Informing acts 103 24% 2. Asserting acts 80 19%
3. Claiming acts 9 2% 4. Assuring acts 58 14% 5. Arguing acts 107 25% 6. Complaining acts 12 3% 7. Concluding acts 18 4% 8. Describing acts 15 4% 9. Predicting acts 22 5% N 424 100% Based on the findings above, the researcher found 107 utterances containing arguing type in delivering representative acts. Arguing type is the most frequently used by the characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone. The next type of representative acts that mostly used by the speakers of Harry potter s movie is informing type. The researcher found 103 utterances that used by the speaker in the movie to state representative acts. The researcher found 80 utterances that containing asserting type of representative acts in film Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone. The researcher also found 58 that consist of assuring acts in order to express representative acts. Next, the researcher found 22 utterances that were containing predicting type of representative acts. For the concluding type, the researcher found 18 utterances in delivering representative acts. Then, the researcher found 15 utterances containing describing in
order to show the representative acts. The next one, the researcher found 12 utterances included complaining as the way to express representative acts. The last, the researcher found 9 utterances that is contained claiming type in harry potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie. Then, for the second research problem, to know how the formal patterns of those representative acts are used by are the characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie subtitles, the researcher analyzed the utterances containing representative acts. The researcher described the part of speech of the utterances. Here were the tables containing the pattern in request strategy found in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone movie subtitles. Table 4.2: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Informing No. Formal Patterns F % 1. Positive verbal 55 53,39% 2. Negative verbal 3 2,92% 3. Question tag 1 0,97% 4. Positive nominal 43 41,75% 5. Negative nominal 1 0,97% N 103 100% Based on the finding above, the researcher found 55 utterances that applying positive verbal pattern. In second position is positive nominal with 43 utterance. The next is 3 utterances that is applying negative verbal, 1 utterance applyed question tag pattern, and the last 1 utterance with negative nominal pattern.
Table 4.3: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Asserting No. Formal Patterns F % 1. Positive verbal 44 55% 2. Negative verbal 7 8,75% 3. Question tag 2 2,5% 4. Positive nominal 24 30% 5. Negative nominal 3 3,75% N 80 100% For asserting, the researcher found 44 formal patterns applying positive verbal sentence, 7 utterances with negative verbal pattern, 2 utterances with question tag pattern, 24 utterances with positive nominal formal pattern, and 3 utterances with negative nominal pattern. The utterances above included in asserting of representative acts. Table 4.4: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Claiming. No. Formal Patterns F % 1. WH-Question 1 11,11% 2. Positive nominal 3 33,33% 3. Positive verbal 5 55,56% N 9 100% In Claiming, the researcher found 1 utterance with WH-Question, 3 utterances with positive nominal pattern, and 5 utterances with positive verbal. Table 4.5: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Assuring No. Formal Patterns f % 1. Positive verbal 27 47% 2. Negative verbal 6 10%
3. Question tag 2 4% 4. Positive nominal 17 29% 5. Negative nominal 6 10% N 58 100% The researcher found five kinds of formal patterns in assuring type in representative. The first is positive verbal pattern with 27 utterances. The second is negative verbal pattern with 6 utterances. The third is question tag pattern with 2 utterances. The fourth is positive nominal with 17 utterances. The last is negative nominal with 6 utterances. The mostly pattern that appears is positive verbal pattern. Table 4.6: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Arguing No. Formal Patterns f % 1. Positive verbal 45 44,06% 2. Negative verbal 14 13,09% 3. WH-Question 10 9,35% 4. Question tag 5 4,68% 5. Positive verbal (embedded if clause) 2 1,86% 6. Negative verbal ( embedded if clause) 1 0,93% 7. Positive nominal 23 21,49% 8. Negative nominal 7 6,54% N 107 100% The researcher found eight kinds of formal pattern in arguing in representative acts. The first pattern is consisting of 45 sentences for positive verbal pattern. The second pattern is consisting of 14 utterances in negative verbal. The third pattern is containing 10 utterances in WH-Question. The fourth pattern is consisting of 5 utterances in question tag. The fifth pattern is containing 2 utterances in positive
verbal pattern that uses if clause. The sixth pattern is containing 1 utterance in negative verbal pattern that uses if clause too. The seventh pattern is containing 23 utterances in positive nominal. The last pattern is consisting of 7 utterances in negative nominal. Table 4.7: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Complaining No. Formal Patterns f % 1. Positive verbal 4 33,33% 2. Negative verbal 1 8,33% 3. WH-Question 2 16,66% 4. Question tag 1 8,33% 5. Negative verbal (embedded if clause) 1 8,33% 6. Positive nominal 3 25% N 12 100% In complaining, the researcher found six kinds of formal pattern. The first pattern mostly used in complaining is positive verbal pattern that employed on 4 utterances. The second pattern in complaining is negative verbal pattern that employed on 1 utterance. The third pattern is WH-question pattern with 2 utterances inside. The fourth pattern is negative verbal pattern that embedded if clause. The last pattern is positive nominal with 3 utterances. Table 4.8: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Concluding No. Formal Patterns F % 1. Positive verbal 10 55,55% 2. Question tag 1 5,55% 3. Positive nominal 6 33,33%
4. Negative nominal 1 5,55% N 18 100% The researcher found 10 utterances that consist of positive verbal pattern, 1 utterance contained question tag, 6 utterances is consisted of positive nominal, and the last 1 utterance contained negative nominal. Table 4.9: Frequency of Formal Patterns in Describing No. Formal Patterns f % 1. Positive verbal 8 53,33% 2. Negative verbal 2 13,33% 3. Positive verbal (embedded if clause) 1 6,66% 4. Positive nominal 4 26,66% N 15 100% In describing, the researcher found 4 kinds of formal pattern. There are 8 utterances applying positive verbal pattern. Next, there are 2 utterances applying negative verbal pattern. Then, I utterance applying positive verbal pattern that followed by if clause. The last pattern is positive nominal sentence that belonging on 4 utterances. Table 4.10: Frequency of Formal Patterns in predicting No. Formal Patterns f % 1. Positive verbal 18 81,81% 2. Question tag 1 4,54% 3. Positive verbal (embedded if clause) 1 4,54% 4. Positive nominal 1 4,54% 5. Negative nominal 1 4,54% N 22 100%
The researcher found 5 kinds of formal pattern of representative acts in predicting type. The first pattern mostly used is positive verbal for 18 utterances. In question tag, positive verbal that followed by if clause, positive nominal and negative nominal pattern only has I utterance each pattern. Here the pattern mostly used is positive verbal because in predicting type, the characters of the Harry potter and the Philosophers Stone movie always used verb in delivering prediction. In this movie, they are consistently use verb think. DISCUSSION In this research, the researcher found the reason why the characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone tend to use more arguing and informing. The reason is that the speakers in this movie tend to use arguing because the speakers always have different arguments. So, it makes them showing what was in their mind. The speakers also tend to use informing in order to inform the hearer about something that the hearer does not yet know what the speaker will inform. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Based on the result of the study, the researcher wants to give suggestion for the students, teacher, and future researcher. The students should know how to express representative acts properly, make sense and acceptable based on who the listener is. This study also can help the students in getting the example of representative acts
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