Contents Preface xvii part one Introduction and Background on Integrating Technology in Education 1 01 Educational Technology in Context: The Big Picture 2 Technology Integration in Action 3 INTRODUCTION: THE BIG PICTURE ON TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION 4 Why We Need the Big Picture 4 Perspectives That Define Educational Technology 5 How This Textbook Defines Technology in Education 6 YESTERDAY S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: HOW THE PAST HAS SHAPED THE PRESENT 6 A Brief History of Digital Technologies: Four Eras 6 What We Have Learned From the Past 10 TODAY S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES: SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 10 An Overview of Digital Technology Tools 11 Technology Facilities: Hardware and Configurations for Teaching 11 Types of Software Applications in Schools 11 TODAY S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUES: CONDITIONS THAT SHAPE PRACTICE 12 Social Issues 13 Educational Issues 17 Cultural and Equity Issues 17 Legal and Ethical Issues 18 TODAY S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SKILLS: STANDARDS AND ASSESSMENTS 19 NETS for Teachers, Students, and Administrators 19 21st Century Skills for Students and Teachers 21 The ICT Competency Framework for Teachers 21 Demonstrating Technology Skills: Portfolio Options 21 TODAY S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION: DEVELOPING A SOUND RATIONALE 23 What Does Research on Technology in Education Tell Us? 24 A Technology-Use Rationale Based on Problem Solving 25 TOMORROW S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: EMERGING TRENDS IN TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 26 Trends in Hardware and Software Development 27 Trends in Educational Applications 28 Summary 29 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 30 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 31 MyEducationLab 31 02 THEORY INTO PRACTICE: Foundations for Effective Technology Integration 32 Technology Integration in Action: The Role of Context 33 OVERVIEW OF FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 34 OVERVIEW OF LEARNING THEORY FOUNDATIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 34 Two Perspectives on Effective Instruction 34 Theories Underlying Directed and Constructivist Teaching Strategies 35 LEARNING THEORY FOUNDATIONS OF DIRECTED INTEGRATION MODELS 37 Behaviorist Theories 38 Information-Processing Theories 39 Cognitive-Behavioral Theory 39 vi CONTENTS ROBL2258_FM.indd 6
Systems Approaches: Instructional Design Models 39 Teaching Methods and Technology Integration Strategies That Reflect Objectivist Theories 40 LEARNING THEORY FOUNDATIONS OF CONSTRUCTIVIST INTEGRATION MODELS 40 Social Activism Theory 41 Social Cognitive Theory 41 Scaffolding Theories 41 Child Development Theory 42 Discovery Learning 43 Multiple Intelligences Theory 44 Teaching Methods and Technology Integration Strategies that Reflect Constructivist Theories 45 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES BASED ON DIRECTED AND CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORIES 46 Contrasting Views of Directed and Constructivist Proponents 46 The Future of Technology Integration: Merging the Two Approaches 46 Technology Integration Strategies Based on Directed Models 48 Technology Integration Strategies Based on Constructivist Models 49 Enabling Integration Strategies Useful With Either Model 51 A TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION PLANNING (TIP) MODEL FOR TEACHERS 52 An Overview of the TIP Model 52 Phase 1: Analysis of Learning and Teaching Needs 55 Phase 2: Planning for Integration 58 Phase 3: Post-Instruction Analysis and Revision 63 WHEN TECHNOLOGY WORKS BEST: ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 64 Essential Condition: A Shared Vision for Technology Integration 64 Essential Condition: Standards and Curriculum Support 66 Essential Condition: Required Policies 66 Essential Condition: Access to Hardware, Software, and Other Resources 66 Essential Condition: Skilled Personnel 68 Essential Condition: Technical Assistance 68 Essential Condition: Appropriate Teaching and Assessment Approaches 68 Essential Condition: Engaged Community 69 Summary 69 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 70 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 71 MyEducationLab 71 part two Technology Tools for 21st Century Teaching 72 03 INSTRUCTIONAL SOFTWARE FOR 21ST CENTURY TEACHING 74 MATH BY DESIGN 75 AN INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUCTIONAL SOFTWARE 76 Instructional Software Defined 77 The Roles of Instructional Software in Teaching 78 Current Instructional Software Configurations 81 DRILL-AND-PRACTICE TEACHING FUNCTIONS 81 Selecting Good Drill-and-Practice Software 83 Benefits of Drill and Practice 84 Limitations and Problems Related to Drill and Practice 84 Using Drill and Practice in Teaching 85 TUTORIAL TEACHING FUNCTIONS 86 Selecting Good Tutorial Software 87 Benefits of Tutorials 87 Limitations and Problems Related to Tutorials 88 Using Tutorials in Teaching 88 SIMULATION TEACHING FUNCTIONS 90 Simulations That Teach About Something 90 Simulations That Teach How to Do Something 90 Selecting Good Simulation Software 91 Benefits of Simulations 91 Limitations and Problems Related to Simulations 93 How to Use Simulations in Teaching: Integration Strategies and Guidelines 94 INSTRUCTIONAL GAME TEACHING FUNCTIONS 94 Selecting Good Instructional Games 95 Benefits of Instructional Games 96 Limitations and Problems Related to Instructional Games 97 Using Instructional Games in Teaching 98 Contents vii ROBL2258_FM.indd 7
PROBLEM-SOLVING TEACHING FUNCTIONS 99 Selecting Good Problem-Solving Software 99 Benefits of Problem-Solving Software 99 Limitations and Problems Related to Problem-Solving Software 101 Using Problem-Solving Software in Teaching 101 INTEGRATED LEARNING SYSTEMS 102 ILS Software Components 103 ILS Management System Components 103 Selecting ILSs 103 Benefits of ILSs 103 Limitations and Problems Related to ILSs 105 Using ILSs in Teaching 105 Summary 106 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 107 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 108 MyEducationLab 109 04 TECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR 21ST CENTURY TEACHING: The Basic Suite 110 CAN YOU AFFORD YOUR DREAM CAR? 111 INTRODUCTION TO THE BASIC SOFTWARE TOOL SUITE 112 Why Use Software Tools? 112 Overview of Uses for the Basic Three Software Tools 114 Recent Developments in Software Tools 115 USING WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 115 The Impact of Word Processing in Education 116 Word Processing in the Classroom: Productivity and Teaching Strategies 120 Teaching Word Processing Skills: Recommended Skills and Activities 121 USING SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 122 The Impact of Spreadsheets in Education 122 Spreadsheets in the Classroom: Productivity and Teaching Strategies 125 Teaching Spreadsheet Skills: Recommended Skills and Activities 126 USING PRESENTATION SOFTWARE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 128 The Impact of Presentation Software in Education 128 Presentation Software in the Classroom: Productivity and Teaching Strategies 130 Teaching Presentation Software Skills: Recommended Skills and Activities 133 Summary 134 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 135 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 136 MyEducationLab 137 05 TECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR 21ST CENTURY TEACHING: Beyond the Basics 138 Sharing a Passion for Poetry 139 INTRODUCTION TO OTHER SOFTWARE SUPPORT TOOLS 140 Types of Software Support Tools 141 Recent Developments in Software Support Tools 142 USING MATERIALS GENERATORS 143 Desktop Publishing Software 143 Web Design Software 146 Interactive Whiteboard Activity Software 147 Test Generators and Rubric Generators 148 Worksheet and Puzzle Generators 150 Individualized Education Program (IEP) Generators 150 Graphic Document Makers 151 PDF and Forms Makers 151 USING DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS TOOLS 152 Database Software 152 Electronic Gradebooks 154 Statistical Software Packages 154 Online Survey Tools 155 Student Information Systems 156 viii CONTENTS ROBL2258_FM.indd 8
Computer-Based Testing Systems 156 Student Response Systems (Clickers) 157 USING GRAPHICS TOOLS 157 Draw/Paint Programs 157 Image Editing Tools 158 Charting/Graphing Tools 159 Clip Art, Photo, Animation, Sound, Video, and Font Collections 159 USING PLANNING AND ORGANIZING TOOLS 160 Outlining Tools and Concept Mapping Software 160 Lesson Planning Software 161 Scheduling, Calendar, and Time Management Tools 161 USING RESEARCH AND REFERENCE TOOLS 161 Electronic Encyclopedias 162 Electronic Atlases and Mapping Tools 162 Electronic Dictionaries (Word Atlases) 163 USING TOOLS TO SUPPORT SPECIFIC CONTENT AREAS 163 CAD and 3-D Modeling/Animation Systems 164 Music Editors, Sequencers, and MIDI Tools 164 Reading Tools 164 Microcomputer-Based Labs (Probeware) 165 Graphing Calculators and Calculator-Based Labs 165 Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems 166 Online Foreign Language Dictionaries and Language Translators (Machine Translation) 166 Summary 167 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 167 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 168 My Education Lab 169 06 HYPERMEDIA TOOLS FOR 21st CENTURY TEACHING 170 Let Me Show You What I Mean: Persuasive Bioethics Videos 171 INTRODUCTION TO HYPERMEDIA CONCEPTS 172 Definitions of Multimedia and Hypermedia 172 Types of Hypermedia Systems 174 Types of Commercial Hypermedia Products 174 Current and Future Impact of Hypermedia on Education 176 Research on Hypermedia Systems 176 Recent Developments in Hypermedia Systems 178 OVERVIEW OF HYPERMEDIA DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 178 Multimedia and Hypermedia Authoring Resources 179 Hardware and Software Requirements for Hypermedia Design and Development 182 Hypermedia Design and Development Procedures 182 Authoring Skills to Develop Over Time 183 Evaluating Student-Developed Hypermedia and Multimedia Projects 185 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TYPE 1: PRESENTATION HYPERMEDIA 185 Resources and Guidelines for Interactive Presentation Hypermedia 185 Integration Strategies for Interactive Presentation Hypermedia 187 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TYPE 2: AUDIO AND VIDEO PRODUCTION AND EDITING SYSTEMS 188 Resources and Guidelines for Audio and Video Production 189 Integration Strategies for Audio and Video Production and Editing Systems 190 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TYPE 3: HYPERMEDIA PRODUCTION SOFTWARE 191 Resources and Guidelines for Hypermedia Production 192 Integration Strategies for Hypermedia Authoring Software 192 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TYPE 4: VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS 193 Resources and Guidelines for Virtual Environments 193 Integration Strategies for Virtual Environments 195 Summary 196 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 197 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 198 MyEducationLab 199 CONTENTS ix ROBL2258_FM.indd 9
part three Linking to Learn: Technology Tools and Strategies 201 07 Distance Teaching and Learning and the Role of the Internet 202 A Research Paper 203 AN EVOLVING USE OF THE INTERNET: DISTANCE EDUCATION 204 A Brief Overview of Distance Teaching and Learning 205 Distance Learning Delivery Systems 206 Types of Distance Learning Activities 207 Current Issues in Distance Learning 207 Current Research and Status of Distance Learning 209 THE INTERNET 214 A Quick Look at the History 214 Controversies and the Internet 214 USING THE INTERNET FEATURES AND TOOLS: NAVIGATION 216 Using Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) 216 Navigating the Net 217 Using Bookmarks, Favorites, and Online Organizers 218 Basic Internet Troubleshooting 218 USING INTERNET FEATURES AND TOOLS: SEARCHING AND STORING 219 Types of Search Engines 219 Search Strategies 219 Storing and Interacting with Files Online 220 USING INTERNET FEATURES AND TOOLS: COMMUNICATING 220 Email 220 Tweets, Bulletin Boards, Blogs, and Listservs 221 Chatrooms, Instant Messaging, Text Messaging, and Videoconferencing 223 USING INTERNET FEATURES AND TOOLS: SOCIAL NETWORKING AND COLLABORATIONS 223 Avatar Spaces 223 Wikis 223 Podcasts 224 e-portfolios 224 Video and Photo-Sharing Communities 225 Social Networking Sites 225 Integration Strategies for Social Networking Tools 225 WEB COURSE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT 225 Course Management Systems and Other Course Tools 226 Characteristics of Effective and Well-Designed Distance Courses and Programs 226 Assessing the Quality of Distance Courses 228 APPLYING APPS IN EDUCATION 229 Locating, Downloading, and Integrating Apps 229 Summary 230 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 231 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 232 MyEducationLab 233 08 Developing and Using Web-based Learning Activities 234 Agayu: Adventure Learning in Chukotka, Russia 235 INTRODUCTION TO WEB-BASED LEARNING ACTIVITIES: FROM LESSONS TO ONLINE COURSES 238 Confirming Relative Advantage of Web-Based Activities 238 A Framework for Web-Based Activities 238 Types and Examples of Web-Based Lessons and Projects 239 Integration Strategies for Web-Based Activities 241 Support for Web-Based Learning Activities 245 Assessing the Quality of Web-Based Lessons 248 Developing Web-Based Lessons 248 Website Authoring Tools 249 x CONTENTS ROBL2258_FM.indd 10
Downloading Images, Programs, and Plug-Ins 251 File Transfer Options: FTP Programs and Uses 253 Procedures for Developing and Evaluating Websites 253 Requirements and Recommendations for Developing a Website 253 Recommended Web Page Development Sequence 254 Evaluating Internet Information 254 Criteria for Evaluating Web Pages and Website Design 255 Criteria for Evaluating Student Web Products 255 Developing and Implementing Web-based Programs and Lessons 255 Web-Based Programs 255 Web-Based Lessons 257 Summary 258 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 259 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 260 MyEducationLab 261 part four Integrating Technology Across the Curriculum 262 09 Teaching and Learning with Technology in English and Language Arts instruction 264 My Side of the Story: Teaching Digital Literacies with a Multimedia Storytelling Project 265 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE ARTS 266 Teachers Responsibilities for the New Literacies 266 The Need for New Instructional Strategies 268 Challenges of Working with Diverse Learners 270 Challenges of Motivating Students to Read and Write 270 Teachers Growth as Literacy Professionals and Leaders 271 QWERTY Keyboarding: To Teach or Not to Teach? 271 The Cursive Writing Controversy 271 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE ARTS 272 Support for Word Fluency and Vocabulary Development 272 Support for Comprehension and Literacy Development 274 Support for Writing Instruction 277 Support for Literature Learning 280 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE ARTS 280 English and Language Arts Content Knowledge 281 English and Language Arts Pedagogical Knowledge 281 English and Language Arts Technological Knowledge 281 Strategies for Improving Tech-PACK in English and Language Arts 281 Summary 282 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 283 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 284 MyEducationLab 285 10 TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH TECHNOLOGY IN FOREIGN AND SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION 286 Writing in Blogs en Français 287 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN FOREIGN AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING 288 ELL Issue #1: Demands on Content Area Teachers 289 ELL Issue #2: Academic and Language Prerequisites for ELLs 290 ELL Issue #3: The Need to Differentiate Instruction 290 ELL Issue #4: Challenges of Integrating the Students Native Languages 290 FL Issue #1: The Need for Authentic Materials and Perspectives 292 FL Issue #2: The Need for Creating Audience and Purpose 292 CONTENTS xi ROBL2258_FM.indd 11
TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR ELL AND FL INSTRUCTION 292 Support for Authentic Oral Language Practice and Assessment 293 Virtual Collaborations 297 Virtual Field Trips for Modified Language Immersion Experience 298 Support for Practice in Language Subskills 299 Presentation Aids 299 Support for Text Production 299 Productivity and Lesson Design Support for Teachers 300 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN ELL AND FL LEARNING 300 ELL and FL Content Knowledge 301 ELL and FL Pedagogical Knowledge 301 ELL and FL Technological Knowledge 301 Strategies for Improving Tech-PACK in ELL and FL Teaching 302 Summary 302 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 303 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 304 MyEducationLab 305 11 TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH TECHNOLOGY IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE INSTRUCTION 306 Hot and Cold Data 307 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION 308 Accountability for Standards in Mathematics 308 Challenges in Implementing the Principles and Standards for School Mathematics 310 Directed vs. Constructivist Teaching Strategies: Ongoing Math Wars 310 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION 310 Bridging the Gap Between Abstract and Concrete with Virtual Manipulatives 310 Allowing Representation of Mathematical Principles 313 Supporting Mathematical Problem Solving 315 Implementing Data-Driven Curricula 316 Supporting Math-Related Communications 316 Motivating Skill Building and Practice 317 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE INSTRUCTION 317 Accountability for Standards in Science 317 The Narrowing Pipeline of Scientific Talent 318 Increasing Need for Scientific Literacy 318 Difficulties in Teaching K 8 Science 318 Objections to Virtual Science Labs 318 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR SCIENCE INSTRUCTION 319 Involving Students in Scientific Inquiry Through Authentic Online Projects 319 Support for Specific Processes in Scientific Inquiry 319 Supporting Science Skills and Concept Learning 322 Engaging Students in Engineering Topics Through Robotics 323 Accessing Science Information and Tools 323 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE INSTRUCTION 324 Mathematics and Science Content Knowledge 324 Mathematics and Science Pedagogical Knowledge 324 Mathematics and Science Technological Knowledge 324 Strategies for Improving Tech-PACK in Mathematics and Science Instruction 324 Summary 326 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 327 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 328 MyEducationLab 329 12 TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIAL STUDIES INSTRUCTION 330 Learning Geography with Geospatial Technologies 331 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN SOCIAL STUDIES INSTRUCTION 334 Required Social Studies Instruction Standards 334 Challenges When Teaching Social Studies 336 The History Wars and Other Debates on the Content and Focus of Social Studies 336 Perils of the Information Explosion 337 xii CONTENTS ROBL2258_FM.indd 12
TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL STUDIES 337 Simulated Problem-Solving Environments 338 Information Visualization 338 Virtual Field Trips 339 Adventure Learning 339 Digital Storytelling 340 Digital Information Critiques 341 Electronic Research 341 Geospatial Analysis 341 Practice of Factual Information 345 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN SOCIAL STUDIES 345 Social Studies Content Knowledge 345 Social Studies Pedagogical Knowledge 346 Social Studies Technology Knowledge 346 Strategies for Improving Tech-PACK in Social Studies Instruction 347 Summary 349 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 349 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 350 MyEducationLab 351 13 Teaching and Learning with technology IN MUSIC AND ART INSTRUCTION 352 The Fine Art of Electronic Portfolios 353 The Arts in the Information Age 354 Issues and Problems in Music Instruction 356 Redefining Music Literacy 356 Training Teachers to Meet Music Standards 356 Downloading of Music Illegally 356 The Intersection of Popular Music, Technology, and Music Instruction 356 The Music Director as Small Business Administrator 357 Technology Integration Strategies for Music Instruction 357 Support for Music Composition and Production 359 Support for Music Performance 361 Support for Self-Paced Learning and Practice 362 Support for Teaching Music History 363 Support for Interdisciplinary Strategies 364 Issues and Problems in Art Instruction 364 Funding for Art Instruction 364 Ethical Issues Associated with the Use of Images and Other Materials 364 Accessing Images Used in Art Instruction 364 The Challenge of Meeting Standards in Arts Instruction 365 Technology Integration Strategies for Art Instruction 365 Accessing Art Examples for Classroom Use 365 Using Teaching Examples and Materials 367 Producing and Manipulating Digitized Images 367 Supporting Graphic Design and 3-D Modeling 368 Supporting Desktop Publishing with Graphics 368 Virtual Field Trips to Art Museums 368 Creating Movies as an Art Form 369 Using Computerized Kilns 369 Sharing Students Creative and Research Works 369 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN ART AND MUSIC EDUCATION 370 Art and Music Content Knowledge 371 Art and Music Pedagogical Knowledge 371 Art and Music Technology Knowledge 371 Strategies for Improving Tech-PACK in Art and Music 371 Summary 372 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 373 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 374 MyEducationLab 375 14 TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH TECHNOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION 376 Personal Fitness Plans You Can Live With 377 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION 378 Decreasing Instructional Time for Physical Education 378 The Link Between Physical Inactivity and Obesity 379 Accuracy of Internet Information on Health 380 The Need to Address Physical Education and Health Standards 380 Handling Controversial Health Issues 380 CONTENTS xiii ROBL2258_FM.indd 13
TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION STRATEGIES FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION 380 Supporting Improved Physical Fitness 382 Developing and Improving Motor Skill Performance 384 Supporting Students Work in Dance 386 Shaping Students Beliefs and Interactions Related to Physical Activity 387 Helping Students Assess and Enhance Personal Health 387 Helping Students Obtain Valid Health Information 387 Influencing Health Behaviors 390 Supporting Interdisciplinary Instruction 390 Offering Physical Education and Health Education Online 390 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION 390 Physical Education and Health Education Content Knowledge 390 Physical Education and Health Education Pedagogical Knowledge 391 Physical Education and Health Education Technological Knowledge 391 Strategies for Improving Tech-PACK in Physical Education and Health Education 391 Summary 392 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 393 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 394 MyEducationLab 395 15 Teaching and Learning with Technology in Special Education 396 Helping Students with Disabilities Blend In 397 Introduction to Special Education 398 Issues and Problems in Special Education 400 Legal and Policy Directives 400 Implications of the No Child Left Behind Act for Special Education 400 Trends in the Prevalence of Autism 401 American Sign Language 401 Need for Trained Personnel 402 Requirements for Inclusive Classrooms 402 Universal Design for Learning 402 Web Accessibility 403 Technology Integration Strategies for Special Education 403 Foundations of Integration Strategies 403 General Integration Strategies for All Students 406 Strategies for Students with Cognitive Disabilities 406 Strategies for Students with Physical Disabilities 408 Strategies for Students with Sensory Disabilities 409 Strategies for At-Risk Students 409 Strategies for Students with Gifts and Talents 411 TECH-PACK NEEDS AND CHALLENGES IN SPECIAL EDUCATION 412 Special Education Content Knowledge 412 Special Education Pedagogical Knowledge 413 Special Education Technology Knowledge 413 Strategies for Improving Special Education Tech-PACK 413 Summary 414 Issues for Collaborative Discussion and Reflection 415 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION WORKSHOP 416 MyEducationLab 417 Glossary 419 References 429 Name Index 443 Subject Index 447 xiv CONTENTS ROBL2258_FM.indd 14