Education and Scientific Development in OIC Countries 2016 DR. KENAN BAĞCI

Education and Scientific Development in OIC Countries 2016 DR. KENAN BAĞCI

Outline 1. Basics 2. Participation in Education 3. Progression and Completion in Education 4. Education Resources and Teaching Conditions 5. Research and Scientific Development

BASICS Average Years of Schooling Compulsary Education Literacy Rates

Average Years of Schooling Average Years of Schooling (2013).1.2.3.4.1.2.3.4 0 0 GDP Per Capita Per Capita Income vs Average Years of Schooling (2013)* OIC Countries 100000 QAT Density 0 5 10 15 Countries KWT BRN ARE BHR SAU OMN GAB TUR 10000 KAZ LBY SUR MYS MDV DZA IRN LBN IRQ TKM AZE TUN ALB IDN GUY JOR MAR NGA EGY PLS YEM SDN DJI MRT UZB CIV CMR 1000 TCD MLI BEN PAK BGD TJK COM KGZ BFA AFG GMB GIN GNB SLE SEN UGA MOZ TGO NER 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 Average Years of Schooling Source: World Bank,WDI and UNDP HDI Databases. 0 5 10 15.1.2.3.4 0 Source: UNDP Non-OIC Countries 0 5 10 15 Mean Years of Schooling Overall performance of OIC MCs remains well behind the performances of other country groups Income growth is strongly corrolated with school attendance

Compulsary Education Figure: Duration of Compulsary Education 11 10 9 8 7 6 8.8 10.2 9.9 OIC Non-OIC Source: UNESCO, UIS Data Centre. * The simple averages of 52 OIC, 36 developed and 103 non-oic developing countries.. Figure: OIC MCs with Highest and Lowest Average Years of Schooling (2013) Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Jordan Malaysia Bahrain Kyrgyz Rep. Albania Sierra Leone Gambia Comoros Yemen Guinea-Bissau Mali Guinea Chad Niger Burkina Faso Source: UNDP HDI Database. 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 11.2 10.4 10 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.3 0 3 6 9 12 With an average of 8.8 years of compulsary education, OIC MCs as a group lag behind the averages of developed (10.2) and non-oic developing countries (9.9).

74.5% 68.4% 80.6% 87.0% 83.3% 84.3% 80.1% 98.1% 97.5% 98.7% 90.7% 88.4% Adult Literacy Rates Figure: Adult Literacy Rates in Comparison 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Adult Total (15+) A. Female A. Male OIC Non-OIC Source: World Bank WDI and UNESCO, UIS Data Centre. * The weighted averages calculated by using the latest available data for each group. World Figure: Highest and Lowest Performing OIC MCs in Adult Literacy Rates Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Afghanistan Burkina Faso Mali Guinea Niger Source: UNESCO, UIS Data Centre. 19.1 33.1 30.5 38.2 37.7 100.0 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.7 0 25 50 75 100 With an average adult literacy rate of 74.5% in 2015, OIC countries as a group lagged well behind the world average of 84.3% and also the non-oic developing countries average of 87%

83.8% 81.0% 86.5% 99.8% 99.8% 93.3% 92.3% 90.6% 89.0% 99.8% 94.3% 92.1% Youth Literacy Rates Figure 1.13: Youth Literacy Rates in Comparison 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Youth Total (15-24) Y. Female Y. Male OIC Non-OIC Source: World Bank WDI and UNESCO UIS Data Centre. * The weighted averages calculated by using the latest available data for each group. World Figure 1.14: Highest and Lowest Performing OIC MCs in Youth Literacy Rates Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Libya Tajikistan Kazakhstan Burkina Faso Côte d'ivoire Mali Guinea Niger Source: UNESCO, UIS Data Centre. 26.6 50.2 49.4 45.2 52.5 100.00 99.96 99.95 99.88 99.84 0 25 50 75 100 On average, 83.8% of youth are literate in OIC MCs, which is once again below the world average (90.6%) and average of non-oic developing countries (93.3%).

PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION

Pre-Primary School Enrolment Figure: Pre-primary School Enrolment Rates Figure: OIC MCs with Highest Pre-primary School Enrolment Rates (2015) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% GER NER GER NER GER NER GER NER OIC Countries 2000 2005* 2014* Non-OIC Countries World Gross Enrolment Rate 50 70 90 110 Malaysia Guyana Suriname UAE Albania Lebanon Kuwait Algeria Brunei Pakistan 98.9 94.3 93.7 92.0 88.6 84.5 81.0 79.2 73.5 70.2 Source: SESRIC; UNESCO; World Bank WDI and World Bank Education Statistics. * Or latest year Average GER and NER in OIC countries improved significantly during the 2005-2014 period, reaching 28.5% and 28.3%, respectively Yet, the current enrolment levels in OIC countries compare poorly to non-oic developing as well as developed countries.

Primary School Enrolment Figure: Primary School Enrolment Rates Figure: OIC MCs with Highest Primary School Enrolment Rates (2015*) 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% GER NER GER NER GER NER GER NER OIC Countries 2000* 2005* 2014* Non-OIC Countries World Gross Enrolment Rate 50 100 150 Gabon Sierra Leone Benin Togo Suriname Algeria Morocco Guinea-Bissau Cameroon Tunisia 142.0 130.0 125.6 125.1 120.0 118.7 116.1 113.7 113.6 113.1 Source: SESRIC; UNESCO; World Bank WDI and World Bank Education Statistics. * Or latest year Average GER in OIC MCs has improved from 91.9% in 2000 to as high as 99.3% in 2014. Average NER in OIC MCs was recorded only at 82.0%, indicating around 1/5 of the children at their primary school age have not registered in primary schools

Secondary School Enrolment Figure: Secondary School Enrolment Rates 120% 2000* 2005* 2014* Figure: OIC MCs with Highest Secondary School Enrolment Rates (2015) Gross Enrolment Rate 80 90 100 110 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% GER NER GER NER GER NER GER NER OIC Countries Non-OIC Countries World Qatar Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Azerbaijan Oman Turkey Algeria Brunei Albania Uzbekistan 102.8 101.9 100.3 99.9 99.1 96.4 95.4 109.4 109.1 108.3 Source: SESRIC; UNESCO; World Bank WDI and World Bank Education Statistics. * Or latest year In OIC countries, the average secondary school GER has increased from 51.4% in 2000 to 62.1% in 2014. Average NER in OIC countries was recorded at 58.1% in 2014, below the average NER in non-oic developing countries (64.1%).

Tertiary School Enrolment Figure: Tertiary School Enrolment Rates (GER only) Figure: OIC MCs with Highest Tertiary School Enrolment Rates (%, GER only, 2013) 2000 2005* 2014* 0 20 40 60 80 100 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Turkey Iran Albania Saudi Arabia Jordan 47.6 66.0 62.7 61.1 79.0 30% Kazakhstan 46.0 20% Kyrgyzstan 45.9 10% Palestine 44.0 0% OIC Countries Non-OIC Countries World Lebanon Bahrain 42.8 36.8 Source: SESRIC; UNESCO; World Bank WDI and World Bank Education Statistics. * Or latest year Source: SESRIC; UNESCO; World Bank WDI and World Bank Education Statistics. * Or latest year OIC countries, with an average enrolment rate of 25.4% as of 2014, lagged behind non-oic developing countries (32.1%) and far behind the developed countries (74.3%). In the same year, the world average GER was 34.4%.

COMPLETION AND PROGRESSION

Completion Ratios in Primary School Figure 3.1: Completion Ratios in Primary School Figure 3.2: OIC MCs in with Highest Completion Rates, 2014 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 OIC 2008 2011 2014 Non-OIC World Kazakhstan 114 Saudi Arabia 111 Oman 109 Algeria 109 Albania 108 Kyrgyzstan 105 UAE 103 Iran 102 Morocco 102 Brunei 101 90 100 110 120 Source: World Bank. Source: World Bank. OIC MCs, on average, achieved to increase their completion rates from 80.8% in 2008 to 83.4% in 2014. Despite this improvement, its average still lags behind the averages of non-oic developing countries, developed countries and the world.

Repetition Rates in Primary School Figure: Repetition Rates in Primary School (% of Total Enrolment) Figure: OIC MCs with Lowest Repetition Rates in Primary School (% of Total Enrolment) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 OIC Source: World Bank. 2008 2011 2014 Non-OIC World Oman Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Tajikistan Azerbaijan Brunei Palestine UAE Bahrain Albania Saudi Arabia Iran Source: World Bank. 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.69 0.73 0.96 1.25 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 The OIC group successfully reduced the rate from 7.4% in 2008 to 5.3% in 2014, which was above the world average of 4.8% in 2014. 19 OIC member countries achieved lower repetition rates in primary schools than the world average of 4.8% in 2014.

Repetition Rates in Secondary School Figure: Repetition Rates in Secondary School (% of Total Enrolment) Figure: OIC MCs with Lowest Repetition Rates in Secondary School (% of Total Enrolment) 12.00 2008 2011 2014 Palestine Bahrain 1.25 1.85 10.00 UAE 1.19 8.00 6.00 Albania Azerbaijan Saudi Arabia 1.10 0.94 0.76 4.00 2.00 Iran Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan 0.16 0.04 0.71 0.00 OIC Source: UIS UNESCO. Non-OIC World Kazakhstan 0.03 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Source: UIS UNESCO. An increasing trend was observed in the secondary school repetition rates, which went up from 8.6 % in 2008 to 10.1% in 2014. 15 OIC member countries achieved lower repetition rates in secondary schools than the world average of 6.87% in 2014.

Transition Rates Figure: Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary School Figure: OIC MCs with Higest and Lowest Transition Rates 100 95 90 2008 2011 2013 Mauritania Mozambique Niger Burkina Faso Guinea 58.19 61.48 64.82 68.74 68.79 85 80 75 OIC Source: World Bank. Non-OIC World Qatar Albania Oman Bahrain UAE Source: World Bank. 99.76 99.81 99.81 99.83 99.93 0 50 100 OIC member countries, on average also successfully increased their average transition rate from 84.5% in 2008 to 88.5% in 2013. Yet, the average of the OIC group still lags behind the world average of 91.9%.

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AND TEACHING CONDITIONS

Percent Government Expenditures on Education Figure: Government Expenditures on Education as Percentage of GDP 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2004 2014 4.1 4.0 3.5 OIC Countries 4.8 Non-OIC Countries Source: SESRIC staff calculation, World Bank, WDI Database. 4.9 5.1 4.8 4.9 Countries World * Data for 2004 is the latest year available between 2000 and 2004 and data for 2014 is the latest year available between 2010 and 2014. Figure: Top OIC MCs by Government Expenditures on Education as Percentage of GDP Kyrgyzstan Niger Mozambique Malaysia Tunisia Senegal Maldives Comoros Togo Benin Source: World Bank, WDI Database. 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.3 6.2 6.8 6.8 6.7 0 2 4 6 8 Average government spending on education accounted for 4.1% of their GDP in 2004, but it decreased by 0.6 percentage points to 3.5% in 2014. In other country groups, this share increased during the same period.

Percent Government Expenditures on Education Figure 4.3: Government Expenditures on Education as Percentage of Total Government Expenditures 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 15.8 16.5 OIC Countries 14.8 13.7 Non-OIC Countries Source: SESRIC staff calculation, World Bank, WDI Database. 12.9 12.7 13.1 13.2 Countries 2004 2014 World Figure 4.4: Top OIC MCs by Government Expenditures on Education as Percentage of Total Government Expenditures Benin Niger Tunisia Malaysia Turkmenistan Senegal Cote d'ivoire Iran Togo Mozambique Source: World Bank, WDI Database. 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.8 20.7 20.7 21.7 21.6 21.5 22.2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 The share of government expenditures on education in total government expenditures was higher in OIC member countries than in both developed and developing countries in the period under consideration.

Government Expenditures on Education Figure: Distribution of Government Expenditures on Education per Student 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Tertiary Secondary Primary 10,304 1,665 4,503 1,100 10,213 546 821 2,830 332 509 9,227 1,710 OIC Non-OIC World Source: SESRIC staff calculation, World Bank, WDI Database. On average, while developed countries spend almost equal amounts for students at all levels, OIC and non-oic developing countries spend greater amounts for students at tertiary levels and lower amount for students at primary level.

Student-Teacher Ratios Primary Schools Figure: Student Teacher Ratios at Primary Schools 30 25 20 15 10 05 00 27.4 27.9 26.0 24.9 OIC Source: UIS database UNESCO. 2004 2014 Non-OIC 15.2 14.2 25.5 23.4 World Figure: OIC MCs with the Lowest Student Teacher Ratios in Primary Schools Kuwait Brunei Saudi Arabia Qatar Malaysia Bahrain Maldives Lebanon Azerbaijan Suriname Source: UIS database UNESCO. 8.8 10.3 10.8 11.2 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.0 12.6 13.8 5 10 15 In 2014, the OIC average was 26 students per teacher at primary level, whereas the non-oic developing countries group has an average ratio of 24.9. In the same year, the world average scored as 23.4 students per teacher.

Student-Teacher Ratios Secondary Schools Figure: Student Teacher Ratios at Secondary Schools Figure: OIC MCs with the Lowest Student Teacher Ratios in Secondary Schools 25 20 18.7 17.1 15 10 5 0 OIC Source: UIS database UNESCO. 2004 2014 21.3 19.1 Non-OIC 13.2 12.5 18.7 17.3 World Lebanon 8.2 Kazakhstan 8.7 Comoros 8.7 Brunei Dar. 9.1 Bahrain 9.9 Benin 9.9 Qatar 10.2 Saudi Arabia 11.0 Kyrgyzstan 11.3 Suriname 11.4 Source: UIS database UNESCO. 5 7 9 11 13 During the period 2004-2014, OIC group reduced the ratio from 18.7 to 17.1 and continued to have a lower ratio than the group of non-oic developing countries.

Student-Teacher Ratios Tertiary Schools Figure: Student Teacher Ratios at Tertiary Schools 25 20 15 10 5 0 20.9 19.1 OIC Source: UIS database UNESCO. 2004 2014 18.4 16.5 Non-OIC 12.612.2 16.6 15.2 World Figure: OIC MCs with the Lowest Student Teacher Ratios in Tertiary Schools Lebanon Turkmenistan Côte d'ivoire Azerbaijan Malaysia Chad Oman Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Niger Source: UIS database UNESCO. 5.0 5.4 9.1 9.2 10.7 10.9 11.9 11.9 12.1 12.3 0 5 10 15 The student-teacher ratio in the OIC group increased from 19.1 in 2004 to 20.9 in 2014. Overall, OIC countries continued to have the highest ratio in student-instructor ratio at tertiary level.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 International Student Mobility Figure: Outbound Students Mobility in OIC, Total Figure: Top OIC Countries by Outbound Students Mobility (Thousands) Thousands 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Outbound Students Mobility in OIC, Total (2000-2013) Saudi Arabia Malaysia Nigeria Iran Kazakhstan Turkey Indonesia Morocco Pakistan Turkmenistan Source: UIS database UNESCO Source: UIS database UNESCO 0 20 40 60 80 The number of students studying abroad almost doubled and reached over 920,000 in 2013. The share of OIC countries in total outbound student mobility remained stable around 26% during 2000-2013.

RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT

OIC Non-OIC Dev. World EU Brazil China Russia Germany Japan Singapore Korean Rep. Sweden Norway Iceland Denmark Finland 661 1119 1643 1182 1502 2583 5101 6297 7019 7234 8329 8471 9361 10154 10463 10484 Researchers Figure: Researchers per Million People Source: UNESCO, UIS Data Centre, 2016. * Headcount data for the most recent year available. OIC MCs, on average, fall well behind the world average in terms of researchers per million people, which are 661 in OIC countries and 1,643 in the world. Even in non-oic developing countries, average number of researchers exceeds 1,100 per million people.

Expenditure on R&D Figure: GERD, % of World Total Figure: Top OIC Countries by GERD (current million USD in PPP) Turkey 13,315 China 20.2% Japan 9.7% USA 27.4% EU 20.7% Other 9.8% Other 9.3% Malaysia Egypt Iran UAE Pakistan Indonesia Morocco 3,807 2,461 2,443 2,132 1,495 6,168 7,351 Nigeria 1,375 OIC 2.9% Qatar 1,287 Source: UIS Database, UNESCO. Source: UIS Database, UNESCO. Nearly 86% of the global R&D expenditures are spent by developed countries. The OIC countries account for only 2.9% of the world total Gross Domestic Expenditures on R&D (GERD). More strikingly, the GERD in China alone is almost 7 times higher than the OIC total.

OIC, 0.37 EU, 1.88 World, 1.75 Malaysia, 1.13 Turkey, 0.94 Morocco, 0.73 Egypt, 0.68 Tunisia, 0.68 Mali, 0.66 Gabon, 0.58 Senegal, 0.54 UAE, 0.49 Uganda, 0.48 Qatar, 0.47 Jordan, 0.43 Mozambique, 0.42 Iran, 0.31 Kuwait, 0.3 Sudan, 0.3 Pakistan, 0.29 Nigeria, 0.22 Togo, 0.22 Azerbaijan, 0.21 Burkina Faso, 0.2 Kazakhstan, 0.17 Oman, 0.17 Kyrgyzstan, 0.16 Albania, 0.15 Gambia, 0.13 Tajikistan, 0.12 Indonesia, 0.08 Algeria, 0.07 Saudi Arabia, 0.07 Bahrain, 0.04 Iraq, 0.03 Korea, 4.15 Japan, 3.47 Finland, 3.31 Sweden, 3.3 Denmark, 3.06 R&D Intensity Figure: R&D Intensity (%) Source: UNESCO, UIS Data Centre * Data for the most recent year available between 2005 and 2014. R&D intensity for the OIC member countries averages 0.37%, which is quite lower than the EU average of 1.88% and the world average of 1.75%.

Patent Applications Figure 5.13: Distribution of World Total Patent Applications by Office Figure 5.14: Patent Applications by Residents and Non-residents in OIC Member Countries (2014) China 33.2% RPOs 5.7% USA 20.7% Other 11.0% Japan 11.7% Korea, Rep. 7.5% Germany 2.4% Other 6.1% OIC 1.7% Iran (2014) Indonesia (2014) Malaysia (2014) Turkey (2014) Egypt (2014) Kazakhstan (2014) UAE (2014) Morocco (2014) Pakistan (2014) Algeria (2014) Saudi Arabia (2014) Uzbekistan (2014) Tunisia (2014) Qatar (2014) Jordan (2014) Bangladesh (2014) Bahrain (2014) Resident Non-Resident 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 Total number of patent applications around the world in 2014 is estimated to be 2.68 million. With 46,781 patents overall, OIC MCs accounted for nearly 1.74% of total patent applications.

Iran Turkey Saudi Arabia Malaysia Egypt Pakistan Tunisia Algeria Nigeria Indonesia UAE Morocco Lebanon Bangladesh Jordan Qatar Iraq Uganda Cameroon Oman Kazakhstan Kuwait Azerbaijan Senegal Benin Burkina Faso Sudan Uzbekistan Côte d'ivoire Syria Albania Mozambique Bahrain Yemen Libya Brunei Mali Niger Palestine 104,185 99,048 76,709 71,868 65,856 64,505 63,367 60,431 58,834 57,226 44,694 37,691 3,972 2,886 2,878 2,685 2,325 2,052 2,019 1,874 1,828 1,827 1,189 1,027 861 828 820 744 618 452 449 399 384 309 279 277 269 249 223 219 216 204 200 195 149 140,497 13,598 11,444 10,445 8,059 282,969 386793.0 30,890 30,158 Scientific Publications Figure: Total Number of Articles Published in 2015 Figure: Total Number of Articles Published in OIC Member Countries, 2015 Source: ISI Web of Knowledge, June 2016. In 2015, OIC MCs as a whole published 140,497 scientific articles. Although this represents more than a four-fold increase compared to 20,242 articles published in 2000, the total amount reached is still below those of some individual countries in the world, including the USA and China.

Scientific Publications Figure 5.16: Distribution of Global Articles Published (2000 vs. 2015) 2000 (World: 900 Thousand) OIC 2015 (World: 2000 Thousand) 2.2% Other 32.0% China 3.2% Other 11.5% Other 31.6% OIC 6.9% China 14.0% Japan 7.9% Germany 7.2% UK 8.4% USA 27.6% Japan 3.8% Germany 5.1% UK 4.9% USA 19.1% Other 14.6% Source: ISI Web of Knowledge, June 2016 Articles published in the world more than doubled from 924,000 to 2.07 million in 2015, while the OIC countries, as a group, experienced more than 594.1% increase in the same period. The OIC s share of global publications steadily grew, from just 2.2% in 2000 to 6.9% in 2015.

Capacity for Innovation Figure: Capacity for Innovation, 2015 Figure: HTE, % of World Total, 2014 OIC World Non-OIC 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.9 China 23.9% Other 9.4% OIC 3.3% Switzerland (1) Uruguay (2) Israel (3) Sweden (4) Germany (5) Finland (6) 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.6 Other 13.2% EU (developed) 30.1% Malaysia (7) UAE (10) Qatar (12) Benin (22) Uganda (28) Indonesia (30) Senegal (38) Côte d'ivoire (44) Lebanon (45) Cameroon (46) Jordan (47) Azerbaijan (53) Saudi Arabia (57) Gambia (67) Kazakhstan (68) 5.5 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 0 2 4 6 8 Korea, Rep. 5.7% Japan 4.3% USA Singapore 6.7% 5.9% Average value of Capacity for Innovation in OIC was 3.79, which is below the world average (4.02) but close to the average of non-oic developing countries (3.77). Confirming the lack of adequate infrastructure and technological sophistication in most of OIC countries, all the member countries accounted for only 3.3% of the world total HTE

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