Gordon College College of Education Arts and Sciences Module in English Grammar Topic: Modal Verbs and Phrasal Modals Prepared by: Gilbert U. Valenzuela BSEd-English III Submitted to: Rudy P. Esposo II Instructor III
Table of Contents I. Introduction...3 II. Pre-test...3 Complete Me...3 III. Pre-activities...4 2pics 1MV...4 Connect Me...5 IV. Discussion...6 What are modal verbs and phrasal modals?...6 Social functions of modals....6 Guidelines on the use of modals....8 V. Drill...9 Completing the table...9 Substitution of phrasal modals from modal verbs...9 VI. Enhancement...9 Enumeration...9 True or False...9 VII. Reinforcement...10 Labeling...10 Making a dialogue...10 VIII. Meaningful Activity...10 Role Play...10 IX. Posttest...11 References...11
I. Introduction Modals are special semantic component of auxiliary verbs. The modal auxiliaries have a number of different meanings. Modal auxiliaries are used to give a degree of probability, to express speaker s attitude, and to perform various social functions, such as expressing politeness or indirectness when making request, giving advice, or granting permission. In this case, every modals seems to have one phrasal modals and more. will you marry me? would MV can II. Pre-test (Complete Me) Instruction: Choose the correct answer on the petals of the flower and complete the sentences that follows. may I go out? must you come? Attendance is a. I borrow that?
III. Pre-activities (Sounds like) A. 2pics 1MV (Modal Verb) Instruction: Look at the pictures and try to guess what do they have in common to know what is the correct answer. KWFLUOXD (Sounds like) TRNDAECR BGYSAFRM LDFWGIBL (mass + t) (M + UST) DTGSEMHU
B. Connect Me Instruction: Connect the appropriate sentence to the given phrasal modal using a line. She is kill the ant because it bit her. She is beautifully. 1. (be) going to She's according to her. She's kill the killer because it took away her child. 2. (be) supposed to She go to school every day or else, she will be punished. 3. have to She softly said the Manila Girl. She'd help us because I helped her. 4. (had) better She'd cup of coffee in morning. She when Mommy arrives. 5. used to She sing when she's bored.
IV. Discussion MODAL VERBS and PHRASAL MODALS: What are modal verbs? A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. Examples include the English verbs can/could, may/might, must, will/would, and shall/should. What are phrasal modals? Phrasal modals are common expression whose meanings are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries. In phrasal modals, an infinitive (to + simple form of verb) is used to express something. Most of the phrasal modals include to: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, ought to, used to. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF MODALS: A. Polite Request Modals which used here are can, could, may, might, will, and would. Things that should be remember, may, would, will, might and could are used to make a polite request. Meanwhile, 'can' is used in informal request, especially when we are talking to someone we have known well. 'Might' is also possible to be used, but it is much less frequently used than 'may' or 'could'. All of these modals are used in present time. Now see the usage of modals below. Making request ( asking people to do something) We often use can, could, and would to ask someone to do something. Can you help me? Would you lend me your car, please? Asking for something We often use can I have?/could I have?/may I have? Can I have these candies? May I have some more ice cube for my lemon tea? Asking for permission We often use can, could, and may to ask permission to do something. Can I talk to you for a moment? Could I take your novel home? Offering something We sometimes use can or may to offer something. In this case, may is more formal. Can I help you, dude? May I tell you some more gossips about your girlfriend? Inviting somebody We use would you like? Would you come to my birthday party tomorrow? B. Expressing Necessity Modals which can be used to express necessity are must, has to/have to, and have got to. But there is a difference among them. 'Must' means, the speaker indicates urgency or stress importance. Because, there will be something bad happen if what speaker said is not fulfilled. 'Have to', actually shows a little bit weaker than must. It is more commonly used than 'must', it shows that the speaker need to do something. And the last one, 'have got to'
expresses the idea of necessity in informal English or spoken English. Example: Mike must study hard to pass the mathematics exam. Mike has to study hard to pass the mathematics exam. Mike have got to study hard to pass the mathematics exam. C. Advisability Advisability usually expressed by modals should, ought to, and had better. Should and ought to have the same meaning, but there s a difference in using it. Should used to express a suggestion, and ought to used to express an important responsibility. Meanwhile had better has a meaning that is stronger than should or ought to, because the latter conveys special affect by sometimes suggesting the possibility of bad/unpleasant consequences. It has a present or future meaning, and commonly used in spoken English. Example: We should see our friend who is sick and hospitalized. You have to go now, he s been waiting for you more than an hour. I had better stay at home, I got a headache. D. Expectation Modals can express expectation, especially with phrasal modal be supposed to. Example : a. I am supposed to learn piano. My father is a famous pianist. b. You are supposed to be here at 8 am, the class will be started at that right time. c. Kevin was supposed to present me a special song last week, but suddenly I heard that he has just passed away. E. Making Suggestion We can use modals, 'could' and 'should' to make suggestion. Besides, we can also use 'let s', 'why don t', and 'shall'. The usage of 'could' and 'should' is rather different, 'could' used when there are other alternative suggestions from a speaker. In other side, 'should' used when there is merely one suggestion. And the others, such 'let s', 'why don t', and 'shall' also have different usage. 'Let s' and 'why don t' usually used in spoken English, but 'shall' mainly used in formal and infrequent. Example: I could help you if you don t really understand with this theory. Or you could ask to our teacher when you get confused with this. We should earn money this near month by ourselves. Let s have a dinner. Why don t you try to call your boyfriend? Shall I drive your car? Is that okay? F. Ability To express ability, we can use modals can could, and be able to. The usage of it is different. 'Can' is used to say that something is possible to do something, something connected with the physical ability, and frequently used with these verbs: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand. to express an acquired skill, to give permission in informal situations. If we want to use it in formal situations, it is better to use may. Could is used to say that someone had the general ability to do something. And the past form of be able to, was/were able to is used when someone managed to do something in one particular situation. In negative sentences, we are able to use can t or couldn t. Couldn t is used in every situations to express something that is connected with ability. Example: You can use a handy cam to record our special moment. (possibility) She can break the woods into two pieces. (physical ability) I can feel my heart beating quicker than the other days. (physical ability) Ye Sung can dance beautifully. (acquired skill) You may ask the salesclerk if there s something you want to know about the latest mode of fashion. (formal situation) I am able to go to the beach next weekend. (ability)
Before Indonesia proclaimed its Independence Day, Japanese was able to kill Indonesian s youth. (managed to do something in a particular situation) My elder sister couldn t play tennis. (negative past form of can, inability/ politeness) I can t speak French. (inability) G. Repeated Action To express something that is repeated, we can use would. It is express an action that was only regularly repeated in the past. And used to is to express an habitual situation that existed in the past. Example : When he was stressed, He would smoke under the big tree out of the crowds. I used to play hide and seek when I was a child. H. Preference Modals can also be used to make preference. To make a preference, we can use would rather (the contraction form, d rather). This can be used in past and progressive time. In past the form becomes would rather have + past participle, and in the progressive time it changes to be would rather + be + Ving. Example: I would rather live in Jakarta than Bandung. I d rather have bought that dress before she bought it. I d rather playing guitar than musing like an ignorant. GENERAL GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF MODAL VERBS: 1. The English modal verbs are auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings. 2. There are both single-word modals and phrasal modals. The single-word modals are: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would Phrasal modals include the following: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to 3. All the single word modals above are followed by the simple form of verbs. He may know the answer. 4. Most of the phrasal modals include to: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to With these phrasal modals, the simple form of verb follows to: He's able to help us. He's going to help us. 5. One of the phrasal modals, had better, does not include to. Use the simple form of a verb after had better: He'd better help us. 6. All of the modal verbs show meaning. When they are used with a verb, they show someone's feeling or attitude toward the action or situation that the verb shows. 7. Every modal verb has more than one use and/or meaning. V. Drill
A. Fill out the first column of the table by giving 5 modal verbs and on the second column, indicate their corresponding phrasal modals. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Modal Verbs Phrasal Modals B. Underline the modal verbs on the given sentences and rewrite the sentence by changing the modal verbs into phrasal modals. 1. I will leave you here. 2. I must go to school. 3. I should go. 4. You may go. 5. Can I hug you? VI. Enhancement A. Enumerate the 8 social functions of modals and give 1 example of modal verb for each function. 1. 2. 3. 6. 4. 7. 5. 8. B. Modified True or False. If the statement is true, write T on the space provided and if false, change the underlined word and give the correct answer. 1. All of the modal verbs show meaning. 2. Single-word modals are followed by the simple form of verb. 3. Phrasal modals include may, could and can. 4. Every modal verb has more than one use. 5. The English modal verbs are irregular nouns.
VII. Reinforcement A. On the given sentences, encircle the modal verb/phrasal modal used and on the space provided, write its social function. 1. Would you lend me your credit card, please? 2. We must study hard to pass the exam. 3. We should see our teacher today. 4. You are supposed to be here at 9 am. I don't want to wait. 5. Shall I cook for breakfast? B. Make a dialogue using modal verbs and phrasal modals. It should be a son/daughtermother talk. VIII. Meaningful Activity (Group Activity) Role Play: The class will be divided into 3 groups and each group will pick a strips of paper where the scenarios that they are going to act are written. The use of modal verbs and phrasal modal needs to manifest in the play. Scene 1: You've met a friend that you didn't see for a long time and invited him to a party. Scene 2: There's a misunderstanding between you and your lover. Scene 3: You are asking money to your Auntie for your tuition fee. Rubrics: Use of modal verbs and phrasal 50% modals. Creativity 10% Organization 15% Delivery 15% Aliw Factor 10% Total 100%
IX. Post-test A. Identification: Identify what is being defined. Write your answer on the space provided. 1. Type of auxiliary verb that indicates modality. 2. common expression whose meanings are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries. 3. usually expressed by modals should, ought to, and had better 4. It always combines with modal verbs to show complete meaning. 5. Form of verb that follows single-word modals. B. Fill in the blanks: Fill the blanks with the correct answer. 1. We can use modals, 'could' and 'should' to make. 2. Modals which can be used to are must, has to/have to, and have got to. 3. Modals which used to make are can, could, may, might, will, and would. 4. Modals can express, especially with phrasal modal be supposed to. 5. To express we can use modals can could, and be able to. C. Enumeration: a. Enumerate all the modal verbs and phrasal modals and use each in a sentence. b. Enumerate all the social functions and give 1 sentence example for each. D. Explanation: Explain what are modal verbs and phrasal modals. Answer Key: Pre-test: 1. may 4. can 2. would 5. will 3. must Pre-activity: A. B. 1. can 1. 1st sentence 2. may 2. 2nd sentence 3. must 3. 1st sentence 4. would 4. 1st sentence 5. will 5. 2nd sentence Drill: A. B. 1. will-be going to 1. will-going to 2. must-have to 2. must- have to 3. should-supposed to 3. should-supposed to 4. would-used to 4. may-allowed to 5. may-be allowed to 5. can-able to Enhancement: A. 1. polite request-may 5. suggestion-should 2. necessity-must 6. ability-can 3.advisability-should 7. repeated act-would 4. expectation-supposed to 8. preference-would rather B. 1. T 4. T 2. T 5. auxiliary verbs 3. single-word Reinforcement: A. 1. would-polite request 4. supposed to-expectation 2. must-necessity 5. shall-suggestion 3. should-advisability B. The answer may vary. Meaningful Activity: (Group Activity) Posttest: A: 1. modal verbs 4. verbs 2. phrasal modals 5. simple form 3. advisability B: 1. suggestions 4. expectation 2. express necessity 5. ability 3. polite request C. a. Modal Verbs Phrasal Modal 1. can 5. could 1.able to 5. used to 2. may 6. will 2. supposed to 3. must 7. should 3. going to 4. would 8. shall 4. have to b. Social Functions 1. polite request 3. advisability 5. expectation 2. necessity 4. suggestion 6. ability 7. preference D. The answer will be based on the student. References: http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/understanding_and _using_modal_verbs01.html http://nnuyzz.blogspot.com/2010/05/modals-andphrasal-modals.html