IEAA EDUCATION ACROSS BORDERS: TRANSNATIONAL EDUCATION SIG FORUM Southeast Asia s Changing Higher Education Landscape: Transnational Education In Malaysia Mien W. Cheng Sunway Education Group, Malaysia 17 July 2015
Overview: Changing higher education spaces: - SEA; ASEAN Economic Community (2015) - Malaysia; Economic Transformation Programme (2011) & National Higher Education Strategic Plan (2006, 2011) Transnational higher education (TnHE) sites and typologies: - Curriculum typologies & enrolment data Current developments in transnational education: - Growth of international schools - Dual degrees between Malaysian & UK universities - Emerging transnational TVET opportunities Points on sustainable models in international education July 21, 2015 Slide 115
SEA (ASEAN) Higher Education Space Association of SEA Nations (ASEAN): Formed in August 1967; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore & Thailand as founding members Comprises 10 member states including Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), 2015: Following adoption of ASEAN Economic Blueprint 2007 Total Population = 620 Million (ASEAN 2014) Total GDP = US$ 3 Trillion; average GDP per capita = US$ 3,750 (World Bank 2012, ASEAN Secretariat 2014) ASEAN is vibrant and growing; ASEAN Business Advisory Council s survey on competitiveness (August 2013) 48% of respondents say their organization has an ASEAN strategy in mind. Picture credit: http://mapsof.net/map/map-of-southeast-asia#.uirymx_kaso
4 Pillars of the AEC 2015 Single Market & Production Base; free flow of goods, services, investment, capital, and skilled labor Competitive Economic Region; consumer protection, intellectual property rights, competition laws, connectivity (highways, rail links, and airports) Equitable Economic Development; business incubator & innovation centres, and economic subregions (e.g. Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle) ASEAN s Integration into Global Economy; ASEAN+1 free trade agreements with China, Japan, Korea, Australia, NZ, and India
Transnational Education - Trivia I Q1. How many higher education institutions are there in ASEAN? A1. 6500 Q2. What is the student population in ASEAN s 10 member states? A2. 12 Million
Transnational Education - Trivia II Q1. How many international branch campuses (IBCs) are there in SEA? A1. 34 Cambodia (1); Indonesia (2); Laos (1); Malaysia (13); Singapore (13); Thailand (3); Vietnam (1) Q2. How many IBCs in Malaysia? A2. 13 Home countries; Australia (3), China (1), Egypt (1), Netherlands (1), Singapore (1), UK (6) Q3. How many Australian IBCs in Malaysia? A3. 3 (Monash, Curtin, Swinburne) [Source: Global Higher Education, June 2015. http://www.globalhighered.org/branchcampuses.php ]
Map of Transnational HE Sites in SEA: IBCs LAOS: Soochow University (China) VIETNAM: RMIT International University (Australia) CAMBODIA: LimKokWing University (Malaysia) MALAYSIA Monash, Curtin, Swinburne (Australia) Nottingham, Newcastle, Reading, Southampton, Heriot-Watt (UK) Netherlands Maritime Inst. Tech. (Europe); MDIS (S pore) SINGAPORE: James Cook, Curtin, Newcastle (Australia) INSEAD, ESSEC (France) Chicago Business School, NYU, CUNY (USA) Source: July 21, Retrieved 2015 on 30.08.13 from Global Higher Education Services, http://www.globalhighered.org/branchcampuses.php Slide 120 Picture credit: http://mapsof.net/map/map-of-southeast-asia#.uirymx_kaso
List of IBCs in Malaysia Institution Name Host Country Curtin University of Technology Australia Monash University Malaysia Australia Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Australia Xiamen University Malaysia China (commenced July 2015) Al-Azhar University Egypt (pending development) Royal College of Surgeons UK (Ireland) Management Development Institute of Singapore Singapore Newcastle University of Medicine Malaysia United Kingdom University of Nottingham Malaysia campus United Kingdom University of Southampton Malaysia campus United Kingdom Heriot-Watt University Malaysia campus United Kingdom University of Reading Malaysia United Kingdom Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology Netherlands
Transnational Education Trivia III Q1. How many international schools in SEA (in 2014)? A1. 729 Q2. What is the enrolment in international schools in SEA (in 2014)? A2: Approximately 270,000 Q3. How many international schools in Malaysia? A3. 126 (in 2014); 142 (in 2015) Q4. What is the enrolment in international schools in Malaysia? A4. 45,000 (in 2014); 56,000 (in 2015) [Sources: ISC Report 2014 and SEG Market Report 2015]
Distribution of International Schools in SEA Source: ISC Research Ltd Report, March 2013
Transnational Education - Trivia IV Q1. What types of TnHE programs are offered in Malaysia? A2. Credit Transfer, External (Tuition Provider), Twinning, IBCs, Dual Degrees [since 2007; between Malaysian and UK universities] Q2. How many graduate from Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET) yearly in Malaysia? A2. About 40,000 each year [and growing] (ETP Annual Report 2014)
SEA s Higher Education Space 1 Supra-national space of transnational partnerships, academic networks, S-S and N-S mobilities, virtual connectivity, etc. SEA-Europe shared historical and post-colonial space; Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia are former colonies of Portugal, Netherlands (Holland), UK (Britain), and Vietnam of France ASEAN Higher Education Area 2 ; harmonisation agenda (2009) and forming a Common Space of HE in SEA (2015) ASEAN Economic Community 3 (AEC) 2015; integration & collaboration of SEA countries 1 Novoa & Lawn (2002), Robertson et al. (2020, Waters & Brooks (2011) 2, 3 ASEAN Secretariat, April 2014
SEA s Higher Education Space Asians account for 52% of all students studying abroad worldwide (OECD 2012) Growing numbers of glocal students in ASEAN countries students staying in home country/region while gaining a foreign education (Choudaha, 2012) By 2020 100 million people with middle-class spending patterns across ASEAN (BCG & McKinsey, 2013) What do these data mean to us in terms of future TNHE initiatives? July 21, 2015 Slide 126
ASEAN Higher Education Agenda 2009 - Plans initiated to support integration of universities across SEA Inspired by European regionalization, e.g. Bologna Process & formation of EHEA (Morshidi, 2009, 2012; Olds and Robertson, 2014) 2015 - Harmonization of HE systems; 4 main priorities, i.e. student mobility, credit transfers, quality assurance, and research clusters (Morshidi, 2009; ASEAN Secretariat, 2014) What role/s can we play in these areas?
Malaysia s Higher Education Space National (government) level: - Liberalisation (1980s-1990s) to Internationalisation (2000s-2010s) - Transformation strategies; Economic (ETP, 2010) and Educational (NHESP, 2006, 2011) Towards developed (high income) nation status by 2020 Through public/private partnerships Private sector as growth engine to internationalise HE Focus on English and STEM Sub-national (institution) level: - Upgrading of private colleges to university-colleges & universities - Transnational curriculum building, e.g. dual degrees by Malaysian & UK universities - Public-private partnerships, e.g. International University of Malaya- Wales
Nat. Higher Education Strategic Plan (NHESP 2006, 2011) Thrust # 5: Intensifying Internationalisation Collaborative networking with foreign HEIs Average 10% of overall enrolment consists of international students (especially private HEIs) 5% international students in competitive courses 15% of teaching staff form foreign countries for research universities Student mobility with credit transfer Malaysia International Scholarship
Malaysia s Economic Transformation Program (ETP, 2010) Education to increase total GNI by RM34 billion, i.e. reach RM61 billion in 2020 cf. RM27 billion in 2009 Foreign student enrolments to reach 200,000 by 2020, cf. 70,000 in 2010 Concentration/specialisation initiatives to promote discipline clusters, i.e. networks of academic institutions & industry partners Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET); scaling up skills based training Human capital development to sustain economic growth July 21, 2015 Slide 130
Malaysia s ETP Annual Report 2014 ETP KPIs/Targets Present (2014/5) Growth / Sustainability Education to increase total GNI; from RM27 billion in 2009 to RM61 billion in 2020 International student enrolment to rise from 70,000 in 2010 to 200,000 in 2020 Establishment of 87 international schools by 2020 Emphasis on Technical Vocational Education & Training (TVET); target of 16,000 int. students by 2020 More than 500 private HEIs 2013 moratorium on establishment of new private HEIs pending 2015 review 2014: international enrolments at 135,502 (U/G) and 27,812 (P/G) 2014: 126 schools 2015: 142 schools Returns from private TVET skills training institutions estimated to be RM100,000 per student 2,700 international students enrolled in TVET Incremental GNI impact; target increase of RM33.6 billion by 2020 Improve effectiveness of Education Malaysia Global Services (EMGS) the government s one-stop centre for international students Liberalisation of education industry; locals turn to international schools Student flows; East Asia (China, Korea, Japan); South Asia (India, Sri Lanka); SEA (Indonesia, Vietnam); Middle East Government s allocation to National Skills Development Fund was RM 832 million (2011-2014) Concentrations to promote discipline clusters Aim to develop collaborative, commercialization-focused and industry-linked hub to boost engineering, science, and innovation Objectives overlap with Agensi Innovasi Malaysia (AIM); KPIs transferred to AIM Source: ETP Annual Report 2014, retrieved from http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/annualreport2014/upload/12_nkea10_eng_education.pdf
ETP Annual Report 2014 - EDUCATION A strong TVET workforce with high-value and specialised skills will improve innovation and productivity of industries which will be integral to Malaysia s transformation into a high income nation by 2020
Education Hubs: TnHE Typologies in Malaysia - Iskandar EduCity; KL EduCity International Branch Campuses: - Australia: Monash University (1998); Curtin University (1999); Swinburne (2000) - UK: Nottingham (2000); Newcastle (2011), Southampton (2012), Heriot-Watt (2013), Reading (2014) - Singapore: Raffles (2014); Management Development Institute of Singapore (2015) - Europe: Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology (2011) - East Asia (China/Korea): Xiamen (2012), Hanyang (pending) Dual Degrees (Malaysia & UK universities): - Sunway University & Lancaster University - Taylor s University & University of West England - Asia Pacific University & Staffordshire University - Nilai University & Oxford Brookes University Offshore Campuses of Malaysian Universities: - Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (Sri Lanka, India), - LimKokWing University of Creative Technology (Cambodia, Botswana, UK) - International University College of Technology TwinTech (Yemen) Public Universities - Private Enterprise: - International University of Malaya-Wales Twinning Programs - Ongoing developments; e.g. Victoria University and Sunway College (U/G and P/G programs) July 21, 2015 Slide 133
Case I - Iskandar EduCity Began in 2006 today (2014) it has student population of about 2822 (H) Amerıcan Cınematıc Art School / Pınewood Studıos Sources: http://www.iskandarinvestment.com/master-planned-development-projects/educity/ and http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/pdf/cdp/1._cdp_cover.pdf July 21, 2015 Slide 134
Case 2: Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC) Launched in 2007 by the Malaysian Government via the Prime Ministers Department and Ministry of Higher Education as a private led project aimed at achieving Malaysia s goal to become a regional hub for higher education. KLEC partners include Epsom College, University of Cambridge Judge Business School, and Heriot-Watt Putrajaya campus (2013) KLEC Projects Location Source: http://www.klec.com.my/klecgroup/group-about-05.html July 21, 2015 Slide 135
Case 3: International Branch Campuses (Australia) Commenced - 1998 Commenced - 1999 July 21, 2015 Commenced - 2000 Slide 136
Commenced - 2000 International Branch Campuses (UK) Commenced - 2013 Commenced - 2013 Commenced - 2013 Commenced - 2012 July 21, 2015 Slide 137
Case 4: Dual Degrees - 1 Program / 2 Certificates (by Malaysian & UK universities) Business, Computer Technology, Communications, Psychology, and Sciences Business, Computer Security, Forensic Computing, Information Technology Business & Management, Computing & Technology, Engineering July 21, 2015 Slide 138
Conclusion TnE experiences in Malaysia & SEA higher education spaces : - Commercialization of education; private sector driven; it is about what sells - West is best ; preference for UK/British - European influence over curriculum design/development, governance, and policies a re-europeanisation of the HE space Spaces and signs for sustainable growth: - Affordable means for obtaining Western qualifications locally - Internationalization of curriculum (Local + West); employability and mobility - Human capital development to serve developing countries socioeconomic needs Opportunities for cross-border/offshore/transnational education and training: - Transnational TVET - Specialized workforce development & skills training
More References Brooks, R., Fuller, A., & Waters, J. (2012). Changing spaces of education. In R. Brooks, A. Fuller & J. Waters (Eds.), Changing spaces of education: New perspectives on the nature of learning (pp. 1-17). London: Routledge. Choudaha, R., & Chang, L. (2012). Trends in international student mobility: WES Research and Advisory Services. Morshidi, S. (2012). Harmonising higher education systems in Southeast Asia: Malaysia's perspective. Paper presented at the International Higher Education Conference on "Transnational education - Opportunities and challenges in the 21st century: Malaysian and European perspectives", Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. http://www.nottingham.edu.my/myeulink/documents/conference-invitationupdated.pdf Novoa, A., & Lawn, M. (2002). Fabricating Europe: The formation of an education space. In A. Novoa & M. Lawn (Eds.), Fabricating Europe: The formation of an education space (pp. 1-13). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. OECD. (2012). Education at a glance 2012: Highlights Education at a glance Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag_highlights-2012-en PEMANDU. (2010). Economic transformation programme: A roadmap for Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Prime Minister's Department, Government of Malaysia. Robertson, S. (2008). 'Europe/Asia' regionalism, higher education and the production of world order. Policy Futures in Education, 6(6), 718-729. Robertson, S. L. (2007). Regionalism, 'Europe/Asia' and higher education. Retrieved from Bristol BS8 1JA, UK website: http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/people/academicstaff/edslr/publications/16slr/ Waters, J., & Brooks, R. (2011). International/transnational spaces of education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 9(2), 155-160. doi: 10.1080/14767724.2011.576933 July 21, 2015 Slide 140
Q & A Thank You Email: mwcheng@sunway.edu.my July 21, 2015 Slide 141 Photo credit : http://www.airlineroutemaps.com/maps/malaysia_airlines