Grammar Review heet Adjective: a word which modifies or describes or limits the meaning of a noun or pronoun. It answers the questions what kind, which one, and how many. Examples: 1) large eyes--tells what kind of eyes 2) red book--tells which book 3) ten students-tells how many students Adverb: a word which modifies or describes or limits the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, telling when, where, how, or to what extent. The "-ly rule" only really applies when you are changing an adjective to an adverb such as quiet (adjective) to quietly (adverb). Examples: 1) They ran swiftly. The adverb swiftly is describing how they ran, so it is describing the verb. 2) He was unusually tall. The adverb unusually is describing how tall. Tall is an adjective. 3) They ran very swiftly. wiftly is an adverb describing the verb ran (telling how he ran). Very is an adverb describing the adverb swiftly. Examples of adverbs of place, time and manner: When--They left today. Adverb of time Where--They walked home. Adverb of place How--They ran swiftly. Adverb of manner Common Adverb That Do Not End in -ly These words are always or almost always adverbs Very Not (n't) even when it is in the middle of a verb phrase such as We couldn't go or We could not go. The not or n't modifies the verb phrase could go. Always Never ometimes Ever eldom Rather Fast Quite Almost Here There Anywhere Nowhere omewhere Yesterday Today Tomorrow Well Upstairs Downstairs outside Inside
Up* Down* In* Out* Off* On* More--when used to intensify adjectives or adverbs such as More beautiful (adj.) or More quietly (adv.) Most--same qualifier as above North outh East West Back Backward oon Then Also Already Home--when telling where you went *When not prepositions Co-ordinate Conjunctions: These join words, phrases and clauses. The most common conjunctions are called co-ordinate conjunctions. They are: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so. Examples: 1) Tom and Bill--and is a conjunction joining words. 2) Read or study--or is a conjunction joining words. 3) Down the hill and across the road--and is a conjunction joining phrases 4) I went to the movie, but I didn't like it--but is a conjunction joining clauses. Correlative Conjunctions: These are like co-ordinate conjunctions except they are used in pairs, such as both-and, not only-but also, either-or, neither-nor, whether-or. Examples: 1) Either you come with me or you stay home. 2) Both ue and Jack entertained the class. 3) The risks he took were not only frightening but also stupid. Both types of conjunctions join two like things--two nouns, two adjectives, two independent clauses, two verb phrases etc. ubordinating Conjunctions: These are words that introduce subordinate (adverb) clauses. After as soon as since until while Although because so that when As before than whenever As if if though where As long as in order that unless wherever
ome of the listed subordinating conjunctions can also be prepositions. If these words are just followed by a noun or pronoun, they are prepositions. If they are followed by a subject and verb, they are subordinating conjunctions. Direct Object: This is a noun or pronoun following a verb of action. It answers the questions whom or what. It also receives the action of the verb and completes the thought in the sentence. Examples: 1) Jon threw the ball. Ball is a noun following a verb of action (threw) and answers the question what. Jon threw what? The ball- -direct object. 2) I saw them. Them is a noun substitute following a verb of action (saw) and answers the question whom. I saw whom? Them-- direct object Indirect Object: This is a noun or pronoun which tells to or for whom the action is being performed. It comes between a verb of action and a direct object. You can't have an indirect object without a direct object. V IO DO Example: 1) Jon threw me the ball. It means Jon threw the ball to me. V IO DO 2) he gave Helen the book. It means give the book to Helen. V IO DO 3) They told me the story. It means they told the story to me. Nouns: A noun is a word that names persons, places, things, and ideas (also quantities and qualities). Proper nouns name a specific person (Dr. mith), place (Wisconsin), or thing (Prudential Building). Common nouns name general persons (man), places (state), or thing (building). Quantities are words like hundreds, thousands, millions etc. Qualities are words such as kindness, courage, generosity, honest etc. Predicate: A simple predicate is a verb and any auxiliaries (helping verbs). A complete predicate is a verb and all the words that go with it, such as adverbs, direct and indirect objects, predicate nouns, predicate adjectives, prepositional phrases etc. Example: The boys ran across the street quickly. ran is the simple predicate, ran across the street quickly is the complete predicate.
Predicate Adjective: This is an adjective which follows a linking verb and describes the subject. LV PA Examples: 1) The sea is green. LV PA 2) That girl is pretty. LV PA 3) Those books were old. green sea, pretty girl, old books Predicate Noun: This is a noun or pronoun which follows a linking verb and identifies or renames the subject. To test for a predicate noun, you can change the places of the subject and the predicate noun without changing the meaning of the sentence. LV PN Examples: 1) That man is Jon. Jon is that man. LV PN 2) He was the doctor. The doctor was he. AUX AUX LV PN 3) Jack could have been the culprit. The culprit could have been Jack. Preposition: This is a word that introduces a prepositional phrase. It shows a relationship between its object and another part of the sentence. It often shows direction in time and space. Here are the common prepositions: Aboard About Above Across After Against Along Among Amid Around At But (when it means except--such as "Everyone could go but me") Before Behind Below Beneath Beside Besides Between Beyond By Concerning Despite Down During Except (but) For From In Inside Into Like Near Of Off On Out Outside
Over Past ince Through Throughout To Toward Under Underneath Until Up Upon With Within Without There are also some compound prepositions, having more than on word. Here are some frequently used compound prepositions: According to As to Aside from Because of By means of In addition to In front of In place of In spite of Instead of On account of Out of Owing to Prior to Prepositional Phrase: This contains a preposition and a noun phrase. The noun that completes the phrase is called the object of the preposition. Example: 1) We walked to school. To is the preposition and school is the noun phrase and object. 2) We walked across the large, yellow, wheat field. Across is the preposition, the large, yellow, wheat field is the noun phrase, field is the object. Prepositional phrases function as adverbs or adjectives. Pronoun: This is a noun substitute. It takes the place of a noun so you don't have to name it again. The most common pronouns are personal, reflexive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, and indefinite. Personal Pronouns have three different forms (or cases) depending on their function in the sentence. When a pronoun is used as the subject or predicate noun, it is in the nominative case. A pronoun used as the direct object, indirect object or object of a preposition is in the objective case. A pronoun used to show ownership is in the possessive case. ingular Nominative Objective Possessive (subject--predicate noun) (direct, indirect, or (shows ownership & object of preposition) functions as an adjective) First Person I me my econd Person you you your Third Person he, she, it him, her, it his, her, its Plural First Person we us our econd Person you you your Third Person they them their
Reflexive Pronouns: These are the -self, -selves forms of personal pronouns. myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself, herself, itself themselves Relative Pronouns: These are used to introduce adjective clauses. ubject/predicate Noun: Who (nominative) Direct object, Indirect object, Object of the Preposition: Whom (objective) Whose (possessive) Which & That Interrogative Pronouns: These are pronouns used in questions. ubject/predicate Noun: Who? Whose? What? DO, IO, OP: Whom? Which? Demonstrative Pronouns: These are pronouns used to point out a specific person or thing. this that these those Indefinite Pronouns: These are pronouns which do not refer to a definite person or thing; frequently used without antecedents. All Another Any Anybody Anyone Anything Both Each Either Everybody Everyone Everything Few Many More Most Much Neither Nobody None No one One Other everal ome omebody omeone ubject: This is a noun or pronoun, which tells who or what performs an action or is being talked about. It is the main noun or pronoun in the sentence. Examples: 1) Mary sings well. 2) Who is going? 3) wimming is fun. 4) The girls are new performers. The simple subject is an individual word. The complete subject is the simple subject (single noun) and all the words (articles, adjectives, prepositional phrases etc.) that describe the subject.
Verb: This expresses an action or a condition that exists. A verb of action tells what the subject is doing. Auxiliary (or helping) verbs do two things--they signal that a verb will follow, and they alter the meaning of the verb. The forms of be, have, or do are common auxiliary verbs. Be--am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been Have--have, has, had Do--do, does, did Other auxiliaries are: will, should, would, shall, may, might, must, can, could Linking Verb: This is usually a from of the verb to be. Other linking verbs include: look, seem, appear, taste, feel, smell, sound, stay, remain, grow, become, turn. Theses are only linking verbs when they are followed by a predicate noun or predicate adjective. Be is a linking verb when it is the main verb in the clause. It is a helping or auxiliary verb when it is used with another verb (usually an action verb, but sometimes a linking verb). It simply helps it by telling the tense of the verb. Example: I am going. Am is the helper (auxiliary) to the verb going and tells that it is in the present tense. Verbals: These are verb forms that function as other parts of speech. They are gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Because they begin as verbs, they can be modified by adverbs and adverb phrases, and they can be followed by direct objects, predicate nouns etc. A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing and is used as a noun in a sentence. A gerund phrase consists of the gerund together with its modifiers, object, or predicate words. The gerund can be modified by adjectives, because it is part noun, and it can be modified by adverbs because it is part verb. Example: Being chairman of the group was an honor. Being is the gerund, being chairman of the group is the gerund phrase. A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective. The most common participles are the present and the past: Present Participle: following Past Participle: followed Perfect Participle: having followed Passive Perfect Participle: having been followed The participle is always used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. Example: miling, George accepted the award. miling is the participle. A participial phrase consists of the participle together with its modifiers, objects or predicate words. Participles can be modified by adverbs and adverb phrases.
Example: Having passed the test, Bob heaved a sigh of relief. Having is the participle, having passed the test is the participial phrase. An infinitive is the word to plus a verb and can function as a noun, adjective or adverb. Like all verbs, they can be completed by objects or predicate words, and can be modified by adverbs. There are four general forms: Active Present--to honor Active Perfect--to have honored Passive Present--to be honored Passive Perfect--to have been honored Infinitive phrases may have modifiers too. Cape Cod is the place to see. (Infinitive used as adjective) I went to see Macbeth. (Infinitive used as an adverb) We wanted to go. (Infinitive used as a noun--direct object)