ies) LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Lexical similarity percentage (Backstrom 1992: 40)... 7 Table 2. Main reference texts from previous studies... 10 Table 3. Summary of fieldwork... 10 Table 4. Personal information of principal consultants... 11 Table 5. Main reference texts from my field data... 12 Table 6. Consonants... 15 Table 7. Vowels... 17 Table 8. Type-I personal prefixes (@-)... 36 Table 9. Type-II personal prefixes ( - )... 36 Table 10. Type-III personal prefixes ( - )... 36 Table 11. Three morphological groups of countable nouns with many... 40 Table 12. Distribution of the major types of plural suffixes... 41 Table 13. Relation between the countability and the function... 42 Table 14. sis person, people with or without a general number suffix... 45 Table 15. men who with or without a general number suffix... 45 Table 16. bes what with or without a general number suffix... 45 Table 17. Case markings with nouns of each class... 49 Table 18. Details of position-direction combinations... 61 Table 19. Nominaliser suffixes... 70 Table 20. Demonstrative and interrogative adjectives... 75 Table 21. Morphemes of the class-number axis... 76 Table 22. Morphemes, frames and forms of the demonstrative axis in two series... 77 Table 23. Personal pronouns... 79 Table 24. Declension of personal pronouns... 80 Table 25. Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns... 80 Table 26. Emphatic pronoun -i... 81 Table 27. More Emphatic pronoun - -i... 81 Table 28. Reflexive pronoun @-khár... 81 Table 29. Declension with personal prefixes... 82 Table 30. Adjectivaliser suffixes (in part)... 89 Table 31. Cardinal numerals... 95 Table 32. Ordinal numerals... 96 vii
ies) Table 33.Classifier suffixes for numerals... 97 Table 34. Numeral roots... 97 Table 35. Classified numeral nouns n day(s)... 97 Table 36. The supplementary alternation of the copula root in the three major dialects... 104 Table 37. Basic personal suffixes for copula... 105 Table 38. Basic stems of copula... 106 Table 39. Imperfective stems of copula... 106 Table 40. Relation between the features of roots and the transitivity of stems... 111 Table 41. Suppletive distribution of stems for give and eat... 115 Table 42. Suppletive distribution of stems for come and go... 116 Table 43. Plural stems (extracted from Berger 1998c)... 117 Table 44. Labelling by each scholar for -m... 122 Table 45. Indicative personal suffixes for verbs... 122 Table 46. Present forms of copula... 124 Table 47. Past forms of copula... 125 Table 48. Functions of simple finite forms of verb in indicative... 126 Table 49. Simple finite forms of še- to eat (Y.OBJ) : 3SG.HF... 126 Table 50. Future forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 127 Table 51. Future forms of girmín- to write... 127 Table 52. Future forms of - to become... 128 Table 53. Simple past forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 130 Table 54. Simple past forms of girmín- to write... 130 Table 55. Simple past forms of - to become... 130 Table 56. Simple past forms of - to come... 131 Table 57. Prospective forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 132 Table 58. Prospective forms of girmín- to write... 132 Table 59. Prospective forms of - to become... 133 Table 60. Prospective forms of - to come... 133 Table 61. Prospective forms of ní- to go in Nager... 136 Table 62. Functions of complex finite forms of verb in indicative... 136 Table 63. Complex finite forms of še- to eat (Y.OBJ) : 3SG.HF... 137 Table 64. Present forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 137 Table 65. Present forms of girmín- to write... 138 Table 66. Present forms of - to become... 138 Table 67. Past imperfect forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 140 viii
ies) Table 68. Past imperfect forms of girmín- to write... 140 Table 69. Present perfect forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 141 Table 70. Present perfect forms of girmín- to write... 141 Table 71. Present perfect forms of - to become... 142 Table 72. Present perfect forms of - to come... 142 Table 73. Past perfect forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 144 Table 74. Past perfect forms of girmín- to write... 144 Table 75. Past perfect forms of - to become... 144 Table 76. Imperative forms of girmín- to write... 146 Table 77. Imperative forms of - to become... 146 Table 78. Optative personal suffixes for verbs... 148 Table 79. Optative personal suffixes for copulas... 148 Table 80. Optative finite forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 148 Table 81. Optative finite forms of girmín- to write... 149 Table 82. Optative finite forms of - to become... 149 Table 83. Optative finite forms of copula... 149 Table 84. Conditional forms of šé- to eat (Y.OBJ)... 152 Table 85. Conditional forms of girmín- to write... 153 Table 86. Conditional forms of the copula... 154 Table 87. Negative present forms of copula... 156 Table 88. Negative past forms of copula... 156 Table 89. The distribution of the negative morpheme in Nager... 157 Table 90. The distribution of the negative morpheme in Hunza... 159 Table 91. Non-finite forms of verbs... 160 Table 92. Conjunctive participle forms of ní- to go... 161 Table 93. Perfective participle forms of - to come... 161 Table 94. Conjunctive participle forms of - to come... 161 Table 95. (General) infinitve forms of copula... 163 Table 96. Perfective participle forms of copula... 164 Table 97. Imperfective participle forms of copula... 164 Table 98. Finalis forms of copula... 164 Table 99. Paradigm of @-rí ŋ hand with personal prefix... 170 Table 100. Echo-forms of @-rí ŋ hand only with /š/ FSM... 170 Table 101. Echo-forms of @-rí ŋ hand with /š/ and /m/ FSMs... 170 Table 102. Correlation between vowels and degrees... 174 Table 103. Function of vowel lengthening... 175 ix
ies) Table 104. Function of reduplication... 176 Table 105. Classification of converbs according to Tikkanen (1995)... 205 Table 106. Rearranged converbs... 217 Table 107. Rearranged converbal analytic expressions... 219 Table 108. Converbs and converbal analytic expressions... 225 Table 109. Ratio of distal to proximal reference... 228 Table 110. Components of transitivity (Hopper and Thompson 1980: 252)... 237 Table 111. Three types of personal prefixes... 239 Table 112. Extension examples of each nominal class... 240 Table 113. Subject suffixes for verbs... 241 Table 114: Subject suffixes for copulas... 241 Table 115. Temporal labels which finite verbs can be conjugated in... 248 Table 116. Ø- vs. I-stem pairs of intransitive verbs... 249 Table 117. Ø- vs. I-stem pairs of transitive verbs... 253 Table 118. Sample texts... 255 Table 119. The numbers of each stem... 256 Table 120. Distribution of c/overt objects of each stem... 256 Table 121. Distribution of overt objects to the nominal class... 257 Table 122. Distribution on number of X-class overt objects... 259 Table 123. Distribution on number of Y-class overt objects... 260 Table 124. Definiteness of X/Y-class overt objects... 260 Table 125. Average distances of X/Y-class overt objects occurring in the same clause 261 Table 126. The hierarchy of verb stems in Burushaski... 263 Table 127. Relation between the features of bases and the transitivity of stems... 266 Table 128. Combinations and abbreviations of verb stems... 267 Table 129. d-less transitive and d-prefixed resultataive verbs... 270 Table 130. Two pairs possibly with resultative interpretation... 272 Table 131. Pairs of d-less andative and d-prefixed venitive verbs... 273 Table 132. Other d-verbs possible to be considered as venitive... 273 Table 133. Fientive verb stems... 274 Table 134. Secondary stative verb stems... 274 Table 135. Transitive Ø-I-stem and intransitive d-ø-stem verbs... 275 Table 136. Pairs of stems with and without d- prefix in the same meaning... 277 Table 137. Correlation between demonstratives and -an in texts from Hunza... 285 Table 138. Correlation between hin/han/hik one and -an in texts from Hunza... 286 Table 139. Distribution of singular nouns along specificity and referentiality... 287 x
ies) Table 140. Distribution of all plural nouns in the text čh oe ás... 288 Table 141. Distribution of plural nouns along specificity and referentiality... 288 Table 142. Formal distribution of copular predicate arguments on polarity and referentiality... 290 Table 143. Relation between grammatical roles and information flow... 293 Table 144. Relation between grammatical roles and shapes of nominal phrases... 295 Table 145. Distance of the arguments of each role from the predicate... 296 Table 146. Rate of following the predicate... 296 Table 147. Distance of the locatives of each kind of clauses from the predicate... 296 xi