Modals: Deduction & Speculation Talking about Uncertainty Grammar & Structure Level B2 www.lingoda.com 1
Modals: Deduction and Speculation Outline Content In this lesson you will review the use of modal verbs to deduce and speculate. Learning Outcomes Go over the concept of modal verbs Review the different modal verbs that express deduction and speculation Practice these verbs in different ways www.lingoda.com 2
Grammar I must have left my phone on the bench. I can t find it. I might see Laurel on Tuesday, but we need to confirm later this week. www.lingoda.com 3
Brainstorm Write down all the modal verbs you can think of Modals www.lingoda.com 4
Brainstorm B2.0102G Classify the modals you wrote on the previous slide according to the purpose they may have www.lingoda.com 5
Grammar We could have gone to the cathedral if we had arrived earlier. I should have left earlier. There s so much traffic! www.lingoda.com 6
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Remember that modal verbs do not behave like other regular/irregular verbs. Here is what makes them so special: They don t take s in the third person: Tina can make it tonight. They are inverted to make questions: Can Tina make it tonight? They are always followed by a verb in the infinitive: Tina can come tonight. www.lingoda.com 7
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Modal verbs can be used for deduction to reach a conclusion and for speculation to guess. The modals you can use for these purposes are: Must Could Might/ may Can t Should Needn t www.lingoda.com 8
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Let s begin with must, a modal verb that denotes certainty, and is used for deductions. Examples: We must have passed Cambridge, we have been driving for hours. I can t find my keys, I must have lost them somewhere. What is the structure? Look at the examples and fill in the blanks www.lingoda.com 9
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Can t is also used for deductions. It is based on present evidence that something in the past did not happen. Examples: You can t have finished your thesis already! It s too much work. He can t have gone already, I really needed to talk to him. What is the structure? Look at the examples and fill in the blanks www.lingoda.com 10
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Should is used to express the idea that something was desirable or ought to have taken place but didn t. Examples: I should have gone to pilates class this morning. I shouldn t have had so much to drink last night. What is the structure? Look at the examples and fill in the blanks www.lingoda.com 11
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Needn t is the opposite of should have. It is a very polite way of saying that something happened but was not really necessary. Examples: Thanks but you needn t have brought me this gift. He needn t have bought eggs, we already have some. What is the structure? Look at the examples and fill in the blanks www.lingoda.com 12
Modals- Deduction and speculation Please note Might/ May/ Could are used to say that something was possible in the past but we are not certain. Examples: I might have seen her the other other but I m not so sure. My mom could have already gotten the stuff for the party. What is the structure? Look at the examples and fill in the blanks www.lingoda.com 13
Vocabulary Needn t To base Desirable Inverted To denote To behave To speculate To deduce Brainstorm Purpose www.lingoda.com 14
Review Modals- Deducation and speculation 1. Must I must have lost the photo somewhere in the house. 2. Could I could have gone, but I was too tired. 3. Needn t You needn t have bought any cake, we re baking one! 4. Shouldn t I should have studied harder for the test Remember that modals don t take S in the third person!!!! www.lingoda.com 15
Exercises Writing What are they for? Write down modal verbs that can be used for deduction and speculation Speculation Deduction www.lingoda.com 16
Exercises Writing Write four sentences where modals are used for speculation 1.- 2.- 3.- 4.- www.lingoda.com 17
Exercises Speaking Choose the best modal for these sentences 1) You must/ could have been so scared with the car accident. 2) Lila, you couldn t/ shouldn t have talked to mom like that, she is very upset now. 3) I can t find my phone! I can/ must have left it at the office I hope! 4) Tim s birthday might/ should have been last week, but I can t remember. www.lingoda.com 18
Exercises Writing Write four sentences where modals are used for deduction 1.- 2.- 3.- 4.- www.lingoda.com 19
Exercises Writing Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal 1) Luisa got a very good grade on that super hard test. She (study) very hard. 2) You have so many cooking and baking supplies, you (enjoy) being in the kitchen. 3) No! My phone! I (left) it in the backseat of the cab. 4) The city is completely flooded, it (rain) all night. 5) When we arrived they had a wonderful dinner ready. They (spend) all day cooking. www.lingoda.com 20
Exercises Writing Write sentences with the following modals 1) Needn t 2) Can t 3) Might 4) Must www.lingoda.com 21
Exercises Speaking Match the sentences She is walking around with a map. She shouldn t have seen me, She must have made a mistake, You needn t have bought the plane tickets. He must have eaten all the cupcakes, Otherwise she would have said hello. She must be lost. Her company must have done it already! There aren t any left on the container. It can t take 2 hours to drive there! www.lingoda.com 22
Exercises Writing Complete the sentences with the appropriate modal 1) It can t be right,... 2) Lisa is late,... 3) Timothy is sick,... 4) The kids are crying, they... 5) Julie bought a new car,... 6) She is an amazing piano player... 7) The book is way too boring,... 8) Lucie is at the library,... www.lingoda.com 23
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