Modeing everyday instructiona situations: Frameworks for distance teaching and earning Dr. Brad Mehenbacher Adut & Higher Education NC State University brad_m@unity.ncsu.edu www4.ncsu.edu/~brad_m
Outine of presentation Remembering our purpose Defining the research territory Seecting modes of instruction and earning with technoogy Describing 13 modes Understanding and interpreting the modes, and Summarizing and evauating the modes. Mehenbacher, B. (2008). Modeing everyday instructiona situations: Frameworks for distance teaching and earning. Annua Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning 2008. Madison, WI.
Purpose: Baancing proximity & distance Technoogies that distribute my professiona activities across time and space necessitate a re-articuation of what I vaue as natura about my nondistributed ( traditiona ) activities. Johnson, K., & Magusin, E. (2005). Exporing the digita ibrary: A guide for onine teaching and earning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Purpose: Aienation from a natura miieu Most compeing rationae for a thorough investigation of distance teaching and earning is that it by its very nature artificiaizes our definitions of earning and the earner instruction and its reationship to the cassroom environments and artifacts for instruction the ifeong earning that pervades our professiona and persona ives, and the traditiona distinctions between particuar academic subject matters and discipines. Mehenbacher, B. (2005). elearning and the design of everyday instruction. The Joseph D. Moore Chair Cooquium Series. Raeigh, NC: Coege of Education, NC State. Ong, W. J. (1982). Oraity and iteracy: The technoogizing of the word. NY, NY: Methuen, pp. 82-83.
Purpose: Theoretica underpinnings the vast buk of iterature on elearning is practice-based and is typicay presented in a descriptive format. The majority of conference presentations consist of a here s what we did and here s the evauation format which do itte for transferabiity to other institutions or even other courses. In addition, the body of iterature appears fragmented and there are few common terms used consistenty. It is unikey that elearning practice wi continue to evove uness the theoretica underpinnings of elearning are expored and debased, providing a wider patform and a common phiosophy for elearning deveopment. Nichos, M. (2003). A theory for e-earning. Journa of Educationa Technoogy & Society, 6 (2). Avaiabe onine http:// www.ifets.info/journas/6_2/1.htm.
Defining the territory: Journa custers Deveoped eight very broad custers of research on instruction and earning with technoogy Grouped Engishanguage journas addressing subjects that fe under those custers. 299 peer-reviewed journas
1. Distance education & elearning 29 peer-reviewed journas, 1979-2006 Distance Education & elearning (27) American Journa of Distance E ducation (1987-present, www.ajde.com) Asian Journa of Distance Ed ucation (2003-present, www.asianjde.org) Distance Ed ucation (1979-present, www.tandf.co.uk/journas/carfax/0158791 9.htm) European Journa of Open, Distance and E-Learning (1997-present, www.eurod.org) Indian Journa of Open Learning (1992- present, www.ignou.ac.in/ijo/ijo.htm) Innovate: Journa of O ni ne Education (1997-2003 as The Technoogy Source, 2003-present, innovateonine.info/index.ph p?) Interactive Learning Environments (1990- present, www.tandf.co.uk/journas/tites/10494820. asp) Internationa Jo urna of Distance Education Technoogies (2003-present, jdet.mine.tku.edu.tw) Internationa Journa of Interactive Technoogy and Smart Education (2004- present, www.troubador.co.uk/itse) Internationa Jo urna of Learning Technoogy (2004-present, www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php) Internationa Jo urna of Web-based Learning and Teaching Technoogies (2006-present, www.ideagroup.com/journas/detais.asp?id=4286) Internationa Jo urna on E-Learning (1995-2001 as Internationa Journa of Educationa Teecommunications, 2002- present, www.aace.org/pubs/ije) Internationa Jo urna of Instructiona Technoogy and Di stance Learning (2004- present, http://www.itd.org) Internationa Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning (2000-present, www.irrod.org/inex.php/irrod) Internet and Higher Education (1998- present, www.scis.nova.edu/i he/defaut.htm) Journa of Asy nchronous Learning Networks (2000-present, www.soanc.org/pubications/jan/index.asp) Journa of Distance Ed ucation (1986- present, cade.athabascau.ca) Journa of Educators On ine (2004- present, www.thejeo.com) Journa of e-learning and Knowedge Society (2005-present, www.jeks.it/homepage.htm) Journa of Interactive Learning Research (1999-present, www.aace.org/pubs/jir) Journa of On ine Learning and Teaching (2005-present, jot.merot.org) Onine Jo urna of Di stance Learning Administration (1998-present, www.westga.edu/%7edistance/jmain11.ht m) Open Learning: The Jo urna of Open an d Distance Learning (1999-present, www.tandf.co.uk/journas/carfax/02680513.htm) Quartery Review of Distance Education (2000-present, www.infoagepub.com/products/journas/qr de/index.htm) Texas Journa of Dista nce Learning (2004- present, www.tjd.org) Turkish Onine Jo urna of Di stance Education (2000-present, http://tojde.anadou.edu/tr) USDLA Jo urna (1999-present, www.usda.org/htm/resources/usdajourn a/currentissues.htm) Distributed earning, open or fexibe earning (Dabbagh & Bannan-Ritand, 2005, p. 22) Dabbagh, N., & Bannan-Ritand, B. (2005). Onine earning: Concepts, strategies, and appication. Upper Sadde River, NJ: Pearson.
2. Educationa, instructiona, & communication technoogy 45 peer-reviewed journas Learner background and knowedge, earning environments and artifacts Educationa, nstructiona, & Communication Technoogy (42) AACE Journa Austraasian Journa of Educationa Technoogy Association for Learning Technoogy Journa Behaviour and Information Technoogy British Journa of Educationa Technoogy Canadian Journa of Learning and Technoogy Computers and Education Computers in Human Behavior Contemporary Issues in Technoogy and Teacher Education Education and Information Technoogies* Educationa Media Internationa Educationa Technoogy Research & Deveopment Education Technoogy Review Educationa Technoogy & Society Educause Quartery e-journa of Instructiona Science and Technoogy Eectronic Journa for the Integration of Technoogy in Education First Monday Interactive Educationa Mutimedia Interactive Mutimedia Eectronic Journa of Computer-Enhanced Learning Internationa Journa of Educationa Technoogy Internationa Journa of Education and Deveopment using ICT Internationa Journa of Instructiona Media Journa of Computing in Higher Education Journa of Computing in Teacher Education Journa of Educationa Computing Research Journa of Educationa Mutimedia and Hypermedia Journa of Educationa Technoogy and Society Journa of Information Technoogy Education Journa of Instruction Deivery Systems Journa of Interactive Instruction Deveopment Journa of Interactive Media in Education Journa of Research on Technoogy in Education Journa of Technoogy Education Journa of Technoogy, Learning, and Assessment Journa of Technoogy and Teacher Education Learning and Leading with Technoogy Learning, Media & Technoogy Media, Cu ture & Society Techné: Research in Phiosophy and Technoogy Technoogy and Cuture The Information Society Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
3. Teaching & earning sciences 42 peer-reviewed journas Teaching & Learning ciences (40) Learners and socia dynamics, quantitative research emphasizing cognition American Educationa Research Journa Appied Cognitive Psychoogy Assessment in Education: Principes, Poicy and Practice British Educationa Research Journa British Journa of Educationa Psychoogy Cambridge Journa of Education Canadian Journa of Experimenta Psychoogy Cognition and Instruction Cognitive Science Cognitive Psychoogy Coege Teaching Contemporary Educationa Psychoogy Current Directions in Psychoogica Science Current Issues in Education Educationa Psychoogist Educationa Psychoogy in Practice Educationa Psychoogy Review Educationa Research and Evauation Educationa Researcher Educationa Studies Eectronic Journa of Research in Educationa Psychoogy European Journa of Education Instructiona Science Innovations in Education and Teaching Internationa Internationa Education Journa Internationa Journa of Educationa Research Journa of Appied Psychoogy Journa of Educationa Psychoogy Journa of Experimenta Education Journa of Experimenta Psychoogy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Journa of Instructiona Psychoogy Journa of the Learning Sciences* Learning and Instruction New Directions for Teaching and Learning PsychNoogy Journa Review of Educationa Research Studies in Learning, Evauation, Innovation and Deveopment Technoogy, Instruction, Cognition and Learning Theory into Practice The Austraian Educationa Researcher Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
4. Communication & information design 36 peer-reviewed journas Communication & nformation Design 35) Instructor and earner tasks and activities, infuence of mutimedia eements on designs for instruction and earning Argumentation Assessing Writing Business Communication Quartery Canadian Journa of Communication Coege Composition and Communication Coege Engish Computers and Composition Document Design Human Communication Research IEEE Transactions on Professiona Communication Information Design Journa Information Research Journa of Academic Librarianship Journa of Advanced Composition Journa of Business Communication Journa of Business and Technica Communication Journa of Communication Journa of Computer-Mediated Communication Journa of Design Com munication Journa of Digita Information Journa of Library Services for Distance Education Journa of Technica Writing and Communication Journa of the American Society of Information Science Journa of the American Society of Information Science and Technoogy Journa of Visua Literacy Kairos: A Journa for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments Language, Learning & Technoogy Quartery Journa of Speech Rhetoric Society Quartery Technica Communication Technica Communication Quartery Technoogy in Society TEXT Technoogy Visua Com munication Written Communication* Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
5. Human-computer interaction & ergonomics 13 peer-reviewed journas Human-Computer nteraction & Ergonomics (13) ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction ACM Transactions on Information Systems Appied Ergonomics Ergonomics Ergonomics in Design Human Factors Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing? Human-Computer Interaction Interacting with Computers: The Interdiscipinary Journa of Human-Computer Interaction Internationa Journa of Human-Computer Interaction Internationa Journa of Human-Computer Studies Journa of Usabiity Studies Persona and Ubiquitous Computing Theoretica Issues in Ergonomics Science Interaction between technoogies, tasks, and humans Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
6. Training, adut education, & the workpace 59 peer-reviewed journas Training, Adut Education, & the Workpace (39) Academy of Management Journa Academy of Management Learning and Education Academy of Management Review Administrative Science Quartery Adut Education Quartery Adut Learning Advances in Deveoping Human Resources Caifornia Management Review Cognition, Technoogy and Work Computer Supported Cooperative Work Convergence Educationa Gerontoogy Education and Training Emergence: A Journa of Compexity Issues in Organizations and Management? Empoyee Assistance Quartery? European Journa of Work and Organizationa Psychoogy? Gender, Work and Organization? Group and Organization Management? Human Performance? Human Resource Deveopment Internationa Human Resource Deveopment Quartery Human Resource Deveopment Review Human Resource Management Human Resource Management Review Human Systems Management? Internationa Journa of Human Resource Management? Internationa Journa of Lifeong Education Internationa Journa of Organization Theory and Behavior? Internationa Journa of Productivity and Performance Management? Internationa Journa of Training and Deveopment Internationa Review of Industria and Organizationa Psychoogy? Journa of Behaviora Decision Making? Journa of Business and Psychoogy? Journa of Career Assessment? Journa of Career Deveopment? Journa of Economic Behavior and Organization? Journa of Economic and Socia Measurement? Journa of Education and Work Journa of Education for Business Journa of Empoyment Counseing? Journa of Experientia Education Journa of European Industria Training Journa of Management? Journa of Management Deveopment? Journa of Manageria Psychoogy? Journa of Muti-Criteria Decision Anaysis? Journa of Occupationa Heath Psychoogy? Journa of Occupationa and Organizationa Psychoogy Journa of Organizationa Behavior Journa of Organizationa Behavior Management? Journa of Organizationa Change Management Journa for Quaity and Participation? Journa of Vocationa Behavior Journa of Workpace Behaviora Heath? Journa of Workpace Le arning Leadership and Organization Deveopment Journa? Management Learning MIS Quartery New Directions for Adut and Continuing Education Organization Organizationa Behavior and Human Decision Processes Organization Science Peabody Journa of Education Performance Improvement Quartery Studies in Continuing Education Studies in the Education of Aduts Work and Occupations Landscape and demographics of audiences for distance education beyond higher education settings Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
7. Education in the humanities & socia sciences Education research emphasizing instruction and earning with technoogy in the humanities and socia sciences discipines 54 peer-reviewed journas Education in the Humanities & Socia ciences (51) American Journa of Education Annua Review of Psychoogy Anthropoogy and Education Quartery Assessment and Evauation in Higher Education Assessment Update Basic and Appied Socia Psychoogy Change Coege Quartery Communication Education Communication Quartery Decision Support Systems Eectronic Network Appications and Poicy Equity and Exceence in Education Higher Education Quartery Information and Management Innovative Higher Education Internationa Journa of Incusive Education Internationa Journa of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Internationa Journa of Testing Issues in Accounting Education Journa of Agricutura Education Journa of Appied Bus iness Research Journa of Coege Science Teaching Journa of Crimina Justice Education Journa of Denta Education Journa of Education for Business Journa of Environmenta Education Journa of Experimenta Psychoogy: Appied Journa of Experimenta Psychoogy: Human Perception and Performance Journa of Experimenta Socia Psychoogy Journa of Genera Psychoogy Journa of Higher Education Journa of Higher Education Poicy and Management Journa of Management Education Journa of Management Information Systems Journa of Nursing Education Journa of Nutrition Education and Behavior Journa of Statistics Education Journa of University Teaching and Learning Practice Language Teaching Research Linguistics and Education Oxford Review of Education Quartery Journa of Experimenta Psychoogy Research in Higher Education Review of Higher Education* Roeper Review Socia Science Computer Review Socioogy of Education Teachers Coege Record Teaching in Higher Education Teaching of Psychoogy Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
8. Education in science, technoogy, engineering, & mathematics 21 peer-reviewed journas Education in Science, Technoogy, Engineering, & Mathematics (19) American Bioogy Teacher Bioscience Education E-journa BMC Medica Education Computer Science Education Educationa Studies in Mathematics European Journa of Engineering Education Internationa Journa of Computers in Mathematica Learning Internationa Journa of Eectrica Engineering Education Internationa Journa of Engineering Education Internationa Journa of Mathematica Education in Science and Technoogy Internationa Journa of Science Education Issues in Science & Technoogy Journa of Coege Science Teaching Journa of Computing Sciences in Coeges Journa of Natura Resources and Life Sciences Education* Journa of Science Education and Technoogy Medica Education Medica Teacher Technoogy Teacher Education research emphasizing instruction and earning with technoogy in the sciences, technica, engineering, and mathematics discipines Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
Defining the territory: Individua journas Journa, Written Communication, under the research custer, Communication & Information Design, which contains 36 peer-reviewed journas.
Defining the territory: Research issues Learning styes (pubished across 100s of journas) Research on Web-based instruction (?) Adut education s narrow definition of training HCI s narrowing of earning DE s narrowing of HCI COMs narrowing of earning HE s narrowing of technoogy as toos Behaviora, cognitive, socia continuums. Essentia questions: What do we tak about when we tak about teaching and earning with technoogy? How do we define effective instruction? How do peope earn and how do we design instruction that supports it? What do we mean by technoogy?
Seecting modes of instruction and earning with technoogy 13 theoretica modes drawn from various research iteratures Onine and Web-based earning, the design of earning environments, computer-based coaboration and work studies, educationa and cognitive psychoogy, communication studies, and journas emphasizing the reationships between technoogy, pedagogy, and earning in higher education.
1. Anderson's (2004) mode of onine earning Anderson, T. (2004). Toward a theory of onine earning. In T. Anderson & F. Eoumi (Eds.), Theory and practice of onine earning (p. 49). Athabasca, AB: Athabasca U. Avaiabe onine: http://cde.athabascau.ca/onine_book/ch2.htm
2. Asteitner's (2005) mode of Web-based earning Asteitner, H., & Steinberg, R. (2005). Are there gender differences in Web-based earning? An integrated mode and reated effect sizes. AACE Journa, 13 (1), 50.
3. Bain, et a.'s (1998) dimensions of computerfaciitated earning Bain, J. D., McNaught, C., Mis, C., & Lueckenhausen, G. (1998). Describing computer-faciitated earning environments in higher education. Learning Environments Research, 1 (2), 172-173.
4. Benbunan-Fich, et a.'s (2005) inputs informing instruction and earning Benbunan-Fich, R., Hitz, S. R., & Harasim, L. (2005). The onine interaction earning mode: An integrated theoretica framework for earning networks. In S. R. Hitz & R. Godman (Eds.), Learning together onine: Research on asynchronous Learning Networks (pp. 19-37). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence, p. 24.
5. Biggs, et a.'s (2001) presage-processproduct mode of teaching and earning Biggs, J., Kember, D., & Leung, Y. P. (2001). The revised two-factor study process questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F. British Journa of Educationa Psychoogy, 71 (1), 136.
6. Bryant, et a.'s (2005) mode of distance education Bryant, S. M., Kahe, J. B., & Schafer, B. A. (2005). Distance education: A review of the contemporary iterature. Issues in Accounting Education, 20 (3), 255-272.
7. Dabbagh's (2005) theory-based design framework for E-earning Dabbagh, N. (2005). Pedagogica modes for E-earning: A theory-based design framework. Internationa Journa of Technoogy in Teaching and Learning, 1 (1), 25-44. Avaiabe onine: http://ijtt.sicet.org/issue0501/ DabbaghVo1.Iss1.pp25-44.pdf
8. Garrison, et a.'s (2000) eements of an educationa experience Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critica inquiry in a text based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2 (2-3), 87-105.
9. Jenkins's (1978) tetrahedra mode (adapted by Bransford, et a. 2004) Bransford, J., Vye, N., Bateman, H., Brophy, S., & Rosei, B. (2004). Vanderbit s AMIGO project: Knowedge of how peope earn enters cyberspace. In T. M. Duffy & J. R. Kirkey (Eds.), Learner-centered theory and practice in distance education: Cases from higher education (p. 212). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erbaum. Jenkins, J. J. (1978). Four points to remember: A tetrahedra mode of memory experiments. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Leves of procession and human memory (pp. 429-446). Hisdae, NJ: Lawrence Erbaum.
10. MacDonad, et a.'s (2001, 2005) demand-driven earning mode MacDonad, C. J., Stode, E. J., Farres, L. G., Breithaupt, K., & Gabrie, M. A. (2001). The demand-driven earning mode: A framework for Web-based earning. Internet and Higher Education, 4 (1), 9-30. MacDonad, C. J., & Thompson, T. L. (2005). Structure, content, deivery, service, and outcomes: Quaity e-earning in higher education. Internationa Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 6 (2). Avaiabe onine: http://www.irrod.org/ index.php/irrod/artice/view/237/321
11. Richards's (2006) pedagogica process, technoogica infrastructure and convergent interactivity Richards, C. (2006). Towards an integrated framework for designing effective ICT-supported earning environments: The chaenge to better ink technoogy and pedagogy. Technoogy, Pedagogy and Education, 15 (2), p. 245.
12. Shea, et a.'s (2003) conceptua framework for high quaity, higher education, onine earning environments Shea, P. J., Pickett, A. M., & Pez, W. E. (2003). A foow-up investigation of teaching presence in the SUNY earning network. Journa of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7 (2), 61-80.
13. Siedaczek's (2004) factors affecting teaching onine Siedaczek, K. (2004). Perceptions about teaching onine versus in a cassroom environment. Coege Quartery, 7 (3). Avaiabe onine: http://www.senecac.on.ca/quartery/2004-vo07-num03-summer/siedaczek.htm
Understanding the modes 13 modes of instruction and earning (with technoogy) emphasize Student characteristics, earner factors Instructor, teacher characteristics Learning framework or direction, instructiona events or strategies, teaching and earning activities Knowedge focus, materia, nature of content, technoogy, system, earning technoogies Group characteristics, interaction Learning process, criteria tasks, outcomes, and Context, course, administrative poicies and procedures. Seven genera attributes
Understanding the modes (1)... Mehenbacher, B. (2008). Modeing everyday instructiona situations: Frameworks for distance teaching and earning. Annua Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning 2008. Madison, WI.
Understanding the modes (2)... Mehenbacher, B. (2008). Modeing everyday instructiona situations: Frameworks for distance teaching and earning. Annua Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning 2008. Madison, WI.
Understanding the modes (3)... Mehenbacher, B. (2008). Modeing everyday instructiona situations: Frameworks for distance teaching and earning. Annua Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning 2008. Madison, WI.
Summarizing: Five dimensions of everyday instructiona situations Highights earners, coapses instructors with strategies, views content as shared by earners, instructors, and socia dynamics, sets earning outcomes and institutiona contexts outside the focus of attention, and argues for importance of earner tasks and activities and earning environments and artifacts. Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
Summarizing: Characterizing earners, their background and knowedge Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
Summarizing: Re-viewing research matrix for the five dimensions Mehenbacher, B. (in progress). Instruction and technoogy: Designs for everyday earning. Raeigh, NC: NC State University.
The distant research future There is no prior history or tradition for this strange haf-rea, haf-fantasy earning space. In the meantime, continue Reviewing and organizing of (299) peer-reviewed journas divided into eight research custers reated to distance teaching and earning Summarizing and annotating research artices and their reationship to the five dimensions of everyday instructiona situations Deveoping an heuristic too for designing and evauating distance teaching and earning environments Exporing tagging/anaytic systems for accessing research on instruction and earning with technoogy strategicay. Poin, L. (2004). Learning with diaogue with a practicing community. In T. M. Duffy & J. R. Kirkey (Eds.), Learner-centered theory and practice in distance education: Cases from higher education (pp. 17-48). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erbaum.