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International Conference for Academic Institutions Gujarat, India January 9, 2013 Francisco Marmolejo Tertiary Education Coordinator The World Bank 1

Dominique Moisi. Geopolitics of Emotions (2009) 2

International trends in higher education International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 3

Southern and West Asia 12% Sub-Saharan Africa 3% Arab states 5% Central and Eastern Europe 14% Central Asia 1% 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 Upper secondary and post secondary non-tertiary = 100 North America and Western Europe 25% Latin America and Caribbean 11% East Asia and Pacific 29% Male-tertiary Female-tertiary Male-below upper sec Female-below upper sec Source: OECD (2004) Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2004, Table A11.1a, p.175. Access Rates in Higher Education and GDP Per Capita 4

International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education Latin America & the Caribbean 2% Oceania 9% Africa 4% Asia 12% The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology North America 23% Source: OECD (2012) Education at a Glance Europe 50% International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 6

Sequential? Multi-task? 7

My brain!! I have a netbook, MP3 Players, flashdrive, IPAD Dad, what did you use in school when you were student? International trends in higher education Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology International trends in higher education International trends in higher education Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 8

Public vs. private higher education institutions in Brazil Número de Ins tuiciones en la Educación Superior - Brasil 1997-2009 2.500 2.160 2.000 1.500 1.000 689 500 211 252 0 1997 2009 En Sector Privado 689 2.160 En Sector Público 211 252 Outof 2.412 HEIsin Brazil, only252 are public Private & Confidential 34 International trends in higher education International trends in higher education Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 9

International trends in higher education World OECD countries USA Japan Germany France South Korea Engand Netherlands China Canada Israel India Norway Brazil New Zaeland Portugal Taiwan. World: 47,022 USA: 13,715 China: 667 India: 161 Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Mexico 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 Francisco Marmolejo fmarmole@email.arizona.edu 10

Implications for higher education Yes, but 11

Every wants one No one knows what it is No one knows how to get one Philip G. Altbach (2004) World Class : Ranking among the foremost in the world; of an international standard of excellence Webster Dictionary 12

50 51 13

Concentration of Talent Students Teaching. Staff Researchers Resources Top Leading-Edge Graduates Research Supportive WCU Regulatory Framework Public Budget Autonomy Resources. Dynamic Academic. Endowment Revenues Technology Freedom Tuition Fees Transfer Research Grants Leadership Team Strategic Vision Culture of Excellence Favorable Governance Source: Salmi (2009) Source: Salmi (2009) Source: Salmi (2009) 14

Source: Salmi (2009) Faculty members / Researchers Incoming students Proper balance between undergraduate and graduate students University Undergraduate Students Graduate Students Share of Graduate Students (%) Harvard 7,002 10,094 59 Stanford 6,442 11,325 64 MIT 4,066 6,140 60 Oxford 11,106 6,601 37 Cambridge 12,284 6,649 35 LSE 4,254 4,386 51 Beijing 14,662 16,666 53 Tokyo 15,466 12,676 45 15

Faculty members / researchers Incoming students Proper balance of undergraduate vs. graduate students International dimension John Hudzik It shapes institutional ethos and values and touches the entire higher education enterprise. It is essential that it be embraced by institutional leadership, governance, faculty, students, and all academic service and support units. International students: Harvard (19%) Cambridge (18%) Not only impacts all of campus life but the institution s external frames of reference, partnerships, and relations. COMPREHENSIVE INTERNATIONALIZATION The global reconfiguration of economies, systems of trade, research, and communication, and the impact of global forces on local life, dramatically expand the need for comprehensive internationalization and the motivations and purposes driving it. Foreign professors: Caltech (37%) Harvard (30%) Oxford (36%) Cambridge (33%) John Hudzik 16

More than 3.3 million students abroad. It is forecasted that by 2020 there will be 7 million international students.. 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2004 2006 2008 Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (for data on non-oecd countries and up to 1995). % 22 2009 OECD average It is forecasted that by 2020 the number will increase to 7 million international students 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Australia United Kingdom Austria Switzerland New Zealand Belgium Ireland Canada¹ Sweden Denmark Iceland Netherlands Finland Hungary United States Japan Spain Slovak Republic Portugal Norway Slovenia Estonia Poland Chile 17

Major players: U.S.A., U.K. and Australia Middle powers: France, Germany, Spain, Italy Evolving destinations:canada, New Zealand, Japan Emerging contenders: Malaysia, China, Singapore Source: Verbik, L. et al. (2007) International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends. The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education Korea: 4.6% India: 6.8% China: 17.1% Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2010 18

2002 2006 Other OCDE 9% U.S.A. 20% England 14% Germany 12% Austria 2% Italy 2% Swiss 2% Belgium Australia 10% 2% Spain 2% Japan 4% France 9% Students traveling abroad for a short period of time with their imported teacher, remaining together, continuing to speak mainly their own language even while abroad, and having just a superficial glimpse at the foreign culture and people 19

Who needs international education anyway? In the 21st Century there will be only two kinds of people: Those who think globally, and those who are looking for work Internationalized curriculum Foreign language competency Dual/joint degrees International certification of competencies International Accreditation Significant presence in relevant international consortia Peter F. Drucker Francisco Marmolejo fmarmole@email.arizona.edu A good idea, but.. A critical need Source of prestige and $$$ Means for better education About mobility of bodies About mobility of societes Marginal Mainstreamed A priority for tomorrow A priority for yesterday 20

Government support 81 (*): GDP equivalent based on PPP Source: OECD. Education at a Glance 2010 http://www.beerkens.info/blog/atom.xml 21

Government funding Endowments EUA Endowment (Millones USD 2005) Inglaterra Endowment (Millones USD 2005) Harvard University 25,460 Cambridge 6,080 Yale University 15,200 Oxford 5,320 Stanford University 12,160 Edinburgh 340 University of Texas 11,590 Manchester 228 Government funding Endowments Tuition and fees Significant research funding Efficient financial and administrative management practices Princeton University 11,210 Glasgow 228 22

Used in 100 higher education institutions in MENA countries. Voluntary participation. Institutional level: Review of governance practices compared with self-defined benchmarks National level: Review of overall public policies Expansion to other regions 23

TIPO TALENTO RECURSOS GOVERNANZA Universidad de investigación Universidad de Enseñanza U.Tecnológica Universidad Abierta -Estudiantes y profesorado de excelencia. -Enfasis en posgrado +++ +++ -Concentración en estudiantes de licenciatura ++ +++ + +++ -Diversidadde matrícula -Excelente profesorado para enseñanza técnica y pedagogía -Diversidadde alumnado -Excelente profesorado parala enseñanza a distancia + +++ All depends of 24

There is not a single formula China South Korea Singapur& Malaysia Russia India Mexico Nigeria Chile What may work in one case may not be the best solution in another case Continuing doing things the same way, but expecting to have different results Source: Salmi (2009) 25

For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong. H. L. Mencken 26

Francisco Marmolejo Tertiary Education Coordinator The World Bank Tel. +1 (202) 458-5927 Email: http://conahec.org 27