Professional and academic, opposite concepts? The French approach for filling the hypothetic gap

Professional and academic, opposite concepts? The French approach for filling the hypothetic gap Dr. Jean-Marie FILLOQUE Former Vice-Rector for LLL and academic affairs of the University of Brest Former President of the French National Network of UCE departments (CDSUFC) Member of the CNEE- National Council Education-Economy 07 June 2017 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, DE 18 april 2012 1

Part 1 1: introduction 2

Part 1 1: introduction 3

Part 1 1: introduction The classical understanding... An academic qualification involves the study of a subject with an academic discipline and (hopefully) research focus. The overriding purpose of this qualification is a contribution to the learners specialised knowledge of a subject...* A professional qualification enables the learner to apply its knowledge in a practical manner, in a professional practice. 4

Part 1 1: introduction The acquisition and recognition of the qualifications... à By colleges, lycées, faculties, universities à By training centres, polytechnics, professional schools, hautes écoles, fachhochscule... and sometimes universities... 5

Part 1 1: introduction 6

Objectives of the keynote... Higher education Professional training/skills development Employment/active life 18 april 2012 7

Part 2 The French context Part 2: The French context 1. Qualifications, Employment and professional/ vocational training 2. Students demography 3. Higher Education 18 april 2012 8

Part 2 The French context Qualification Qualification framework à Separation between general education and professional and technical studies with their own diplomas and certificates. à The question of qualifications is shared between institutions through different ways depending of the professional sector, the level, the stakeholders... 9

Part 2 The French context Qualification/employment The French context Millions of persons àevolution of the number of active persons according to the level of qualification 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 Self-employed/liberal professions (EQF?) Managers/engeneer/teachers... (EQF 6-8) Technicians and associate professionals (EQF 5/6) Qualified employees 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 1982-1984 1988-1990 1998-2000 2008-2010 2012-2014 Non qualified employees Skilled workers unskilled workers Others (like military..) Source : DARES Analyses 2017-003 Ministry of Labour, employment, professional training and social dialog http://dares.travail-emploi.gouv.fr/img/pdf/2017-003.pdf 10

Part 2 The French context Student demography The French context à The increasing number of graduates ( EQF 5) in the population... 45% 40% 7.6 millions 35% 30% 25% 20% 5 millions 6.6 millions 11.3 millions 25 to 49 years 50 to 64 years 65 years and more 15% Together 10% 5% 0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source : French HE Ministry https://publication.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/eesr/10/source-menesr_sies 11

Part 2 The French context Student demography The French context à The widening access to higher education Millions of students 3 2,5 62% 2 1,5 1 0,5 Universities Technician sup. (Lycée) High school prepa (Lycée) Others HEI (High schools) Total 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 Source : French HE Ministry https://publication.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/eesr/10/source-menesr_sies 12

Part 2 The French context Higher education The French context 2,5 Millions of students in France in 2015-16 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 18% 65% 17% Most of the French Higher Education system is public, with very low tuition fees (~ 1.6 Millions students which pays between 170 and 500 /year) and it depends on the Ministry of Education (65%) 0% Private ins+tu+ons HER ministry Other ministries 13

Part 2 The French context Higher education The French context EQF Years +11 +10 Figures 2015-2016 8 7 6 5 4 D M B +9 +8 +7 +6 +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 BTS 256 000 GE 118 000 CP 98 000 DUT 116 000 Doctorate 58 500 Master 418 000 students Licence (Bachelor) 762 000 students Baccalauréat Access diploma : 13 600 Health studies 183 000 14

State of play: Higher education Professional training/ skills development Employment/active life þ A majority of each French generation study at university... þ A majority of HE diplomas are delivered by Universities þ Most of the universities' graduates find a job and work... So... 18 april 2012 15

How academic and professional qualifications have been progressively mixed to produce skilled graduates? And, stating that French universities are opened to adults, is it a strategy for promoting lifelong learning? 18 april 2012 16

Part 3 The convergence Part 3: The timeline of a convergence... 18 april 2012 17

Part 3 The convergence The timeline of a convergence.. World of HE 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016

Part 3 The convergence The timeline of a convergence.. World of HE Stakeholders of higher education: à Ministry of Higher Education à Trade unions of teachers/researchers à Conference of Rectors (after 2007) 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 Stakeholders of work and employment world: à Social partners (Employers/employees) à Ministry of labour à Regional authorities (after 1982/3)

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of the Technological University Institute First* example of HE faculty mixing professional issues and theoretical studies in the area of technologies: Internship, professionals as teacher, practical activities... à Today : 116 000 students/ 7.3% of students, Diploma at EQF level 5 à Access : selection 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of IUT Orientation law for HE After 1968 events, a huge reform of Universities : Creation of new universities including former faculties which have lost their autonomy. à Universities are Scientific and cultural public institutions 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 New missions : - To provide managers and high level personals in all sectors - To participate to social and economic development - To participate to adult education... - To open access to HE...

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of IUT Orientation law for HE The law (so called law Delors ) under the umbrella of Ministry of labour has organised Continuing education in France... à A law based on an agreement between social partners, update regularly à A law which organises the financing schemes, the governance, the stakeholders, the training possibilities, and opens the market of the CE 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 First law on CE 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 The ministry of HE decides to be an actor (a provider) for this new market... But the HEI are free to do... à Creation of UCE departments à Special funds to develop experimentations in universities à...

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of IUT Orientation law for HE HE Law : CE is a mission! The HE reform in 1984... à HE becomes a public service of HE à Professional is added to the status of HEI à Initial and continuing education becomes the first mission of HE (over 4) and decrees will organize (structure) UCE activities in the framework of the law on CE. 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 First law on CE 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 This is an internal law... but CE becomes more official and opens to new relations and partnerships with economic actors: enterprises, organisations, clients...

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of IUT Orientation law for HE HE Law : CE is a mission! Apprenticeship become possible in HE 70000 60000 à A new regulation for apprenticeship (open for HE!!) 1966 1968 1984/5 50000 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 First law on CE 40000 EQF 6 30000 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 EQF 7 20000 Total Univ + Hschools 10000 0 EQF 5

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of IUT Orientation law for HE HE Law : CE is a mission! Apprenticeship become possible in HE The first law dedicated to RPL in 1992 and a decree for the diplomas of our Ministry in 1993... 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 First law on CE 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 law on RPPL by Edu. à Validation of professional experience to obtain part of a professional diploma, à Procedure based on a portefolio! à Professionals can be members of the jurys

Part 3 The convergence World of HE Birth of IUT Orientation law for HE HE Law : CE is a mission! Professional licence Apprenticeship become possible in HE à A new professional diploma at level 6 (EQF), called Licence professionnelle dedicated to a direct access to employment... But organised as a one year program... 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 World of Professional training and employment 1971 First law on CE 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 law on RPPL by Edu. à A success story at the beginning... à Strong interest and participation of companies and prof. sectors à CE, WBL, internship...

Part 3 The convergence n HE Law : CE is a mission! Professional licence Apprenticeship become possible in HE Decree on the bologna process : LMD and quality A decree in 2002, implements the Bologna process in French universities... 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 Degrees vs skills and competencies 2/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 law on RPPL by Edu. Law for social modernisation : VAE and RNCP At the same time, a law called for social modernisation creates : à The national repository of professional certifications and the adhoc commission... à The VAE for all the registered certifications

Part 3 The convergence Professional licence Apprenticeship become possible in HE Decree on the bologna process : BMD and quality Law for freedom and responsibility of universities: job insertion A law changing the management of Universities... A kind of extended autonomy but under control... 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 n L by 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 Law for social modernisation : VAE and RNCP à From 4 to 7 missions.. à One of the new is: Guidance and professional insertion.

Part 3 The convergence 2002 Decree on the bologna process : BMD and quality Law for freedom and responsibility of universities: job insertion 2007 Law for higher education and research : Lifelong learning 2013 New government, new law... but important evolutions... New mission : à Lifelong Initial and continuing education!!! 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 r social isation : RNCP And many other side effects à Improvement councils for each diploma à Skills and competences à Entrepreneurship à Apprenticeship

Part 3 The convergence Decree on the bologna process : BMD and quality The last law called professional training, employment and social democracy has been voted in march 2014 2002 2007 2013 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 r social isation : RNCP Law for freedom and responsibility of universities: job insertion Law for higher education and research : Lifelong learning Law on professional training, employment and social democracy à Higher education is a new stakeholder invited to National and regional Councils for professional training (CNEFOP and CREFOP) à Creation of a new Personal Training Account for all citizens... (CPF) à Creation of a repository of all the professional certifications that can be chosen... and financed... à Mandatory quality assurance for all providers à...

Part 3 The convergence Decree on the bologna process : BMD and quality The future... Law for freedom and responsibility of universities: job insertion Law for higher education and research : Lifelong learning 2002 2007 2013 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016? New government r social isation : RNCP Law on professional training, employment and social democracy

Part 3 The convergence Birth of IUT HE Law : CE is a mission! Professional licence Decree on the bologna process : BMD and quality World of HE Orientation law for HE Apprenticeship become possible in HE Law for freedom and responsibility of universities: job insertion 1966 1968 1984/5 1993 1999 2002 2007 2013 Law for higher education and research : Lifelong learning World of Professional training and employment 1971 First law on CE 1982/3 1993 2002 2004 2009 2014 2016 law on RPPL by Edu. Law for social modernisation : VAE and RNCP Law on professional training, employment and social democracy

Part 2 Part 4 discussion Part 4: discussion... 18 april 2012 33

Thank you very much for your attention! Dr. Jean-Marie FILLOQUE Former Vice-Rector for LLL and academic affairs of the University of Brest (Université Bretagne Loire) Former President of the French National Network of UCE departments (CDSUFC) Member of the CNEE- National Council Education-Economy Jean-Marie.Filloque@univ-brest.fr Gsm : +32 675 21 3203 3, rue Avel Walarn, F29200 Brest, FRANCE 18 april 2012 34