The Engineering Education- Workforce Continuum. For Presentation at: National Academy of Engineering

The Engineering Education- Workforce Continuum For Presentation at: National Academy of Engineering 1 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Study Objective 1 Collect and synthesize data on the characteristics of those working as engineers and those formally educated as engineers who are not working in engineering in the United States. Degrees and their Demographics Working in Engineering and retention 2 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Study Objective 2 Collect and synthesize existing data that shed light on factors that influence the career decisions of those working as engineers and those formally educated as engineers who are not working in engineering. We: Evaluate job satisfaction and job mobility in engineering occupations. Evaluate work activities in engineering occupations 3 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

SESTAT Data Biennial Longitudinal Survey of individuals with at least a bachelor s degree who either have a STEM degree or have worked in a STEM occupation. We will use the 2003-2010 waves of SESTAT Comprehensive data on education degrees, majors, occupations and employment history. Limited information on industry Best data available for understanding science education-workforce relationships. Also, educational statistics from IPEDS & SED. 4 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

ENGINEERING DEGREES 5 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Bachelors Degrees in Engineering & Related Fields!180,000!! Engineering! Computer!Science! Mathema?cs!and!Sta?s?cs! Physics!!160,000!!!140,000!!!120,000!!!100,000!!!80,000!!!60,000!!!40,000!!!20,000!!!"!!!! 2000! 2001! 2002! 2003! 2004! 2005! 2006! 2007! 2008! 2009! 2010! 2011! 2012! 2013! Engineering is larger than computer science, mathematics & Physics bachelors combined (except 2003-5). 6 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Bachelors Degrees in Engineering 100,000!! Aerospace! Chemical! Civil! Electrical! Industrial! Materials! Mechanical! Biomedical/Other!!90,000!!!80,000!!!70,000!!!60,000!!!50,000!!!40,000!!!30,000!!!20,000!!!10,000!!!"!!!! 2000! 2001! 2002! 2003! 2004! 2005! 2006! 2007! 2008! 2009! 2010! 2011! 2012! 2013! Bachelors degrees in engineering have increased 50% since 2000. However, some fields grew (especially Aerospace; also Biomed, Civil, Mech) while others stagnated (Electrical, Industrial). 7 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

!80,000!! Masters Degrees in Engineering & Related Fields Engineering! Computer!Science! Mathema?cs!and!Sta?s?cs! Physics!!70,000!!!60,000!!!50,000!!!40,000!!!30,000!!!20,000!!!10,000!!!"!!!! 2000! 2001! 2002! 2003! 2004! 2005! 2006! 2007! 2008! 2009! 2010! 2011! 2012! 2013! There are about twice as many Masters degrees in engineering as Bachelors degrees. The # of Masters in engineering are much larger than in computer science, mathematics & physics combined. 8 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Masters Degrees in Engineering!50,000!! Aerospace! Chemical! Civil! Electrical! Industrial! Materials! Mechanical! Biomedical/Other!!45,000!!!40,000!!!35,000!!!30,000!!!25,000!!!20,000!!!15,000!!!10,000!!!5,000!!!"!!!! 2000! 2001! 2002! 2003! 2004! 2005! 2006! 2007! 2008! 2009! 2010! 2011! 2012! 2013! Masters degrees in engineering have almost doubled since 2000. Some fields have grown faster (Aerospace, Biomedical) 9 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

PhD Degrees in Engineering & Related Fields 16000" Engineering" Computer"Science" Mathema=cs"and"Sta=s=cs" Physics" 14000" 12000" 10000" 8000" 6000" 4000" 2000" 0" 2000" 2001" 2002" 2003" 2004" 2005" 2006" 2007" 2008" 2009" 2010" 2011" 2012" PhD degrees in engineering are again larger than computer science, mathematics & physics combined. Source: IPEDS. 10 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

PhD Degrees in Engineering Aerospace" Chemical" Civil" Electrical" Industrial" Materials" Mechanical" Biomedical/Other" 9000" 8000" 7000" 6000" 5000" 4000" 3000" 2000" 1000" 0" 2000" 2001" 2002" 2003" 2004" 2005" 2006" 2007" 2008" 2009" 2010" 2011" 2012" Engineering PhD degrees have increased by 50%. Growth was largest for biomedical engineering PhDs, which has more than doubled. 11 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

PhD 49% 45% 22% 61% 8% 63% 48% 111% 58% Growth in Engineering Degrees 2000-2013 200%# Growth#in#Engineering#Degrees#Awarded#2000F2013# 180%# 160%# 140%# 120%# 100%# 80%# 60%# 40%# 20%# 0%# Aerospace# Chemical# Civil# Electrical# Industrial# Materials# Mechanical# Biomedical/Other# Engineering#Total# Bachelors* Masters* PhD* Growth of bachelors and masters largest for Aerospace; biomedical engineering degrees had second largest growth at BS and MS, largest growth in PhDs. 12 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Engineering Degrees by Field 2010 SESTAT 100%! 90%! 80%! 70%!!4.0!! Aerospace,!!3.9!!!4.1!!!0.9!! Biomedical,!!1.7!!!7.4!! Chemical,!!4.4!!!5.2!!!15.6!! Civil!and!architectural,!! 13.5!!!12.5!!!8.0!! 60%! 50%!!31.8!! Electrical!and! computer,!!37.2!!!28.9!! 40%! 30%! 20%!!6.6!! Industrial,!!6.8!!!22.6!! Mechanical,!!15.7!!!3.8!!!12.9!! 10%!!11.1!! Other,!!16.7!! Electrical Engineers were the largest field followed by Mechanical and Civil & Architectural. 13 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014!24.7!! 0%! 1:!Bachelor's! 2:!Masters! 3:!Doctorate! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N=22,621!

Percentage Female by Field & Degree 2010 SESTAT 40.0$ 35.0$ 35.1$ Bachelor's$ Masters$ Doctorate$ 30.0$ 27.1$ 26.8$ 25.0$ 20.0$ 15.0$ 10.0$ 5.0$ 9.0$ 9.2$ 6.3$ 37.7$ 24.7$ 14.1$ 15.6$ 10.9$ 11.9$ 11.4$ 15.9$ 17.1$ 20.0$ 22.0$ 15.2$ 7.9$ 11.8$ 12.0$ 15.8$ 15.6$ 18.3$ 0.0$ Aerospace$ Biomedical$ Chemical$ Civil$and$ Electrical$and$ Source:$SESTAT$2010,$N=22,621$ architectural$ computer$ Industrial$ Mechanical$ Other$ Women make up a larger percentage of engineering degrees (> 20%) in Biomedical, Chemical and Industrial Engineering. Women are less than 10% of degrees in Aerospace and Mechanical. 14 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Percentage Foreign-born by Field & Highest Degree 2010 SESTAT!60.0!!!50.0!!!40.0!!!30.0!!!20.0!!!10.0!! Bachelor's! Masters! Doctorate!!48.7!!!49.5!!!43.9!!!40.8!!!38.0!!!36.2!!!36.6!!!36.9!!!33.0!!!30.0!!!26.5!!!27.1!!!25.7!!!22.9!!!19.6!!!20.3!!!16.0!!!16.0!!!16.0!!!16.5!!!13.1!!!14.0!!!12.2!!!8.2!!!-!!!! Aerospace! Biomedical! Chemical! Civil!and! Electrical!and! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N=19,386! architectural! computer! Industrial! Mechanical! Other! In Civil and Electrical, almost half of the doctorates in the US are foreign-born. In each field, less than 23% of bachelors are foreign born. 15 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Engineering Degrees by Race 2010 SESTAT 100%' 90%' Number'of'graduates'by'race/ethnicity' (Highest)degree)is)in)Engineering)) Black,'3.4%' 2.5%' 1.7%' 3.3%' 4.8%' Hispanic,'9.1%' 80%' 70%' Asian,'14.9%' 29.0%' 39.5%' 60%' 50%' 40%' 30%' White,'70.7%' 62.1%' 54.6%' 20%' 10%' 0%' Bachelor's' Masters' Doctorate' Source:'SESTAT'2010,'N=22,621' Asians receive a higher % of engineering advanced degrees than their % of engineering BS s. Hispanics, blacks and whites receive a lower % of engineering advanced degrees than their % of engineering BS s. 16 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Bachelors Degrees by Race & Field 2010 SESTAT 100%& 90%& 80%& 70%& 60%& 50%& Aerospace& Biomedical& Chemical& 2.5%& 4.7%& 6.2%& Bachelor's& Civil&and& Electrical&and& architectural& computer& Industrial& Mechanical& Other& 2.1%& 3.9%& 3.5%& 4.4%& 4.3%& 2.5%& 2.1%& 7.3%& 8.1%& 8.0%& 12.0%& 8.5%& 11.3%& 16.4%& 10.2%& 12.8%& 8.7%& 13.2%& 26.6%& 23.2%& 8.4%& 40%& 30%& 84.3%& 58.6%& 68.7%& 76.0%& 61.5%& 69.9%& 76.0%& 76.4%& 20%& 10%& 0%& Source:&SESTAT&2010,&N=11,089& White& Asian& Hispanic& Black& Other&race& Biomedical, Chemical & Electrical Engineering fields are more racially diverse. Aerospace, Civil, and Mechanical are much less diverse. 17 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Masters Degrees by Race & Field 2010 SESTAT 100%& 90%& 80%& 70%& 60%& 50%& Aerospace& Biomedical& Chemical& 2.9%& 1.4%& 2.5%& 1.1%& 4.0%& 3.8%& 3.5%& 5.0%& 2.6%& 2.1%& 5.2%& 5.4%& 1.9%& 3.1%& 6.6%& 7.1%& 11.3%& 40.0%& 31.0%& 19.4%& Masters& Civil&and& Electrical&and& architectural& computer& Industrial& Mechanical& Other& 40.7%& 28.4%& 22.1%& 19.9%& 40%& 30%& 20%& 82.4%& 55.6%& 60.3%& 70.3%& 52.2%& 59.3%& 69.4%& 68.3%& 10%& 0%& Source:&SESTAT&2010,&N=5,923& White& Asian& Hispanic& Black& Other&race& Comparing to the previous slide, Asians are more likely to have Masters degrees than Bachelors degrees in these fields. 18 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

PhD Degrees by Race & Field 2010 SESTAT 100%& 90%& 80%& 70%& 60%& 50%& Aerospace& Biomedical& Chemical& 24.2%& 36.6%& 35.6%& 38.5%& Doctorate& Civil&and& Electrical&and& architectural& computer& Industrial& Mechanical& Other& 1.6%& 2.2%& 2.5%& 2.4%& 3.4%& 1.7%& 4.9%& 2.3%& 3.6%& 1.7%& 2.9%& 3.2%& 2.5%& 3.4%& 1.2%& 1.4%& 44.6%& 49.1%& 40.4%& 37.1%& 40%& 30%& 20%& 71.6%& 57.1%& 58.5%& 53.9%& 48.9%& 43.8%& 54.7%& 57.6%& 10%& 0%& White& Asian& Hispanic& Black& Other&race& Source:&SESTAT&2010,&N=5,609& Electrical and Industrial Engineering PhDs are majority minority because of large numbers of Asian recipients. 19 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Engineering Degrees Engineering is a large and growing field. At the PhD level, engineering is growing more quickly than life, social & physical sciences. Each field features different levels of gender and race/ethnicity diversity. Aerospace is less diverse, and electrical and chemical are more diverse. Diversity increases with advanced degrees in part because of foreign students. 20 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

LEAVING ENGINEERING 21 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Definitions Working in Engineering: Working in engineering primarily or secondarily. Includes engineering management but excludes engineering-related jobs (see below). Engaged in Engineering: Working in Engineering or presently taking courses in Engineering. Engineering-related: degrees or jobs in fields like electrical, electronic, industrial, mechanical technicians 22 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Where are they working? Less than ½ of those with highest degrees in engineering are in engineering occupations. Over 1/3 of those with highest degree in engineering are not working in engineering, computer or eng.-related occupations. For those with any engineering degree the patterns are similar. Source: SESTAT 2010, N=16,867. 23 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

What is field of degree of those working in engineering? Three quarters of those working in engineering have a degree, but over 20% have unrelated highest degrees. Source SESTAT 2010, N= 16,867. 24 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

% those with highest degree in Engineering engaged in Engineering The likelihood of engaging in engineering decreases over first 10 years since degree. Source SESTAT 2010, N = 16,867. 25 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Following recent cohorts of engineering graduates Starting with the first time recent grads (within past 5 years) are surveyed and following them through for 4-5 years, we see about 60% BS/MS not in engineering, with moderate exit over time. Source SESTAT 2003-2010. 26 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Many of those not in engineering are in computer or other science occupations Source SESTAT 2010, N=22,261 27 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Many of those with highest degree in engineering are in computer or other science occupations 28 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Working in Same Specific Field as Degree 100%% Works%in%own%field% Other%engineering% Computer%and%informaKon% S&E%related% Other%science% Non%S&E%related% 90%% 80%% 70%% 60%% 50%% 40%% 30%% 20%% 10%% 47.6%% 0.9%% 9.1%% 5.4%% 14.6%% 22.3%% 24.2%% 14.0%% 14.7%% 6.6%% 10.2%% 30.2%% 34.0%% 4.3%% 6.0%% 2.8%% 27.5%% 25.4%% 28.7%% 0.7%% 4.8%% 2.5%% 21.1%% 42.1%% 21.4%% 0.5%% 10.2%% 28.2%% 12.3%% 27.4%% 0%% Aerospace% Biomedical% Chemical% Civil%and% Electrical%and% architectural% computer% Source:%SESTAT%2010,%N=14,373% 45.9%% 11.3%% 19.5%% 13.9%% 20.9%% 37.9%% 20.9%% 28.2%% On avg, less than 30% of those who have engineering degrees are working in their own specific engineering field (with least in industrial, aerospace, chem.) Many are working in other engineering fields or in computers. 29 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014 0.5%% 8.8%% 28.2%% 1.0%% 6.2%% 5.8%% 33.7%% 2.9%% 8.1%% 6.3%% Industrial% Mechanical% Other%

Working in Same Field as Degree 100%% Works%in%own%field% Engineering% Computer%and%informa4on% Other%science% S&E%related% Non%S&E%related% 90%% 80%% 46.3%% 36.5%% 25.7%% 70%% 14.6%% 60%% 12.8%% 2.6%% 0.0%% 1.2%% 50%% 40%% 19.5%% 11.0%% 30%% 7.3%% 16.3%% 55.8%% 20%% 19.1%% 14.3%% 10%% 3.3%% 4.6%% 0%% 9.0%% Mathema4cs%and%sta4s4cs% Physics%and%astronomy% Computer%and%informa4on%sciences% Source:%SESTAT%2010,%N=6,854% Computer Scientists are more likely to be working in same broad field as degree, but Math and Physics are less likely than engineering. 30 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Overall, self-reports of those with highest engineering degree are that their jobs relate to engineering. Working in a job closely or somewhat related to the field of degree remains >90% even many years from highest degree. Source SESTAT 2010, N=16,867. 31 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Relationship of Job to Highest Degree 78% of those w. engineering degrees NOT working in eng.occupations. report that their work is closely or somewhat related to their degree. 69% of those w. engineering degrees NOT working in eng., computers, or eng-related occupations report that their work is closely or somewhat related to their degree. Source SESTAT 2010 N = 16867. 32 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Job Requires Technical Expertise!100.0!!!90.0!!!80.0!!!70.0!! Job$Required$Technical$Exper5se$in$Science$and$Engineering$!97.6!!!86.0!!!72.3!!!60.0!!!50.0!!!40.0!!!30.0!!!28.2!!!20.0!!!10.0!!!*!!!! Degree!&!Job!in! Engineering! Degree!but!No! Engineering!Job! No!Degree!but! Engineering!Job! Degree!but!unrelated!Job! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N=18,140! Even engineers working in non-engineering have jobs requiring technical expertise of a scientist or engineer. 33 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

!30.0!!!25.0!!!26.9!! Reasons left Engineering Most%Important%Reasons%For%Work%Outside%Of%Field%!24.6!!!20.0!!!15.0!!!16.8!!!10.0!!!10.3!!!7.6!!!7.3!!!6.5!!!5.0!!!-!!!! Pay!&! Promo5on! Job!Not! Available! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N!=!2,110! Change!in! Professional! Interests! Family-related! Other! Working! Condi5ons! Job!Loca5on! Pay and promotion are the most important reasons for working outside of the engineering field. 34 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Why people leave engineering depends on degree & on years from degree 35 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn Source SESTAT 2010, N=2,010 November 19, 2014

Linear probability model: Sample of those with highest degree in engineering Engaged in engineering Sample: Highest degree Engineering Sample: Any degree Engineering Time from degree - 0.00336*** - 0.00195*** (0.0008) (0.0007) Time from degree squared - 0.00016*** - 0.00018*** (0.000018) (0.000016) Female - 0.08523*** - 0.08570*** (0.0080) (0.0072) Highest degree MS 0.05181*** 0.05674*** (0.0077) (0.0073) Highest degree PhD 0.04292*** 0.03530*** (0.0080) (0.0076) Adj R- sq 0.124 0.167 Obs 22846 27022 Standard errors in parentheses Regressions also include: dummies for sub- field of highest degree This shows the decease over time. Also, women more likely to leave. Those with an MS most likely to NOT leave (vs. BS and even PhD.) 36 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Engineering Occupations Although people with engineering degrees frequently do not work in engineering occupations, 90% of engineers report using their degrees in their work and 85%+ are in engineering, computers or engineering-related jobs. Recent graduates often work outside their field for lack of a job. Those who work outside of engineering more than 5 years after degree primarily leave for pay and promotion issues. 21% of those working in engineering jobs do not have engineering degrees. 37 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

EARNINGS 38 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Earnings in Broad Fields Bachelors Degree!$140,000!! Engineering! Biological!sciences! Computer!and!mathemaAcal! Non#S&E!Fields! Physical!and!related! S&E#Related!Fields! Social!and!related!!$120,000!!!$100,000!!!$80,000!!!$60,000!!!$40,000!!!$20,000!!!$#!!!! 1#5! 6#10! 11#15! 16#20! 21#30! 30+! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N!=!32,821! Engineers earn more than those with bachelors degrees in other fields. 39 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Earnings in Broad Fields Masters Degree!$140,000!! Engineering! Biological!sciences! Computer!and!mathemaAcal! Non#S&E!Fields! Physical!and!related! S&E#Related!Fields! Social!and!related!!$120,000!!!$100,000!!!$80,000!!!$60,000!!!$40,000!!!$20,000!!!$#!!!! 1#5! 6#10! 11#15! 16#20! 21#30! 30+! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N!=!22,603! Engineers earn more than those with masters degrees in other fields. 40 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Salaries do not depend on sector of work for those working with highest degrees in engineering Source SESTAT 2010, N=22,603 41 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Earnings by Engineering Field in Engineering Occupation Early and Peak Career Mean%annual%salary%by%Engineering%Field,%selected%years%of%Experience% (Highest)Degree)&)Job)in)Engineering.))!$140,000!!!$120,000!!!$100,000!!!$80,000!!!$60,000!!!$126,657!!!$130,682!!!$119,390!!!$69,726!!!$60,547!!!$67,590!!!$98,381!!!$59,566!! 1.5! 21.30!!$116,037!!!$78,740!!!$90,148!!!$68,487!!!$66,518!!!$113,499!!!$106,154!!!$109,335!!$74,966!!!$69,537!!!$40,000!!!$20,000!!!$.!!!! Aerospace! Biomedical! Chemical! Civil!and! Electrical!and! architectural! computer! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N!=!7,024! Industrial! Mechanical! Other! All! Engineering! fields! Engineering salaries are very similar across fields. 42 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Salary Regression HD Engineering Any degree engineering Work in engineering 0.1386*** 0.1851*** 0.12046*** 0.16110*** (0.0106) (0.0121) (0.0099) (0.0112) Work in computers or eng- related 0.13863*** 0.12579*** (0.0177) (0.0161) Time from degree 0.05819*** 0.05808*** 0.05506*** 0.05503*** (0.0014) (0.0018) (0.0013) (0.0013) Time from degree squared - 0.0012*** - 0.0012*** - 0.00115*** - 0.00114*** (0.000033) (0.000033) (0.0011) (0.0003) Female - 0.1496*** - 0.13638*** - 0.15982*** - 0.15600*** (0.0126) (0.0121) (0.0116) (0.0116) Highest degree MS 0.1395*** 0.13638*** 0.13382*** 0.13106*** (0.0122) (0.0121) (0.0118) (0.0118) Highest degree PhD 0.3972*** 0.40073*** 0.39764*** 0.40110*** (0.0125) (0.0125) (0.0122) (0.0122) Adj R- sq 0.1818 0.1843 0.1753 0.1774 Obs 19442 19442 22989 22989 Regressions also include: dummies for sub- field of highest degree. Standard errors in parentheses Regressions suggest that those working in engineering (including managers) earn more than others, including those in computers & engrelated. 43 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Percent Satisfied with Employment!93.0!! Percent'sa*sfied'!92.0!!!91.9!!!91.0!!!90.0!!!89.8!!!89.0!!!88.0!!!87.6!!!87.0!!!86.0!!!85.0!! Degree!&!Job!in!Engineering! Degree!but!No!Engineering!Job! No!Degree!but!Engineering!Job! Source:!SESTAT!2010,!N=15,189! Engineers working in engineering occupations are very satisfied with their work. 44 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Reasons Dissatisfied with Engineering Degree%&%Job%in%Engineering% (percent(dissa-sfied)( Degree%Of% Independence,%%7.7%% Job%Security,%%15.2%% Intellectual%Challenge,%% 15.1%% Principal%Job%Benefits,%% 15.1%% Principal%Job%Salary,%% 13.8%% Contribu?on%To% Society,%%13.7%% Job%Loca?on,%%13.0%% Level%Of% Responsibility,%%12.0%% Opportuni?es%For% Advancement,%%30.5%% %N%%%% %5.0%% %10.0%% %15.0%% %20.0%% %25.0%% %30.0%% %35.0%% Source:%SESTAT%2010,%N%=%10,419% Engineers working in engineering occupations who report dissatisfaction cite lack of opportunities for advancement. 45 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Work Activities Engineers in Engineering Occupations 2010 SESTAT Degree%&%Job%in%Engineering% Management,&&27.3&& Product&Development,&& 10.5&& Applied&Research,&&6.9&& Product&Design,&&26.2&& Accoun9ng,&&1.9&& Basic&Research,&&1.5&& Teaching,&&0.3&& Human&Resources,&& 0.3&& Produc9on,&&5.7&& Computer& Programming,&&4.6&& Quality&Management,&& 4.1&& Other,&&4.0&& Professional&Services,&& 3.6&& Sales,&&3.2&& &M&&&& &5.0&& &10.0&& &15.0&& &20.0&& &25.0&& &30.0&& Engineers manage make things: design equipment, processes, structures. 46 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Work Activities Engineers in Other Occupations 2010 SESTAT ProducAon,&&7.6&& Product&Development,&& 4.8&& Product&Design,&&4.6&& Professional&Services,&& 4.4&& Other,&&4.3&& Teaching,&&4.2&& AccounAng,&&3.8&& Quality&Management,&& 3.6&& Applied&Research,&&3.5&& Basic&Research,&&1.7&& Human&Resources,&& 1.2&& Degree%but%No%Engineering%Job% Sales,&&12.2&& Management,&&26.4&& Computer& Programming,&&17.6&& &L&&&& &5.0&& &10.0&& &15.0&& &20.0&& &25.0&& &30.0&& Engineers who no longer work in engineering manage. 47 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Earnings & Satisfaction Engineers earn more than in other STEM disciplines. Engineers working in engineering occupations are engaged in management and product design. Those in non-engineering occupations manage. Engineers are largely satisfied with their work. Engineers in engineering jobs are dissatisfied with opportunities for advancement. 48 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Strengths of Engineering Profession Individuals with engineering degrees work in a variety of occupations besides engineering, many in computers or engineering-related. Also, practically all view their work as related to their engineering (highest) degree. Regardless of occupations, engineers are highly paid. Engineers are very satisfied with their work. In their work engineers design products & processes and manage. 49 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Concerns for the Engineering Profession Engineering is less diverse than the US population in terms of race and gender. Over half of the engineering PhDs in some fields are foreign-born. Thus immigration policy has implications for retaining the best talent in the US. Engineers leave engineering for pay and promotion reasons. Engineers in engineering occupations are dissatisfied with opportunities for advancement. 50 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014

Questions? 51 Donna K. Ginther, & Shulamit Kahn November 19, 2014