SEMANTICS AND THE LEXICON

SEMANTICS AND THE LEXICON

Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy Volume 49 Managing Editors GENNARO CHIERCHIA, University of Milan PAULINE JACOBSON, Brown University FRANCIS J. PELLETIER, University of Alberta Editorial Board JOHAN V AN BENTHEM, University of Amsterdam GREGORY N. CARLSON, University of Rochester DA VID DOWTY, Ohio State University, Columbus GERALD GAZDAR, University of Sussex, Brighton IRENE HElM, MIT., Cambridge EWAN KLEIN, University of Edinburgh BILL LADUSA W, University of California at Santa Cruz TERRENCE PARSONS, University of California, Irvine The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

SEMANTICS AND THELEXICON Edited by JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY Department of Computer Science, Brandeis University SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Semantlcs and the lexicon I edlted by James Pustejovsky. p. cm. -- <Studies in lingulstlcs and philosophy v.49) Includes indexes. ISBN 978-0-7923-2386-0 ISBN 978-94-011-1972-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1972-6 1. Semantics. 2. Lexicology. 1. Pustejovsky, J. <James) II. Series. P325.S3812 1993 401'.43--dc20 92-28758 ISBN 978-0-7923-2386-0 Printed an acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY / Preface vii 1. JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY /Introduction PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF LEXICAL STRUCTURE 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. RAY JACKENDOFF / X-Bar Semantics GEORGE LAKOFF / The Syntax of Metaphorical Semantic Roles MALKA RAPPAPORT, MARY LAUGHREN, and BETH LEVIN / Levels of Lexical Representation WILLIAM CROff / Case Marking and the Semantics of Mental Verbs JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY / Type Coercion and Lexical Selection 15 27 37 55 73 PART II: MAPPING FROM LEXICAL SEMANTICS TO SYNTAX 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. JANE GRIMSHAW and EDWIN WILLIAMS / Nominalization and Predicative Prepositional Phrases ROBERT J.P. INGRIA and LELAND M. GEORGE / Adjectives, Nominals, and the Status of Arguments ANNIE ZAENEN / Unaccusativity in Dutch: Integrating Syntax and Lexical Semantics T.R. RAPOPORT / Verbs in Depictives and Resultatives TOM ROEPER / Explicit Syntax in the Lexicon: the Representation of Nominalizations 97 107 129 163 185 PART III: COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE 12. JOHN F. SOWA / Lexical Structure and Conceptual Structures 223 13. DAN FASS / Lexical Semantic Constraints 263 v

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. SERGEI NIRENBURG and CHRISTINE DEFRISE I Lexical and Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Based Translation 291 15. BRANIMIR BOGURAEV and BETH LEVIN I Models for Lexical Knowledge Bases 325 16. YORICK WILKS, DAN FASS, CHENG-MING Guo, JAMES MCDONALD, TONY PLATE and BRIAN SLATOR I Providing Machine Tractable Dictionary Tools 341 NAME INDEX 403 SUBJECT INDEX 411

JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY PREFACE The goal of this book is to integrate the research being carried out in the field of lexical semantics in linguistics with the work on knowledge representation and lexicon design in computational linguistics. Rarely do these two camps meet and discuss the demands and concerns of each other's fields. Therefore, this book is interesting in that it provides a stimulating and unique discussion between the computational perspective of lexical meaning and the concerns of the linguist for the semantic description of lexical items in the context of syntactic descriptions. This book grew out of the papers presented at a workshop held at Brandeis University in April, 1988, funded by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. The entire workshop as well as the discussion periods accompanying each talk were recorded. Once complete copies of each paper were available, they were distributed to participants, who were asked to provide written comments on the texts for review purposes. VII