HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Fifth Edition Gary Groth-Marnat John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www. copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our website at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Groth-Marnat, Gary. Handbook of psychological assessment / Gary Groth-Marnat. 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-08358-1 (cloth) 1. Psychological tests. 2. Personality assessment. I. Title. BF176.G76 2009 150.28'7 dc22 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2008032243

To My Students

Contents Preface xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Organization of the Handbook 1 Role of the Clinician 3 Patterns of Test Usage in Clinical Assessment 5 Evaluating Psychological Tests 9 Validity in Clinical Practice 20 Clinical Judgment 23 Phases in Clinical Assessment 28 Recommended Reading 32 Chapter 2 Context of Clinical Assessment 33 Types of Referral Settings 33 Ethical Practice of Assessment 43 Assessing Diverse Groups 51 Selecting Psychological Tests 58 Computer-Assisted Assessment 62 Recommended Reading 64 Chapter 3 The Assessment Interview 65 History and Development 66 Issues Related to Reliability and Validity 70 Assets and Limitations 71 The Assessment Interview and Case History 73 Mental Status Examination 79 Interpreting Interview Data 84 Structured Interviews 85 Recommended Reading 94 vii

viii Contents Chapter 4 Behavioral Assessment 95 History and Development 97 Issues Related to Reliability and Validity 99 Assets and Limitations 101 Strategies of Behavioral Assessment 102 Recommended Reading 117 Chapter 5 Wechsler Intelligence Scales 119 Testing of Intelligence: Pro and Con 119 History and Development 122 Reliability and Validity 126 Assets and Limitations 129 Use with Diverse Groups 132 Meaning of IQ Scores 134 Cautions and Guidelines in Administration 136 WAIS-IV/WISC-IV Successive-Level Interpretation Procedure 138 Wechsler Indexes and Subtests 149 Assessing Brain Damage 167 Assessing Additional Special Populations 174 Short Forms 178 Recommended Reading 182 Chapter 6 Wechsler Memory Scales 183 History and Development 184 Reliability and Validity 189 Assets and Limitations 191 Use with Diverse Groups 193 Interpretation Procedure 193 Interpreting Patterns of Index Scores 196 Comparing Scores on the WAIS-IV and the WMS-IV 203 Additional Considerations: Malingering and Evaluating Change 205 Recommended Reading 206 Chapter 7 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 207 History and Development 209 Reliability and Validity 214 Assets and Limitations 217 Use with Diverse Groups 220 Administration 222 Interpretation Procedure 223

Contents ix Computerized Interpretation 230 Validity Scales 231 Clinical Scales 237 2-Point Codes 257 MMPI-2 Content Scales 280 MMPI-A Content Scales 282 Harris-Lingoes and Si Subscales 285 Critical Items 288 MMPI-2 and MMPI-A Supplementary Scales 288 Recommended Reading 294 Chapter 8 Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 295 History and Development 297 Reliability and Validity 300 Assets and Limitations 302 Use with Diverse Groups 306 Interpretation Procedure 307 Modifying Indices (Validity Scales) 310 Clinical Personality Patterns 312 Severe Personality Pathology 327 Clinical Syndromes 331 Severe Syndromes 333 Recommended Reading 333 Chapter 9 California Psychological Inventory 335 History and Development 336 Comparison with the MMPI 338 Reliability and Validity 339 Assets and Limitations 340 Use with Diverse Groups 343 Interpretation Procedures 343 Vector Scale Interpretation 348 Individual Scales 349 Special Purpose Scales 371 Configural Interpretation 372 Recommended Reading 384 Chapter 10 The Rorschach 385 History and Development 386 Reliability and Validity 389

x Contents Assets and Limitations 393 Use with Diverse Groups 396 Future Directions 396 Administration 397 Scoring 400 Structural Summary 407 Interpretation 415 Recommended Reading 446 Chapter 11 Thematic Apperception Test 447 History and Development 447 Theoretical Perspectives 450 Reliability and Validity 452 Assets and Limitations 455 Use with Diverse Groups 457 Administration 458 Typical Themes Elicited 461 Scoring Procedures 474 Interpretation 482 Recommended Reading 483 Chapter 12 Screening for Neuropsychological Impairment 485 History and Development 486 Interviewing for Brain Impairment 489 Domains of Neuropsychological Functioning 492 Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test 501 Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status 511 Recommended Reading 517 Chapter 13 Brief Instruments for Treatment Planning, Monitoring, and Outcome Assessment 519 Selecting Brief Instruments 520 Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) 521 Beck Depression Inventory 526 State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 530 Recommended Reading 533 Chapter 14 Psychological Assessment and Treatment Planning 535 Development and Approaches to Treatment Planning 536 A Systematic Approach to Treatment Selection 541

Contents xi Functional Impairment 542 Social Support 545 Problem Complexity/Chronicity 547 Coping Style 549 Resistance 551 Subjective Distress 553 Problem-Solving Phase 556 Recommended Reading 558 Chapter 15 Psychological Report 559 General Guidelines 560 Format for a Psychological Report 570 Sample Reports 582 Recommended Reading 604 Appendix A Test publishers/distributors 605 Appendix B Testing organizations 609 Appendix C WISC-IV Norms Tables for Clinical Clusters 610 Appendix D Directions for Hand Scoring the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Validity and Clinical Scales 619 Appendix E Rorschach Norms for Scoring Categories 621 Appendix F Rorschach Norms for Ratios, Percentages, and Special Indices 624 Appendix G WAIS-IV Norms Tables for Clinical Clusters 626 References 637 Author Index 717 Subject Index 733

Preface My dear readers. Thank you so much for your support in buying and reading this book. My intention has been to create a resource that will cover the A to Z of assessment. In other words, my aim has been to provide guidance that extends from larger issues on assessment, to clarifying the referral question, and through to writing up the report and consulting with your referral sources and clients. I hope it brings clarity, practical guidelines, insights, and useful strategies to your work. Feedback on the previous editions assures me that this is often the case. This fact makes it worth all those long hours hidden away inside a small room incubating ideas and reading, writing, revising, and editing. As with the previous editions, I have tried to integrate the best of science with the best of practice. Necessarily, psychological assessment involves technical knowledge. But in presenting this technical knowledge, I have tried to isolate, extract, and summarize in as clear a manner as possible the core information that is required for practitioners to function competently. At the same time, assessment is also about the very human side of understanding, helping, and making decisions about people. I hope I have been able to comfortably blend this technical (science) side with the human. An assessment that does not have at least some heart to it is cold and lacking. To keep in touch with the practitioner/human side of assessment, I have continually maintained an active practice in which I have tried to stay close to and interact with the ongoing personal and professional challenges of practitioners. I hope that within and between the sentences in the book, my active involvement with the world of practice is apparent. It has been seven years since the previous (fourth) edition. During that time, much has changed and much has remained the same. The big tests that professional psychologists use most frequently are unchanged. This is reflected in that the numbers and titles of the chapters are the same as they were in the fourth edition. However, there are important changes within these chapters. Two of the most important are revised chapters incorporating the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS - IV) and the Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition (WMS - IV). Another revision has been a somewhat more narrow focus for the chapter on screening for neuropsychological impairment, which has involved a focus on the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, Second Edition (Bender - II) in combination with the relatively recently developed (1998) Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). These are two fairly brief screening tests for neuropsychological impairment. The RBANS involves assessing a fairly wide number of domains (memory, visuospatial, attention, language) using revisions of assessment tools that have been frequently used in clinical neuropsychology. A final noteworthy addition has been the inclusion of greater information on diversity as reflected by separate test - related chapter subheadings entitled Use with Diverse Groups. This section reflects the more extensive use of assessment for a wide variety of populations and the importance of competently and sensitively working with diverse populations. xiii