Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Goals 4-1 Learn to parse and translate nouns Identify the number and gender Figure out the lexical form The book teaches how to pluralize nouns. This lecture (and my class) omit this.
Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-2 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan
Noun 4-3 A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Person: מ ש ה Place: י ר וש ל י ם Thing: י ום Idea: צ ד ק ה
Lexical Form 4-4 The form you look up in a dictionary. E.g., look up ox not oxen E.g., look up go not went Singular = Lexical form of a Hebrew noun. נ ש ים not א ש ה E.g., look up
Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-5 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan
Hebrew Nouns Have Gender 4-6 A noun is either masculine or feminine Unlike Greek, there is no neuter! Words for non-living things still have gender E.g., ס פ ר book is masculine E.g., ת ור ה law, instruction is feminine The gender of a noun never changes Exception: Some nouns are treated as masculine in some verses and as feminine in other verses. ד ר ך E.g.,
Hebrew Nouns Have Number 4-7 A noun is either Singular, Plural, or Dual Dual indicates a pair of something Dual is rare A typical use is paired body parts E.g., עינ י ם two eyes The number of a noun can change Whereas the gender of a noun does not change.
Ending Indicates the Number 4-8 A noun is either singular, plural, or dual Singular is unmarked or has a ending ה, ת, ת, ית, ות endings: FS ה Rarely, MS may end in Dual always has an ending with a diphthong י ם, ת י ם Plural always has a distinctive ending ים, ות
Exception: Nouns that Look Dual 4-9 Dual ending always has a diphthong י ם, ת י ם 3 common words always look dual sky heaven or heavens or ש מ י ם Egypt מ צ ר י ם waters water or מ י ם Scholars argue about if they are dual or plural. I won t ask for their number on a quiz.
Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-10 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan
Ending (Usually) Indicates Noun Gender Masculine singular usually has no ending ס וס, לב, ס פ ר E.g., ה Feminine singular usually ends in ס וס ה, ת ור ה, א ש ה E.g., י ם Masculine dual always ends in י ם or ת י ם Feminine dual ends in ים Masculine plural usually ends in ס וס ים, ר אש ים E.g., ם Defective spelling ס וס ם, רא שם. ות Feminine plural usually ends in ס וס ות, ת ור ות E.g., ס וס ת, ת ור ת ת Defective spelling 4-11
Exceptions to Normal Gender-Based Endings ה A few masculine singulars end in E.g., ש ד ה field Some feminine singulars are unmarked E.g., נ פ ש soul, life is feminine ות, or ית, ת, ת Some feminine singulars end in Unaccented ה is NOT the FS ending E.g., ל י ל ה night is MS; א ה ל ה towards a tent is MS. Duals ending in י ם could be masculine or feminine E.g., י ד י ם 2 hands is feminine ות Some masculine plurals end in E.g., א ב ות fathers ים Some feminine plurals end in E.g., נ ש ים women 4-12
Pluralizing a Singular Noun 4-13 1. Remove the singular ending if there is one. ה, ות, ית, ת, ת, ה 2. Add the plural ending ) ת or ם (defective ות or ים 3. Sometimes other changes א נ ש ים א יש change: Sometimes stem Usually vowel changes if there was no suffix, because the distance to the accent changes. נ ב יא ים נ ב יא reduction: Propretonic ס פ ר ים ס פ ר nouns: Segholate Geminate nouns regain the Dagesh Forte. ח צ ים חץ E.g.,
Number and Gender of Noun Endings 4-14 No ending Singular, probably M MS ה FS ות, ית, ת, ת, ה י ם ת י ם ( ם ( ים ) ת ( ות Memorize this page both directions: ים Gender and number of FS endings? Dual, probably M FD Plural, probably M Plural, probably F? Plural, probably masculine no ending, ות, ית, ת, ת, ה
Practice Identifying Gender and Number 4-15 אח.1 נ פ ש.2 א ש ה.3 בת.4 ש יר ים.5 ת ור ות.6 ח ל ומ ות.7 ע נ נ ים.8 עינ ים.9 א מ ת ים.10 א פ ים.11 Ø Singular probably M Ø Singular probably M Singular Feminine ה (MS) (FS) (FS) (FS) Singular Feminine ת (MP) Plural probably M ים (FP) Plural probably F ות (MP) Plural probably F ות (MP) Plural probably M ים (FD) Dual probably M י ם (FD) Dual Feminine ת י ם (MD) Dual probably M י ם
or. How to find the Lexical Form of Most Nouns 1. Remove the ending ( ים or ות or 2. Perhaps add a singular ending ) ת י ם י. ם ( ות/ ית / ת / ת (maybe ה If feminine, usually add Almost all MS and a few FS have no ending. ה A few MS add 3. Drop word-final Dagesh Forte that lacks a vowel. עם עם ע מים E.g., 4. Often change vowels, especially if no singular ending.. ד ב ר ים E.g., Reduced vowels often unreduce:. ב קר ים E.g., Regular vowels may change: ש י ר ים E.g., Vowel letters do not change: 4-16 ד ב ר ב קר ש יר
Memorize Irregular Plurals in 4.8.5 4-17 Know the lexical form of these plurals ( is.ים chapter 5) Singular Plural ש אי man א נ ש ים men א ש ה woman נ ש ים women ע יר city ע ר ים cities father אב א ב ות fathers house ב י ת ב ת ים houses daughter בת daughters ב נ ות son בן ב נ ים sons י ום day י מ ים days sea ים י מ ים seas
Practice Finding the Gender, Number, & Lexical Form 4-18 ש יר ים.1 ת ור ות.2 ח ל ומ ות.3 ד ב ר ים.4 ל ב ב ות.5 ע נ נ ים.6 ח צר ות.7 מ ל כ ים.8 נ פ ש ות.9 ח ר ב ות.10 א נ ש ים.11 MP FP MP ש יר ת ור ה ת ור ח ל ום MP MP ד ב ר ד ב ר MP לב ב ל ב ב ע נן ע נן FP (M/F)P ח צר ח צר מ ל ך מ ל ך MP FP FP נ פ ש ח ר ב י א ש נ פ ש ח ר ב א נ ש
Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-19 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan
Rules of Shewa (Traditional) 4-20 Can t have 2 reduced vowels in a row So if you see 2 Shewas in a row, the first is Silent Shewa. When 2 reduced vowels in a row, the first becomes short G G G G G G G G G G G G י י Alef in א לה ים quiesces after a prefix לא לה ים ל א לה ים ל א לה ים
Rules of Shewa (Reversed) 4-21 If a word BEGINS with a short vowel followed by a reduced vowel, it may have been two reduced vowels. י י G G G G G G G G G G G G If the short vowel is under a guttural, it works even if it is not at the beginning of a word. G G G G G G
Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-22 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment & Study Plan
Assignment & Study Plan Review Constantly review old material We ll only learn things that are worth long-term memory. Old material is always fair game on quizzes. 4-23 Priorities: 1. Vocabulary 2. Study Guide 3. Old Quizzes Make vocabulary your top priority: My best students consistently say that they do this.
Assignment & Study Plan Vocabulary Learn new words: Vocabulary guide has mnemonics and transliteration Videos walk through the pronunciation and syllabification MP3s of the vocabulary Use flash cards (electronic or paper) (כ vs. ח,ט vs. ת,ע vs..א (e.g., Remember sound-alike letters Remember unmarked FS nouns. Put missed cards back in your pile a few words later. Review constantly Once a week: Go through all vocabulary (shuffled together) Missed or hesitant vocabulary goes in the working pile Once a day: Go through all vocabulary that was new in the past week. Go through your working pile. 4-24
. is. is Assignment & Study Plan New Material Learn chapter 4 Read the textbook and textbook supplement. Understand and memorize the study guide. Learn to pronounce and memorize the vocabulary. Be sure to memorize the irregular plural words as vocabulary. E.g., know that י מ ים days and י מ ים seas They are all in slide 4-17, the study guide, and the vocabulary guide. 4-25 Practice chapter 4 Do workbook pages 15 16 Also identify Dagesh & Shewa. Syllabify. Pronounce. My class does not memorize or practice how to pluralize nouns.