The College at Brockport: State University of New York Digital Commons @Brockport Education and Human Development Master's Theses Education and Human Development Spring 5-11-2015 A Case Study: The Effect of Repeated Read-Alouds of Complex Texts on the Comprehension of a Preschool Student Stephanie J. Cottrell The College at Brockport, scott1@brockport.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/ehd_theses Part of the Educational Methods Commons, and the Other Education Commons To learn more about our programs visit: http://www.brockport.edu/ehd/ Repository Citation Cottrell, Stephanie J., "A Case Study: The Effect of Repeated Read-Alouds of Complex Texts on the Comprehension of a Preschool Student" (2015). Education and Human Development Master's Theses. 567. http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/ehd_theses/567 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Education and Human Development at Digital Commons @Brockport. It has been accepted for inclusion in Education and Human Development Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @Brockport. For more information, please contact kmyers@brockport.edu.
A Case Study: The Effect of Repeated Read-Alouds of Complex Texts on the Comprehension of a Preschool Student by Stephanie Cottrell May 2015 A capstone project submitted to the Department of Education and Human Development of The College at Brockport, State University of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Education i
Abstract The purpose of my research is to explore how the comprehension of a preschool student is impacted through being engaged in a total of twelve read alouds and discussions using complex texts in the form of a chapter book. During the conducting of this research, a preschooler participates in read alouds conducted by the researcher and engages in a post-reading discussion about the reading. Each read aloud is then repeated a second time followed by second post-reading discussion. My research seeks to answer to what extent can a preschool student retell and discuss content from a complex text? How does the use of repeated readings of complex texts impact the comprehension and vocabulary knowledge of a preschool student? The data is collected through the use of observations and comprehension rubrics. i
Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction... 1 Problem Statement...1 Significance of the Problem...2 Purpose...3 Rationale...4 Definition of Terms...5 Summary...6 Chapter Two: Literature Review... 7 Read Alouds...8 Read Alouds and Vocabulary...9 Read Alouds and Text Content... 11 Repeated Readings and Read Alouds... 12 Summary... 14 Chapter Three: Methods and Procedures... 15 Participants... 15 Procedures of the Study... 18 Data Collection and Analysis... 19 Limitations... 21 Chapter Four: Findings... 23 Elementary Reading Attitude Survey... 23 Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog... 24 Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train... 37 Summary... 44 Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations... 45 Conclusions... 45 Implications for Elsa... 46 Implications for My Teaching... 47 Recommendations... 47 Final Thoughts... 48 References... 49 Appendices... 51 Appendix A... 51 Appendix B... 52 ii
Chapter One: Introduction The implementation of the Common Core Learning Standards has increased expectations for students at each grade level from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Students are expected to read texts with higher complexity levels at earlier ages. Preschool is an early childhood education program in which children come to play and learn with other children, and it often serves as the first formal education for young children. Preschool classrooms often help to build the foundations for reading that young children require as they learn to read on their own. One common practice among preschool classrooms is the use of read alouds to model literacy behaviors, expose children to new vocabulary and teach print awareness. The text complexity of read alouds at the preschool level is typically simple. However, preschool teachers can use texts with higher complexity as read alouds to prepare students for the complex texts they will work with as they enter into elementary school. Problem Statement In 2010, New York State adopted the Common Core Learning Standards and fully implemented the standards in 2013. Throughout my experience working in elementary classrooms, and the NYS Common Core Learning Standards, I have noticed that students are expected to work with texts of higher complexity at each grade level. Introducing texts with higher complexity at each grade level has proven to be challenging for many students. The introduction of these rigorous standards has resulted in the need to prepare students at early ages 1
to begin processing, decoding and drawing meaning from complex texts. Though students need opportunities to work with complex text, most preschool classrooms still only share short stories and simple picture books with their students through read alouds. Read alouds are a common part of preschool education, and there has been a plethora of research published regarding the importance of reading to children and its effects on their literacy development. However, preschool read alouds typically involve picture books that have illustrations that closely match the text of the book. There is limited research investigating how a preschooler s comprehension and knowledge of textual content are impacted through the use of complex texts, such as chapter books, as read alouds. Significance of the Problem Read alouds are a commonly used in preschool education to enhance and enrich students literacy learning and development. According to Cynthia B. Leung (2008), reading aloud to children helps them to hear new vocabulary and learn early literacy behaviors. Repeating the same read aloud text to preschoolers helps to expand children s understanding of vocabulary, increases their print awareness and their comprehension of the content within the texts. However, read alouds at the preschool level typically involve picture books that have illustrations that closely match the text in the books; consequently, preschool students rely heavily on pictures and illustrations to draw meaning from the text. As a result, preschoolers have limited exposure to complex texts. Even though several research studies have been conducted regarding the significance of read alouds for preschool students, there has not been a great deal of research investigating the impact of using complex texts as read alouds at the preschool level. 2
Text complexity standards have significantly increased with the adoption of the Common Core Standards; therefore, it is essential to expose preschool students to texts with higher complexity levels in order to aid students in their acquisition of the skills they will need to be effective literacy learners as they enter into elementary school. Using chapter books as read alouds with preschoolers has not been extensively researched, so it is essential to prepare preschool students for success while implementing chapter books as classroom read alouds. According to Karen J. Kindle (2009), repeated readings help to foster dynamic contexts for students to learn new concepts and vocabulary. Preschoolers understanding of text content is essential; thus it is important to investigate whether incorporating repeated read alouds has a positive impact on the students' understanding of the text content in chapter books. Purpose The purpose of my study is to investigate the impact of repeated read alouds of complex texts on preschool students' comprehension of content and vocabulary in the text. The following research questions will be addressed in this study: 1. To what extent can a preschool student retell and discuss content from a complex text? 2. How does the use of repeated readings of complex texts impact the comprehension and vocabulary knowledge of a preschool student? This study seeks to address these questions through an investigative case study with one preschool student. In my study I conducted read alouds for each chapter in the books, Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog (1994) and Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train (1998) both by Cynthia Rylant. 3
A post-reading retelling of the text followed each read aloud. Within each post-reading retelling, Elsa discussed text vocabulary, character, setting and descriptive details. For the first three weeks, the Elsa and I used the book Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog. There are three chapters in the book. During weeks four to six, Elsa and I worked with the book, Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train. This book also has three chapters. On the first meeting of each week, the participant was introduced to a new chapter and engaged in a post-reading retelling of the text. On the second meeting of each week the participant listened to the chapter a second time and completed a post-reading retelling a second time. I met with the participant twice a week for six weeks at the home of the participant. Each meeting lasted thirty minutes. After each read aloud, I guided Elsa through a post-reading conversation using a list of key concepts, vocabulary and events for each chapter of the books, Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog and Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train. I first asked Elsa to tell me what happened in that part of the story. Once Elsa explained what happened in the story, I asked why or how questions to the participant in response to her explanations if elaboration was needed. However, the goal of my study is to have the child lead the post-read retelling with their thinking around the text. Rationale Read alouds are an essential component of literacy education for preschoolers. Read alouds help preschoolers to enrich and enhance their knowledge of print awareness as the teacher models appropriate reading behaviors. Through read alouds, students are also able to learn vocabulary words, as well as new concepts. As a substitute teacher, I have observed primary students in several different school districts struggle to meet the Common Core State Standards for literacy using complex texts. Many of these students lack the skills needed to process, decode 4
and draw meaning from complex texts. I attribute this problem to the limited exposure these students have with complex texts. These students often do not have the background knowledge and experience necessary to successfully work with complex texts. As a result, I think it is essential to begin introducing complex texts in the form of read alouds in order to assist in student preparedness and readiness for future success with complex texts. Definition of Terms Complex texts often contain implicit, obscure or hidden meanings because it is assumed that the reader has life experiences that will contribute to their understanding of the text. They also frequently use figurative language and academic vocabulary that is domain specific. Complex texts often use unconventional literacy structures, such as flashback and multiple points of view (Elfreida Hiebert & David Pearson, 2013). Print Awareness is the child s knowledge of environmental print, books, alphabet and the understanding that text contains meanings. Read alouds are instructional strategies that teachers use to orally read texts aloud to students. Texts used as read alouds are typically above students' independent reading level, (Lester Laminack & Reba Wadsworth, 2006). Elementary Reading Attitude Survey a series of twenty questions that are asked out to a child by an adult in regards to their feelings about reading in variety of different settings and circumstances. The child matches their feelings to pictures depicting images of feelings using Garfield the cat. Garfield is pictured with a big smile, slightly smiling, mildly upset and very upset. The results are then scored to evaluate how the child feels about both academic and recreational reading. 5
Summary With the implementation of the Common Core Learning Standards, the complexity level of texts that students are expected to use in each grade level has increased. As a result, it is crucial to begin to use texts with higher complexity levels during read aloud time with preschool students. This will help prepare for future success as they work with complex texts in the classroom. This study explores the extent to which a preschool student is able to comprehend content and vocabulary from chapter books. The use of repeated readings will ensure that the student is exposed to the text more than once in order to draw meaning from the complex text. 6
Chapter Two: Literature Review Proper reading instruction in classrooms is imperative to the reading process for students at each grade level in order for students to develop proficient reading skills. Students must have the skill to understand the text content, as well as be able to recognize text and process it cognitively. Proper reading instruction looks different at each grade level and can vary from classroom to classroom. Primary grades benefit from interactive read alouds to learn new concepts, vocabulary and develop print awareness. Elementary students begin guided reading and have opportunities to practice and develop their reading comprehension and fluency. However, at all grade levels students should have the ability to retell the story in their own words including text details such as settings, characters and sequence of events. This chapter describes the literature relevant to this study regarding read alouds in the preschool classroom and how read alouds impact literacy skills and development. This chapter is organized into four sections: (1) read alouds, (2) read alouds and vocabulary, (3) read alouds and text content, and (4) repeated read alouds. The first section, read alouds, discusses the importance of read alouds in learning and literacy development in preschool classrooms. The second section of this chapter, read alouds and vocabulary, includes an in depth discussion explain how read alouds help children to learn and understand new vocabulary terms. The third section of this chapter, read alouds and text content, explains how read alouds are beneficial for teach content to students. The final section of this chapter, repeated read alouds, explains how repeated read alouds benefit preschool children s understanding of text content. Each section of this chapter concludes with a brief discussion connecting the research within that section to my study. 7
Read Alouds According to James Trelease (2006), read alouds serve many purposes for children. Read alouds entertain children and spark curiosity to pursue reading. Read alouds also inform children of new concepts and provides them with opportunities to bond with adults. As a result, exposure to frequent read alouds often leads to children associating reading with pleasure. Consequently, these children will aspire to pursue reading in their future (Trelease, 2006). Reading aloud to preschoolers is an invaluable component of their literacy development and print awareness. Laura Justice and Amy Sofka (2010) suggest that read alouds provide teachers and other adults with opportunities to model how various elements of print work. Reading to children helps to establish their knowledge of book handling procedures, such as how to properly hold a book and turn pages. In addition to book handling skills, preschoolers also develop an understanding of the notion that print holds meaning through exposure to read alouds. Researchers have found that read alouds also have many other benefits in regards to preschoolers literacy skills and development. Read alouds encourage preschoolers to use their listening comprehension skills, critically think about the text and make connections between text and their own lives (Gambrell, Morrow & Pennington, 2002). In 2000 Jacobs, Morrison, and Swinyard designed a study to determine how frequently elementary teachers read aloud to their students and what types of books they are most likely to read. The study surveyed 1,874 elementary teachers across the United States. The results of their study revealed that teachers in primary grades conducted more read alouds with their students than teachers that taught intermediate grades. The study also indicated that primary teachers were most likely to read picture books aloud to their students, whereas intermediate teachers were most likely to read chapter books aloud. In addition, the study also demonstrated that teachers 8
rarely read informational or nonfiction texts aloud to their students. This study reveals the need for read alouds to be used at each grade level in order to support students understanding and knowledge of content. Read alouds are an essential component of literacy development in children. Therefore, reading aloud in preschool classrooms should be a common practice. It is essential that children develop print awareness and begin to understand that print and text hold meaning. This will enable students to start to understand how books work. As a result, read alouds can be used to teach preschoolers content. My capstone research project seeks to investigate how repeated readings of complex texts impact a preschooler s understanding of content and vocabulary. Therefore, it is important to consider how read alouds are beneficial to children s literacy learning and development. Read Alouds and Vocabulary Karen J. Kindle is an education curriculum and instruction professor at the University of South Dakota. In 2009, Kindle designed and conducted an investigative study to determine how primary students learn vocabulary through the use of read alouds. Kindle interviewed primary teachers and students from four different classrooms at an elementary school in the Southern United States. Kindle then conducted four read aloud lesson observations in each classroom. Her observations took place over the course of six weeks in order to collect the data for her study. The results of the study indicated that teachers used several different instructional strategies within their read aloud lessons. The teachers provided definitions; synonyms and examples to help students understand vocabulary used within the text. Many teachers also used morphemic analysis to teach vocabulary. Other teachers questioned students and built upon student answers to provide students with more vocabulary knowledge. Kindle s study revealed 9
that teachers often used more than one instructional strategy during read alouds to teach vocabulary. The study also found that the use of incidental exposure embedded instruction and focused instruction, as vocabulary instructional approaches during read alouds were effective. However, the most effective vocabulary lessons occurred when teachers had target words for each read aloud or chapter. Kindle s study was unsuccessful in finding a best practice for teaching vocabulary, but did provide evidence that read alouds are effective tools for teaching new vocabulary to students (Kindle, 2009). In 2008, Cynthia Leung designed and conducted a study to investigate the impact of repeated read alouds followed by hands-on related activities on the development of scientific vocabulary for preschool students. Leung conducted her study at a Young Women s Christian Association, in a preschool classroom with thirty-seven students from diverse cultural and economic backgrounds. All children were exposed to repeated interactive read alouds using scientific informational books. They were also given vocabulary pretests and posttests. The students that participated in Leung s (2008) study were given a word recall test to evaluate their knowledge of the target vocabulary from the interactive read alouds. Students had the choice to orally explain the words or use gestures to demonstrate the meaning of the word. The findings of the study concluded that students who participated displayed a drastic increase in their scores from the pretest to the posttest. This research supports the belief that read alouds and repeated readings help to increase preschool students vocabulary knowledge. This section of my literature review, describes two separate studies that researchers have conducted to investigate the impact read alouds have on vocabulary acquisition. Each study explained several different evidence based practices used by teachers in order to engage their students in thinking about the vocabulary within the text. This research is significant regarding 10
this thesis because it is essential to understand how to assist the participant in thinking about the vocabulary in the text and to develop an understanding of its meaning. Read Alouds and Text Content Lester Laminack and Reba Wadsworth (2006), suggest that using books in the classroom helps students to acquire background information about a particular topic. Acquiring background knowledge is essential for students because they can use that knowledge to expand and better comprehend what they learn outside of the text. Read alouds provide students with the ability to make connections between texts, as well as to their own experiences. Students are also more likely to remember what they have learned if they can make connections to previously acquired information. Natalie Heisey and Linda Kucan are both education professors at the collegiate level. In 2010, Heisey and Kucan conducted a study investigating the use of read alouds at the primary level to teach science concepts. Their study was conducted in the Northeastern United States, and their participants were first and second graders. Heisey and Kucan chose a science book and divided it into three sections, for which they prepared comprehension questions. They then divided the first and second graders in half randomly into two groups. The first group was the during reading group. These students were asked the comprehension questions after each section of the text was finished. The second group was the after reading group and these students did not answer the comprehension questions until the end of entire book. The results of the study revealed that the first group of first and second graders scored higher than the second group that answered all of the questions at the end of the book. Therefore, the authors concluded that chunking materials together during read alouds is useful to promote student understanding of the text content. Furthermore, the results revealed that both groups showed an in depth 11
understanding of the scientific concepts covered in the text. Students were able to use their learning from the text to make connections to their science class. The research presented in this section is relevant to my study because it reveals that read alouds have a positive impact on students content knowledge. Therefore, it is important to conduct read alouds at the preschool level to promote the development and understanding of content knowledge within the preschool classroom. The research also demonstrated that chunking text together and questioning throughout the read aloud both have positive impacts on the students understanding of the text content. Therefore, it was essential to use both of these practices as I read aloud to the participant in order to help set the participant up for success as she engaged in reading comprehension activities. Repeated Readings and Read Alouds The aforementioned study conducted by Leung in 2008, further demonstrates that using repeated read alouds with preschool students helps to develop and deepen their comprehension of the text content and vocabulary. The results of the study revealed that students were able to retell the story with greater detail after repeated read alouds of the text; also, that repeated readings are an effective instructional strategy to help build and enrich students vocabulary knowledge. Students demonstrated a deeper understanding of scientific vocabulary terms after engaging in repeated interactive read alouds. Repeated read alouds provide teachers with opportunities to model reading strategies and scaffold vocabulary and concepts. Lea McGee and Judith Schickedanz (2007) suggest that reading a text three times increases the quality of children s analytical conversations during postreading discussions. The first reading of the text should introduce new vocabulary and main ideas, followed by a why question that enables students to expand and build upon their 12
responses. The authors further explain that the second reading should focus on enriching the students understanding of vocabulary. Then conclude with inferential questions that permit students to think beyond the text. Finally, the third reading should consist of a guided retelling of the story while students share narrations, comments and descriptions. McGee and Schickedanz believe that repeated readings foster deeper understanding of text content and vocabulary among preschool and kindergarten students (McGee & Schickedanz). Researchers Ofra Korat and Hila Blau (2010) designed a study in which they investigated the effect of repeated readings of an electronic book on the phonological awareness, word reading and vocabulary of preschool and kindergarten students. Students either read the book in five sessions, three sessions or followed the regular school program. The results of the study discovered that the group which read the book five times demonstrated greater progress than the students that read the book three times. Both the students that read the book five times and three times significantly outperformed the students that were part of the control group. Korat and Blau s findings demonstrated that repeated readings help students to gain a deeper understanding of text vocabulary, as well as increase their phonological awareness and word reading skills. The research presented in this section of chapter two is relevant to my study because it discusses how repeated readings positively impact students understanding of texts. This study seeks to investigate the impact that repeated read alouds have on a preschool participant s understanding of a chapter book that is not closely supported by pictures. Therefore, it is essential to explore other research that has investigated the impact that repeated readings has had on students. 13
Summary Recent research has demonstrated that reading aloud to children fosters positive attitudes towards reading. Reading aloud to children also contributes to the students literacy learning, development and print awareness. In the classroom read alouds are an invaluable tool for introducing and scaffolding new vocabulary and content to students. Repeating the same read aloud text leads to deeper understandings and in depth post-reading discussions. Several research studies exist regarding the benefits of read alouds; however, current research does not explore using complex texts as read alouds at the preschool level. Therefore, my study seeks to investigate the impact of using a chapter book as a read aloud text for a preschool student. 14
Chapter Three: Methods and Procedures I designed this study to explore how the use of chapter books as repeated read alouds impacted a preschool student s text comprehension. In conducting this research I addressed specific literacy skills through performing read alouds and engaging a preschool student in postreading conversations. In each post-reading discussion the preschool student made predictions related to the text, retold the story elements, made connections to the text and used text specific vocabulary. Participants I conducted my case study with Elsa. She is a four-year-old Caucasian girl from a middle-income family, and has a positive attitude towards reading. She is enrolled in a universal preschool program in Central New York. Elsa goes to school half days in the afternoon Monday through Friday. Prior to attending preschool, Elsa was enrolled in an education program for three year olds in which she attended school three times a week for four hours. Elsa is a talkative preschooler who often uses language considered socially mature for her age. She exhibits an expansive vocabulary. Elsa is the only daughter of her single mother, Anna, and her father is not present in her life. Elsa comes from a home that is surrounded by literacy. Elsa and her mother read at least twice a day together. She also has access to a large variety of books and magazines at home. Elsa loves the movie Frozen and she has many books and toys related to the movie. Besides her frozen books, Elsa s favorite book is the Rainbow Fish written by Marcus Pfister. Her favorite things to do are play dress up, go to dance class and go to school. Elsa s favorite things about preschool are taking the school bus, playing and story time. Elsa is a very social and confident child. She will try anything when she is asked, and will admit when she finds the task too hard. 15
I asked the student to participate in my study in order to observe and analyze to what extent the student is able to comprehend read alouds using a chapter book as a complex text. In addition, I conducted my research to discover how the student s comprehension of text context and vocabulary knowledge is impacted through the use of repeated readings. Positionality of the Researcher I am a twenty-four year old white female. I was raised in a middle class family in a suburban neighborhood. Starting at an early age, reading was a major part of my daily life. My parents provided a variety of literary texts in our home to use for both learning and play. We were encouraged to read whenever possible. Every night, my mother read stories aloud before my sisters and I went to sleep. Read alouds were an exciting part of our nightly routine in my family. I remember being excited to hear new stories, as well as ones I had heard before, and I could not wait until I was able to read books on my own. Fortunately, I learned to read as a preschool student and continued to read any book that I could get my hands on. As I entered into grade school, I still had a love of reading and I was placed in accelerated reading classes. I continued to read books on my own, but I still loved being read to. My favorite parts of the school day were the stolen minutes between lessons when the teacher would read books aloud to us in class. I grew up with a positive attitude toward literacy because I grew up in an environment that fostered and encourage literacy learning and development. I graduated with my Bachelor of Science Degree in History in May 2013. I also obtained my teaching certificates in Childhood Education and Students with Disabilities grades 1 to 6 when I completed my undergraduate coursework. I began working towards my Master of Science degree in birth to twelfth grade literacy in the fall of 2013. At the time my study was 16
conducted, I was enrolled in the final semester of my graduate coursework and had been employed as a substitute teacher in several school districts in Western New York. The majority of my time is spent working with children grades 1 to 6 in both general education and special education. However, I have also spent time working in kindergarten and preschool classrooms, where I have observed early literacy behaviors and development take place. As the researcher of my study, I understand the importance and benefits of reading aloud to children and exposing children to a variety of texts at a young age. For instance, exposing children to a variety of texts enables children to learn how different types of print work. Children also learn proper book handling skills; understand that text holds meaning and reading directionality through read alouds. Furthermore, read alouds also help children to become familiar with different text contexts and content, which helps children to expand their vocabulary and knowledge. I have a professional relationship with the participant of my study. I believe that literacy development in young children is directly related to their literacy environment. An environment that fosters literacy development includes many different types of text for children to use on their own, as well as with guidance from a more experienced reader. A classroom that fosters literacy development is often student-centered, culturally responsive and designed to meet the needs of the current students within that classroom. A teacher should provide explicit literacy instructions, scaffold lessons and provide differentiated instruction to ensure the literacy success of all students. Read alouds provide opportunities for teachers to model literacy behaviors, use explicit instruction and scaffold lesson. Read alouds also provide 17
opportunities for children to hear new vocabulary and learn new concepts. Therefore, I believe that read alouds are an essential part of literacy instruction in preschool classrooms. Procedures of the Study First, the participant of my study was chosen from a preschool classroom. Once the participant was chosen I administered an Elementary Reading Attitude Survey in order to understand the participant s attitude toward both academic and recreational reading. The survey asked twenty questions around reading in a variety of settings and circumstances. The child then matched their attitude using pictures of Garfield to depict feelings of excitement, happy, mildly upset and very upset. I met with Elsa twice a week over the course of six weeks in the privacy of her own home in order to complete this study. For weeks one to three, Elsa and I worked with Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog by Cynthia Rylant. During weeks four to six we used Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train by Cynthia Rylant. Each book consists of three chapters. One the first meeting of each week I performed a read aloud on one chapter from the text on the first meeting day of each week, which was followed by an oral retelling of the chapter by the participant. The second meeting each week consisted of a repeated reading of the same chapter followed by a retelling of the chapter by Elsa. Each post-chapter discussion was scored using a comprehension rubric (see appendix A). The results from the first reading and second reading of each chapter were compared and contrasted to each other to investigate the impact the repeated reading of each chapter had on the student s comprehension of the text content. 18
Data Collection and Analysis Several data collection techniques were used in my study. Qualitative data was collected through observations using anecdotal notes regarding facial expressions, behavior and spoken language during each meeting with the participant. Quantitative data was collected during each post-chapter retelling and discussion of the text using a reading comprehension rubric (see appendix A). The data from each rubric was then compared and contrasted to determine the extent to which Elsa comprehended the content and vocabulary in the chapters from the first reading to the second reading. Anecdotal Notes Anecdotal notes recorded in a notebook during each post-reading discussion with Elsa. The notes contained written accounts of Elsa s post-reading discussion responses. Anecdotal notes were also used to record Elsa s behaviors and facial expressions throughout the lesson. The anecdotal notes were analyzed using the comprehension rubric. Comprehension Rubrics The comprehension rubric used in my study rates Elsa s knowledge of vocabulary, predictions, story elements and story connections on a scale of 0 to 5. A score of zero indicates that Elsa did not give a response for the topic addressed on the rubric in which she received a zero. A score of one indicates that Elsa provided a response, but it was an incorrect or off-topic response. A score of two on the rubric indicates that Elsa demonstrated some understanding of the topic in which he/she received a two. However, she includes inaccurate information in their discussion of the topic. A score of three on the rubric indicates that the participant demonstrates a general understanding of the topic on the rubric, but struggles to use details from the story. A score of four on the rubric indicates that Elsa displays an understanding of the topic, as well as 19
includes some details from the text to support their thinking. Finally, a score of five indicates that Elsa has mastered the skills addressed on the rubric. A score of five demonstrates that the Elsa is able to accurately express her thinking around the topic and is able to provide key details to support her responses. Data Analysis First, I preformed a read aloud on each chapter from the books. Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog and Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train both written by Cynthia Rylant. I then led Elsa through a post-reading conversation about the chapter, in which I recorded her responses and made notes about her behaviors. I then used the comprehension rubric to score Elsa s postreading discussion in regards to her predictions, description of story elements, text connections and use of text vocabulary. I then preformed a second read aloud of each chapter and engaged Elsa in a second post-reading conversation. Again, I recorded her responses and made notes about her behaviors. I then scored her responses using the same comprehension rubric. Finally, I compared Elsa s comprehension rubric scores and responses from the first post-reading discussions to the second post-reading discussions in order to analyze how her understanding of the text was impacted after the repeated readings of the text. The data indicated that Elsa was able to make more reasonable predictions, recount the story elements with more details, make deeper text connections and more accurately use text specific vocabulary after hearing the text a second time. 20
Criteria for Trustworthiness As a teacher-researcher I conducted my case study using unbiased and ethical procedures. My relationship with Elsa was strictly professional, which enabled the data collection in my study to remain unbiased. In order to ensure that qualitative data collected during my study was valid, I met the participant twice a week over the course of six weeks. The duration of each meeting was one hour. Each week during the first meeting, I performed a read aloud followed a post-reading discussion. During the second meeting of each week, I conducted a repeated reading of the same text followed by a post-reading discussion. Each post-reading discussion was scored using the same rubric, which ensured criteria for scoring the discussion was the same during each meeting. All post-reading discussions were also recorded to ensure that none of the information provided by Elsa was missed the first time around. The setting for each meeting also remained the same. Limitations The initial limitations to my study include student participation and the study duration. I do not have a classroom or access to large population of students. Therefore, my study was conducted using only one participant. Gathering information was challenging, and the results would be more reliable with a greater number of participants. The duration of my study was only six weeks long. A longer study would allow for more data to be collected and analyzed. As a result, my study will not display any long-term effects of using complex texts as read alouds with preschool students. My study only uses one type text of as a resource. The use of multiple types 21
of texts would allow for more significant data regarding using chapter books as read alouds with preschool students. These limitations should be taken into consideration while reading study. 22
Chapter Four: Findings In this chapter I present the findings from the research I conducted with Elsa, a preschool student, through facilitating twelve read alouds using the books Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog (1994) and Mr. Putter and Tabby Take the Train (1998), both by Cynthia Rylant The findings of my study demonstrate that Elsa has a positive attitude towards reading and illustrate how Elsa s ability to remember and retell details from the text increases between the first retelling and the second retelling of the book chapters. Elementary Reading Attitude Survey Elsa and I completed an Elementary Reading Attitude Survey on our very first day meeting, in order to gain insight regarding her attitude towards reading in variety of settings and circumstances. The reading survey contained twenty questions related to reading and the child rates their attitude by choosing one of four images of Garfield. In the images Garfield is very happy, a little bit happy, mildly upset and very upset. Overall, the reading attitude survey revealed that Elsa has a very positive attitude toward reading both academically and recreationally. However, Elsa appears to enjoy reading recreationally more than for academic purposes, which demonstrated in her selecting all very happy Garfields images for questions relating to recreational reading. She chose mostly very happy and slightly happy Garfield images for questions relating to academic reading. However, she indicated that having to read instead of playing made her very upset. Elsa also indicated that she does not like to read during her free time at school by choosing a very upset Garfield. In conclusion, Elsa loves to read in most 23
circumstances, but would prefer to play if that is also a choice. The reading attitude survey results were significant because they indicated that Elsa has a positive attitude towards reading, which suggests she will demonstrate a have higher level of engagement during each read aloud. Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog Elsa and I worked with Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog written by Cynthia Rylant (1994), for weeks one through three of my six-week case study. We met twice a week at the home of Elsa. I performed two read alouds for each of the three chapters entitled, The Lollypup, The Nightmare and The Dream Dog, from the text. A post-reading retelling led by Elsa followed each read aloud. Elsa s post-reading discussions focused on story elements, predictions, vocabulary and making connections to the text. Chapter 1: The Lollypup Predictions On our first meeting of week one, I introduced Elsa to text, Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog. We looked at the front cover, the title page, the table of contents and the first page of chapter one, The Lollypup. I then asked Elsa to make a prediction about the text. Elsa replied, I think someone will give the dog a lollypop. Elsa s response is somewhat reasonable because she relates the word lollypup to a lollypop. Each of these words is visually similar and sound similar. However, the pictures in the text do not support her prediction. On our second meeting of week one I read the text a second time aloud to Elsa. I then asked her to make a prediction about what she thought was going to happen next in the story. 24
Elsa responded, Mr. Putter will take the Lollypup for a walk. Elsa s prediction is reasonable because the text content and pictures support her prediction. Story Elements I conducted the first read aloud using The Lollypup with to Elsa at our first meeting. While I performed the read aloud, Elsa appeared to be focused with no outside distractions. She intensely examined the pictures and text on each page as I read. Once I completed the read aloud Elsa began her retelling of the text. Elsa: Mr. Putter told the woman he would walk her dog because she can t walk. She gave the man spinach and was worried something will happen to the dog. Stephanie: What does the woman think will happen to dog? Elsa: He might get hit by car or run away or something. Stephanie: Where were Mr. Putter and Mrs. Teaberry in this part of the story? Elsa: They were next door to each other and then they went to the doctors. After the first reading of the text, Elsa was only able to briefly describe the story elements in the text. Elsa only recalled the name of Mr. Putter, but she did recognize that there was also a woman (Mrs. Teaberry) and a dog (Zeke) in the text. Elsa did not include Tabby the cat in her retelling of the text, despite her name being in the title of the text. Elsa was able to identify character feelings because she recognized that Mrs. Teaberry was worried about Zeke going for walks with Mr. Putter. However, when asked to elaborate about Mrs. Teaberry s worries she supported her claim with information that was not included in the text. Elsa retold the story using very little textual details. Elsa also included extraneous information that was not supported by the text in her retelling. 25
On our second meeting during week one, I read chapter one, The Lollypup, a second time. Once again Elsa was focused on the pages of the text as I read. Once I finished reading chapter one Elsa began her retelling of the text. Elsa: The old man was Mr. Putter and his neighbor was the old lady. Her name is Mrs. Teaberry. Mrs. Teaberry had a dog-named Lollypup and the man had a cat. Mr. Putter and the woman lived side by side and gave each other dinner and lunch. She gave him eggplants and her gave her kiwi for lunch. They liked living next door. The woman hurt her foot and can t walk the dog. She goes to a doctor and then Mr. Putter was nice and said he would walk Lollypup. Stephanie: Is there anything else you remember about the characters or the story? Elsa: I think it was sunny outside. Mr. Putter was happy and sad. The woman was worried her dog would be bad when he walked with Mr. Putter. Stephanie: Why was Mr. Putter happy and sad? Elsa: I think he was happy to walk the dog and sad because the woman was worried. After the second reading of the text, Elsa was able to give a considerable amount of information regarding the story elements throughout her retelling of the text. Elsa was able to recall all characters in the text. However, she still did not refer to the cat by name. Elsa also recognized a characteristic of Mr. Putter when she explained that he was nice because he agreed 26
to walk the dog. Elsa demonstrated a better understanding of the characters feeling after the second reading. She recognized that Mrs. Teaberry was worried that her dog would behave badly and that Mr. Putter was happy he could help Mrs. Teaberry. Elsa further recognized that Mr. Putter was sad because his friend was worried about him walking her dog. Furthermore, Elsa was able to discuss events of the text in greater detail the second time; therefore, showing a deeper understanding of the text. Vocabulary After each read aloud Elsa was asked about vocabulary terms that she encountered during the read aloud. The text described Mr. Putter as having a soft heart. During her first retelling of the text, Elsa explained, Maybe it means his heart was squishy or something. However, during her second retelling Elsa was able to elaborate more on the meaning of soft heart. Elsa described, I think soft heart means he has a nice heart maybe. The differences between Elsa s responses between the first and second reading demonstrate that hearing the phrase a second time helped to develop her comprehension of the phrase further. In the text, Zeke is described as a dream dog. During Elsa s first retelling I asked her what she thought dream dog meant. She responded, That Mr. Putter had a dream about the dog. During our second meeting when asked about what she thought dream dog meant she explains, That he is perfect. Elsa s definition of the phrase dream dog is completely different than after only hearing the term the first time. Her second response shows a deeper understanding of the text, which enables her to expand and elaborate on her thinking around the vocabulary in the text. Connections During both Elsa s first retelling of the text and her second retelling of the text she was asked to make connections to the text using both her own life and other stories. After hearing the 27
story one time Elsa was able to make a connection to Mrs. Teaberry hurting her foot, but could not make a connection between books. Below is an excerpt of our discussion. Stephanie: How is your life similar or like the characters lives in the story? Elsa: One time I hurt my toe and it was like the woman hurting her foot. Stephanie: Do you know any books or stories that are similar to this book? Elsa: I don t know any. Stephanie: Do you know any books about dogs or next-door neighbors? Elsa: Not really. At the second meeting during week one, Elsa was asked once again to make connections to the text using both her own life and other stories. Stephanie: How is your life similar or like the characters lives in the story? Elsa: Sometimes I walk my grandma s dog Rusty. He is bad and pulls me and he tangles his leash, and the woman thinks her dog will do that. Stephanie: Do you know any books or stories similar to this book? Elsa: Muddypaws is a bad puppy. He runs away and makes muddy paw prints everywhere. He is kinda like the Lollypup. Elsa s connections to text show an understanding of the text content and demonstrate that she was able to make meaning with the text. Elsa s initially made a simple connection to the text (i.e. text to self) by using an example of when both she and Mrs. Teaberry were hurt. She did not elaborate with details. She was also unable to make a connection to another text or story. However, after hearing the story a second time Elsa was able make a connection to walking a dog. She elaborates on details and explains how her walking Rusty is similar to what Mrs. Teaberry worries Zeke will do on his walk with Mr. Putter. 28
Furthermore, Elsa is able to make a connection between this text and the book Muddypaws (i.e. text to text). Although, neither text explains that the dogs behavior is undesirable, Elsa comprehends that Muddypaws is not behaving correctly, and Mrs. Teaberry worries that Zeke will behave poorly also. After hearing the text a second time, Elsa is able to make stronger connections between her and the text and the text to other texts, demonstrating that Elsa understands the text more completely after a repeated reading. As a result, Elsa is able to think more critically about the text. Chapter 2: The Nightmare Predictions During the second week of this study Elsa and I worked with chapter two, The Nightmare, from Mr. Putter and Tabby Walk the Dog, by Cynthia Rylant (1994). On our first meeting of the week, we reviewed what happened in chapter one. Then we looked at the title for this chapter and the first page of the chapter. Then I asked Elsa to make a prediction about the text. Elsa replied, I think Mr. Putter is going to have a bad dream about the dog. Elsa s prediction is reasonable because in chapter one Mrs. Teaberry worries that Zeke may behave poorly for Mr. Putter when he walks him. A nightmare is also a bad dream. Therefore, she can use textual evidence to support her prediction. On our second meeting of week two, I read chapter two aloud to Elsa a second time. After I completed the second read aloud I asked Elsa what she believed would happen in the next chapter. I asked, What do you think will happen next in this story? She replied, I think Mr. Putter might tell the old lady that he can t walk her dog because he is a bad dog. Elsa is using her own experience and knowledge along with the text to make this prediction, which makes it a 29