A key perspective on specialised lexis: keywords in Telecommunication English for CLIL

Current Work in Corpus Linguistics: Working with Traditionally-conceived Corpora and Beyond A key perspective on specialised lexis: keywords in Telecommunication English for CLIL Camino Rea Rizzo & María José Marín Pérez Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena & Universidad de Murcia 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORPUS LINGUISTICS (CILC2015) Valladolid, 5-7 March 2015

! Contents A KEY PERSPECTIVE ON SPECIALISED LEXIS: KEYWORDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION ENGLISH FOR CLIL! - CLIL, Tertiary Education and Corpus Linguistics! Bilingual degree in Telecommunication Engineering and CLIL - Characteristics of the bilingual degree - CLIL hybrid approach: models C2 & C3! Telecommunication Engineering Corpus () - Definition - Source of the samples - Topic representativeness - Structure

! Contents A KEY PERSPECTIVE ON SPECIALISED LEXIS: KEYWORDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION ENGLISH FOR CLIL! - and terms - and their distribution - in an individual lesson: Systems and circuits - Training keywords!

! CLIL, Tertiary Education & Corpus Linguistics Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) - CLIL aiming at acquiring a knowledge and command of at least two foreign languages (European Commission, 2003). - In 2009 more than 30 institutions in Spain offered bilingual degrees (Dafouz & Núñez). - In 2011 Business Administration at UMU and UPCT. - 2014/2015 Telecommunication Engineering at UPCT. Language itself is also a learning goal: the vehicular language to convey content. Telecommunication English Corpus (): academic and professional English

! CLIL, Tertiary Education & Corpus Linguistics CLIL 4Cs conceptual framework: Content, Communication, Cognition and Culture (Coyle, Hood & Marsh, 2010) - Language Triptych: language of, for, through learning. - Language of learning explores what language learners will need to access new knowledge and understanding when dealing with the content. - The key vocabulary and phrases of the content language. Language of learning = keywords in Wordsmith (Scott, 2008).

Bilingual degree in Telecom. Engineering & CLIL! Characteristics of the bilingual degree Telecommunication System Engineering (TSE) & Telematic Engineering (TE) - Goal: to improve students competence in English while learning the specific content (easier access to labour market & further self-study). - 4Cs/Communication: - language is a conduit for communication and for leaning. - language to use language and using language to learn (Coyle et al., 2010). % English TSE TE 1 st year 50.5 50.5 2 nd year 83 83 Subjects in English 100% Basic, core, specific, compulsory and optional Lectures, bibliography, practicals, assignments, etc. 75% Some lectures in Spanish 3rd year 75.4 70.5 60% Some lectures and practicals in Spanish 4 th year 75 86 Technical English (one semester in 3 rd year)

Bilingual degree in Telecom. Engineering & CLIL! CLIL hybrid approach: models C2 & C3 C2: Adjunct CLIL - Language teaching runs parallel to content teaching with specific focus on developing the knowledge and skills to use the language so as to achieve higherorder thinking (Coyle et al., 2010). C3: Language embedded content courses - Content programmes are designed from the outset with language development objectives. Teaching is carried out by content and language specialists (ibid). Trend in CLIL programs: - include the teaching of the target language as a subject parallel to its being used as a vehicle for content-matter learning (García, 2009).

Bilingual degree in Telecom. Engineering & CLIL! CLIL hybrid approach: models C2 & C3 Language class - Language for learning: the language needed by learners to operate in a language environment where the medium is not their first language (Coyle et al., 2010). - Language of learning, whose keywords and key phrases could be extracted from a specific corpus. - General characteristics of the sublanguage; pre-teaching or reinforcing the language of learning agreed with the content teacher. Content class - Particular keywords of the lesson as a support of the language content.

Telecommunication Engineering Corpus () Definition Telematics Telecommunication Eng. Representativiness Authentic language Synchronic Balance Non-tagged Raw text Specialized 5.5 millions Written Professional & Academic English (IPA)

Source of the samples 35 Magazines 30 29 Books 25 23 Internet 20 Research papers 15 10 5 11 13 4 5 10 5 Abstracts Brochures Advertisements 0 Technology news

Topic representativeness Thematic variety: Curricula of Telecommunication Eng. & Telematics as a reference 7 areas of knowledge + 2 majors 25 Electronics 20 20 17 18 Computing Architecture 15 10 12 6 13 6 5 Telematic Engineering Signal processing 5 3 Materials science 0 Business management System engineering Communication networks Planning and management

! Structure Origin British American Non native Areas of knowledge Subject areas Sources Electronics CAT Telematics Signal proc. Materials Business Systems *Com. Networks *Plan & Management Electronic components Electromagnetic fields Business economy & manag. Analogue Electronics Digital electronics Photonics Computing fundamentals Control engineering Instrumentation Magazines Books Web Journals Abstracts Brochures Adverts News TIC Materials Projects Telec. planning & management Concurrent systems Digital electronic systems Distributed information systems Systems & circuits Systems & networks Communication software Telematics Information processing

! and terms Positive keywords given by WordSmith s tool (Scott, 2008): - Words whose frequency is unusually high in comparison to a general norm. - Words which are more probable to occur in telecommunications. - Words which usually provide a good account of the subject content. Keyword tool succeeds in identifying technical terms (Marín, 2014): - Even more accurate than other automatic term recognition methods (ATRM). - ranked 2 nd out of 10 ATRMs, identifying 85% true terms out the top 400 candidate terms automatically extracted.

! and terms Mastering terms is essential for successful communication: - A subject domain is not completely assimilated if the speaker is not familiar with its terminology. - A term entails a relative frequency > in technical than in general discourse BUT - It doesn t impose a high probability of occurrence in specialised texts. Low frequency terms Peerware 21, encryptor 6, unicasting 6, bootable1, axially 1 High frequency terms Satellite 1401, VoIP 580, OSI 636, router 3910 It is convenient to study first the most probable specialised lexical units that we may encounter independently of the degree of restriction to the discipline.

! and their distribution compared to LACELL (20 millions / general English) - Reference keyword list: 5834 keywords (p value= 0)

! and their distribution Freq. Freq. Lacell Key index E C.A T S N B S S.S S.T Network 16.649 1.686 41.784 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Data 14.613 2.787 31.852 - - - - - - - - 802 Systems 9.479 3.000 17.922 - - - - - - - - - IP 5.239 20 17.377 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Networks 5.832 463 16.182 - - 3 - - - - 801 802 System 12.624 8.707 15.204 - - - - - - - - - Protocol 4.742 139 14.831 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Design 7.701 3.313 14.725 1 2-4 - - - - - Router 3.910 25 13.677 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Wireless 4.083 171 12.237 - - - 4 - - - 801 802 Layer 4.425 569 12.117 - - - - - - - - 802 Mobile 4.341 526 11.974 - - - - - - - 801 - Input 4.347 709 11.914 1 2-4 - - - - - Internet 4.504 910 11.589 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Interface 3.526 207 11.454 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Bandwidth 3.119 20 11.439 - - - - - - - 801 802 Packet 3.577 251 11.299 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Circuit 3.932 525 10.804 1 2-4 - - - - - Access 5.999 2.696 10.690 - - 3 - - - - 801 802 Output 4.139 771 10.604 1 2-4 - - - - - Server 3.574 362 10.529 - - 3 - - - - - 802 Digital 3.595 488 9.868 1 - - 4 - - - 801 - Software 4.575 1.412 9.860-2 3 4 - - - - - Simulation 2.817 73 9.651 1 2-4 - - 7 - - Devices 3.430 476 9.557 1 - - - - - - - 802 Voltage 2.945 220 9.551 1 - - - - - - - - Optical 2.822 164 9.485 1 - - - 5 - - 801 - - No word is key in all sections - Top distribution value= 4 (simulation, components, graph, quantum) - 3509 keywords distribution= 1-487 keywords distribution= 2-67 keywords distribution= 3

! and their distribution Restricted keywords Areas Nº Examples Electronics 570 Photoconductor, polarity, wavefront Computing Architecture 223 Flops, microcontroller, caches Telematics 558 Buffered, OGSI, applets, repository Signal 357 Scintillation, bandpass, wavelets Materials 150 Nanofibres, foams, tantalum Business 200 Roamabout, teleworkers, globals Systems 238 Debugger, pipeline, invariant, controllers Sp. Signal 577 Layered, multiplexed, offline, WAP, GIS Sp. Telematics 636 Modems, hackers, payload, unicast

! in an individual lesson 1 st practical session of the subject System and Circuits, 1 st year of TSE and TE Practical 1: Basic instrumentation and passive components. The first practical is a brief introduction of the main laboratory instruments with which the student will have to work when performing the generation and measurement of a given electrical quantity. They have to become familiar with the use of the laboratory equipment. A brief description of their main functions and different modes of operation will be provided in this practical. The student must himself practise with the equipment to acquire the necessary skills in handling. Carefully read the contents of the practical before the laboratory session, both the descriptive part of each of the instruments and the exercises that are proposed to be carried out in the laboratory. This will lead to a better understanding of it and it will help to learn and achieve results in the practice session. (1091 types)

! in an individual lesson 1 st practical session of the subject System and Circuits, 1 st year of TSE and TE - 63 keywords (out of 1901 types) are found in the text: current, voltage, resistor, circuit, waveform, instrument, voltmeter, ohmmeter, sinusoidal, polymer, ripple, etc. - Current top frequency in the practical: 29 - Frequency in the whole corpus: 5064 - Frequency in Communication & Signal Theory: 753 - Patterns of current: 11 keywords from the practical co-occur with current. - Importance of mastering keywords: - occur frequently so there s ample opportunity to meet and use them. - Recurrent exposure to keywords contributes to consolidate knowledge.

! Exercises to train keywords Aspects involved in knowing a word: form, meaning and use (Nation, 2001) - Data-driven learning experiments presented by Boulton (20100) as a reference for vocabulary-focused activities. - Marín (2014) focuses on the morphological, syntactic, semantic and discursive levels and designs specific exercises: - Reflect on the process of word formation - Identify lexical and grammatical patterns associated with a particular term - Develop a written project

! Fruitful relationship between Corpus Linguistics & CLIL Language of learning = keywords - Related to the specific domain/terms; - Recurrent: worth studying; - Frequent: consolidate knowledge; - Useful for understanding the content subject.! BUT Language data need processing and human supervision - CLIL approach demands a strong collaboration between language teachers and content-subject teachers. Bilingual degrees entails a different approach and teaching methodology where there is little doubt for the adequacy and profitability of a specific corpus.