Prentice Hall Writing and Grammar, Handbook Edition, Grade 8, 2008 Grade 8 C O R R E L A T E D T O Alabama Course of Study for English Language Arts Grade 8
Eighth Grade Students in Grade 8 broaden their ability to combine prior knowledge with new information. They are given frequent opportunities to enhance skills in reading, writing, discussing, and giving oral reports. Students become more proficient in revising and editing as they master grammar and usage concepts. They also continue to develop the necessary self-confidence for meeting the expectations of high school. Students benefit when teachers in all subject areas coordinate instruction in a manner that allows them to see relationships among subject areas. This helps them become more cognizant of the need for good writing skills, not only in the area of English language arts, but also in all other subject areas. These experiences encourage students to become more adept in their communication skills. MINIMUM REQUIRED CONTENT Students will: Reading 1. Apply strategies, including making inferences to determine theme, confirming or refuting predictions, and using specific context clues, to comprehend eighth-grade recreational reading materials. Applying self-monitoring strategies for text Distinguishing fact from fiction to enhance Determining sequence in recreational reading materials 2. Evaluate the impact of setting, mood, and characterization on theme in specific literary selections. SE: Reading Methods and Tools, 529-534; Reading Literary Writings, 541-545; Developing Vocabulary, 507-510. SE: Using Reading Strategies, 531-532; Using Graphic Organizers, 533-534; Reading Literary Writings, 541-545; Reading From Varied Sources, 546-547. SE: Listening Critically, 492; Distinguishing Fact From Opinion, 536. Opportunities to address this objective may be found here: Viewing Information Media Critically, 497-498; Writing Supporting Sentences, 23. SE: Analyzing Text, 539-540; Reading Nonfiction Critically: 535-540; Reading Literary Writings: 541-545; Reading from Varied Sources: 546-547. SE: Student Work In Progress, 97-99. Identifying components of plot SE: Shaping Your Writing, 54. 3. Distinguish among the subcategories of poetry, such as ballads, lyric poems, epics, haiku, and limericks, based on their characteristics. Identifying rhythm and rhyme scheme 4. Apply strategies appropriate to type of reading material, including making inferences to determine bias or theme and using specific context clues, to comprehend eighth-grade informational and functional reading materials. SE: Reading Poetry, 543-544. SE: Opportunities to address this objective may be found here: Reading Poetry, 543-544. SE: Reading Nonfiction Critically, 535-540; Reading Comprehension, 570-576; Using Context, 508-509. 1
Applying self-monitoring strategies for text Comparing predicted with actual content in informational and functional reading materials Distinguishing fact from opinion in informational reading materials SE: Reading Methods and Tools, 529-534; Reading Nonfiction Critically, 535-540; Reading Literary Writings, 541-545; Reading From Varied Sources, 546-547. SE: Applying Forms of Reasoning, 538; Reading Nonfiction Critically: 535-540; Reading from Varied Sources: 546-547. SE: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion, 536. Opportunities to address this objective may be found here: Focusing and Proofreading, 14; Writing Supporting Sentences, 23; Listening Critically, 492-493. Confirming author s credentials SE: Reading Nonfiction Critically 535-540; Research, 151; Reading from Varied Sources, 546-547; Using the Internet, 562; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript: 604 Determining sequence of steps, events, or information Literature 5. Explain distinguishing characteristics of odes, ballads, epic poetry, historical documents, essays, letters to the editor, and editorials. 6. Analyze works of literature for character motivation, mood, tone, theme, similarities across texts, and literary devices. Writing and Language 7. Compose a business letter, including heading, inside address, salutation, body, closing, and signature. 8. Write in narrative, expository, and persuasive modes with attention to descriptive elements. Examples: descriptive elements sensory detail, figurative language, spatial relationships 9. Apply mechanics in writing, including using quotation marks, underlining, and italics to punctuate titles and using semicolons, conjunctive adverbs, and commas to join two independent clauses or to correct run-on sentences. SE: Analyzing Text, 539-540; Drafting, 136, 184; Revising, 138. Opportunities to address this objective may be found here: Drafting, 72. SE: Reading Poetry, 543-544; Response To Literature, 163. SE: Gathering Details, 168-169; Reading Literary Writing, 541-545. SE: Types of Responses to Literature, 163; Business Letters, 600. Opportunities to address this objective may be found here: Other Uses of Comma, 443; Using Colons, 448; Using Capitals For Titles of People, 479-482. SE: Short Story, 49; Description, 67; Persuasion, 83; Prewriting, 50-53, 68-71, 84-87; Drafting, 54-55, 72-73, 88-89; Revising, 56-60, 74-79, 90-94; Editing and Proofreading, 61, 80, 95; Publishing and Presenting, 62, 81, 96; Writing, 596-597. SE: Using Direct and Indirect Quotations, 450; Using Direct Quotations With Introductory, Concluding, and Interrupting Expressions, 451-452; Using Quotation Marks With Other Punctuation Marks, 453; Using Quotation Marks For Dialogue, 454; Using Underlining, Italics, and Quotation Marks, 455-457; Section Review, 357, 458; Grammar in Your Writing, 175; Correcting Run-ons, 345-346. 2
Demonstrating correct sentence structure by avoiding comma splices in writing Using commas to set off nonessential clauses and appositives in writing SE: Grammar in Your Writing, 188, 175; Conjunctions, 254-257; Section Review, 259; Using Commas With Compound Sentences, 436. SE: Using Commas With Parenthetical Expressions, 440; Using Comma With Nonessential Expressions, 441; Section Review, 445. 10. Use prepositional phrases and compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to vary sentence structure. Example: determining variety in sentence structure by diagramming or identifying patterns in selected sentences Using gerunds, infinitives, and participles in writing SE: Focusing on Prepositions, 127; Recognizing Prepositions, 246-247; Recognizing Prepositional Phrases, 248; Distinguishing Between Prepositions and Adverbs, 249-251; Classifying Sentences by Structure, 318-321; Section Review, 323; Grammar in Your Writing, 93, 175; Diagramming Clauses, 629-631. SE: Using Verbals and Verbal Phrases, 301-309; Section Review, 311. Recognizing active and passive voice in writing SE: What Are the Qualities of Good Writing?, 3; Identifying Active and Passive Voice, 376-379. Applying subject-verb agreement rules with collective nouns, nouns compound in form but singular in meaning, compound subjects joined by correlative and coordinating conjunctions, and subjects plural in form but singular in meaning 11. Write sentence patterns common to English construction. Examples: subject verb (S V) subject action verb direct object (S AV DO) subject action verb indirect object direct object (S AV IO DO) subject linking verb predicate nominative (S LV PN) subject linking verb predicate adjective (S LV PA) 12. Identify the correct use of degrees of comparison, adjectives and adverb forms, and subject-verb agreement with collective nouns when verb forms depend on the rest of the sentence and with compound subjects, including those joined by or with the second element as singular or plural. Recognizing parallelism in phrases and clauses Research and Inquiry SE: Subject and Verb Agreement, 400-406; Section Review, 199, 277, 407; Recognizing Collective Nouns, 195; Recognizing Compound Nouns, 196; Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs, 274. SE: The Basic Sentence, 266-268; Section Review, 269, 273, 283, 293, 407; Complete Subjects and Predicates, 270-272; Hard-To-Find Subjects, 278-282; Complements, 284-292; Subject and Verb Agreement, 400-406. SE: Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs, 274-275; Section Review, 277, 283, 369, 381; Hard-To-Find Subjects, 278-414; The Principal Parts of Verbs, 360-368; The Six Tenses of Verbs, 370-379; Troublesome Verbs, 382-386; Comparisons Using Adjectives and Adverbs, 416-423; Troublesome Modifiers, 426-428. SE: Revising Your Sentences, 77; Providing Elaboration, 89. 3
13. Combine all aspects of the research process to compose a report. Examples: outline, rough draft, editing, final copy, works-cited page Taking notes to gather and summarize information Using paraphrasing and documentation of sources to avoid plagiarism SE: What Is a Research Report?, 147; Prewriting, 148-151; Drafting, 152-153; Revising, 154-158; Editing and Proofreading, 159-160; Publishing and Presenting, 161; Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, 602-606. SE: Taking Notes, 551; Using Formal Speaking Skills, 488-490; Listening Effectively, 491. SE: Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, 602-604; Reading Poetry, 543-544; Focusing On Citations, 159-160. Oral and Visual Communication 14. Identify characteristics of spoken formal and informal language. Examples: formal Standard English, no slang informal dialect, slang SE: Speaking and Listening Skills, 487-493; Understanding the Influence of Other Languages and Cultures, 523; Using Formal and Informal English, 31. 4