Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011001 Analytical document Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians Language, 2011 Census of Population
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Statistics Canada Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians Language, 2011 Census of Population Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada Minister of Industry, 2012 All rights reserved. Use of this publication is governed by the Statistics Canada Open Licence Agreement (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/reference/copyright-droit-auteur-eng.htm). October 2012 Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011001 ISBN 978-1-100-21320-0 Frequency: Occasional Ottawa Cette publication est également offerte en français. Note of appreciation Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not be produced without their continued cooperation and goodwill. 1
Table of contents Highlights... 3 Part 1: Canada's linguistic diversity... 5 Nearly 6.6 million persons reported speaking a language other than English or French at home... 5 Population speaking Tagalog most often at home shows strongest growth between 2006 and 2011... 5 Immigrant languages in the six largest major census metropolitan areas... 6 Toronto: 1.8 million speak an immigrant language most often at home... 7 Montréal: Arabic and Spanish account for nearly one-third of people speaking an immigrant language at home... 7 Vancouver: Punjabi is the most frequently reported immigrant home language... 7 Calgary: Punjabi and Tagalog are the top immigrant home languages... 7 Edmonton: Tagalog and Punjabi are the most reported immigrant home languages... 7 Ottawa - Gatineau: Arabic and Spanish are the most frequently reported immigrant home languages... 8 Number of persons who reported speaking more than one language at home on the rise in Canada... 10 Two-thirds of the population speaking a non-official language at home did so in combination with English or French... 10 Part 2: Linguistic duality: English and French in Canadian society... 11 Mother tongue... 11 Proportion with English as a mother tongue remains unchanged... 12 Slight decrease in proportion reporting French as a mother tongue... 12 In Quebec: slight decrease for French mother tongue and slight increase for English mother tongue... 12 Outside Quebec: English, French and 'other' mother tongues remain stable... 12 Main home language... 13 Increased use of multiple languages at home... 14 In Quebec, increased reporting of French in combination with a language other than English at home... 15 Increased use of French at home among Quebecers with a mother tongue other than French or English... 16 In the Montréal CMA, the use of only French or English at home declines... 17 In Toronto and Vancouver, the use of only English at home shows steady decline... 19 English-French bilingualism in Canada... 20 Additional information... 22 Note to readers... 22 Acknowledgments... 22 2
Highlights Linguistic diversity More than 200 languages were reported in the 2011 Census of Population as a home language or mother tongue. The number of persons who reported speaking Tagalog, a Philippine-based language, most often at home increased the most (+64%) between 2006 and 2011. Nearly 279,000 persons reported speaking this language at home, compared with 170,000 in 2006. In 2011, 80% of the population who reported speaking an immigrant language (i.e., a language other than English, French or an Aboriginal language) most often at home lived in one of Canada's six largest census metropolitan areas. Use of multiple languages at home In 2011, 17.5% of the Canadian population, or 5.8 million persons, reported speaking at least two languages at home. In 2006, 14.2% did so (nearly 4.5 million persons). In 2011, 11.5% of the population reported speaking both English and a language other than French at home. The corresponding figure in 2006 was 9.1%. This is an increase of 960,000 persons, compared with about 410,000 between 2001 and 2006. Official languages While 20.6% of Canadians (6.8 million people) reported a mother tongue other than English or French, only 6.2% of Canadians spoke a language other than English or French as their sole home language. In 2011, 63.5% of the population whose mother tongue was neither English nor French reported speaking English at home. Nearly 7 million Canadians reported speaking French most often at home in 2011, compared with 6.7 million in 2006. However, they made up 21.0% of the Canadian population, compared with 21.4% five years earlier. In Quebec, the proportion of the population that reported speaking only French at home decreased from 75.1% to 72.8% between 2006 and 2011. In the rest of Canada, the proportion of the population that reported speaking only English at home declined from 77.1% to 74.1% between 2006 and 2011. In the Montréal census metropolitan area, the use of French as the only language spoken at home continued the decrease that began in 2001. The same was true for the sole use of English in the Toronto and Vancouver census metropolitan areas. English-French bilingualism Between 2006 and 2011, the number of persons who reported being able to conduct a conversation in both of Canada's official languages increased by nearly 350,000 to 5.8 million. The bilingualism rate of the Canadian population edged up from 17.4% in 2006 to 17.5% in 2011. This growth of English-French bilingualism in Canada was mainly due to the increased number of Quebecers who reported being able to conduct a conversation in English and French. 3
Box Comparability of language data between censuses of population For the first time in 2011, three language questions (knowledge of official languages, home language and mother tongue) were included on the census questionnaire that was administered to 100% of the population. Language data and analysis published for all censuses since 1996 have been based almost exclusively on responses from the long-form census questionnaire administered to 20% of the population. All trend analyses presented for this release, and its accompanying products, compare 2011 Census data to previous long-form census data. Evaluation of data on the knowledge of official languages and the first official language spoken indicates that these data are comparable to those of previous censuses. However, Statistics Canada has observed changes in patterns of response to both the mother tongue and home language questions that appear to have arisen from changes in the placement and context of the language questions on the 2011 Census questionnaire relative to previous censuses. As a result, Canadians appear to have been less inclined than in previous censuses to report languages other than English or French as their only mother tongue, and also more inclined to report multiple languages as their mother tongue and as the language used most often at home. It is not uncommon in survey research to observe changes in response patterns due to changes to a questionnaire and most particularly due to changes in the context in which the question is embedded. Data users are advised to exercise caution when evaluating trends related to mother tongue and home language that compare 2011 Census data to those of previous censuses. In the case of the mother tongue data, comparisons other than those done in the current analysis are possible depending on the needs of the user, given that mother tongue was asked on both the short and long-form questionnaires in previous censuses. Users should take into account the advantages as well as the limitations of each dataset. Readers will find a complete analysis of factors affecting comparability of language results between the censuses in the forthcoming publication, Methodological Document on the 2011 Census Language Data, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011051. The 2011 Census of Population included three questions on the linguistic characteristics of Canadians. The first of these questions was on the ability to conduct a conversation in either or both of Canada's two official languages. The second question asked about a) the language spoken most often at home and b) the languages spoken on a regular basis, other than those spoken most often at home. The third language question asked about mother tongue; that is, the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood at the time of the census. Several different concepts are used in this document. Each refers to a particular language aspect or practice. For definitions of these concepts, readers can refer to the Census Dictionary, Catalogue no. 98-301-X. 4
Part 1: Canada's linguistic diversity Canada's linguistic diversity is illustrated by the fact that more than 200 languages were reported as a home language or mother tongue in the 2011 Census of Population. Nearly 6.6 million persons reported speaking a language other than English or French at home In Canada, 4.7 million persons (14.2% of the population) reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home and 1.9 million persons (5.8%) reported speaking such a language on a regular basis as a second language (in addition to their main home language, English or French). 1 In all, 20.0% of Canada's population reported speaking a language other than English or French at home. For roughly 6.4 million persons, the other language was an immigrant language, 2 spoken most often or on a regular basis at home, alone or together with English or French whereas for more than 213,000 persons, the other language was an Aboriginal language. 3 Finally, the number of people reporting sign languages as the languages spoken at home was nearly 25,000 persons (15,000 most often and 9,800 on a regular basis). Population speaking Tagalog most often at home shows strongest growth between 2006 and 2011 The population that reported speaking the Philippine-based language Tagalog most often at home increased the most (+64%) between 2006 and 2011 (Figure 1). Thus, in 2011, nearly 279,000 persons reported speaking this language most often, compared to 170,000 five years earlier. Seven other language groups also saw their numbers grow by more than 30%: those speaking Mandarin (+51%), 4 Arabic (+47%), Hindi (+44%), Creoles (+42%), Bengali (+40%), Persian (+33%) and Spanish (+32%). The population reporting one of these seven languages as their main home language numbered more than 1.1 million in 2011, compared with more than 810,000 in 2006. Four languages shown in Figure 1 showed a slight decrease in the number of persons who reported speaking them most often at home during this period. Three of them, namely Italian, Polish and Greek are languages spoken mainly by early immigration groups and their descendants. The decrease in the number of people who reported 'Chinese' (n.o.s. not otherwise specified) mainly reflects the fact that more people tended to report a specific Chinese language such as Mandarin or Cantonese in 2011. 1. Nearly 148,000 persons reported speaking both a language other than English or French most often and a second language other than English or French on a regular basis at home. 2. The term 'immigrant languages' refers to languages (other than English, French and Aboriginal languages) whose presence in Canada is originally due to immigration. 3. The document entitled Aboriginal languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series, provides more detailed information on this subject. 4. For the first time, Chinese languages are being treated separately in a Census analytical document. For more information on this subject, see the document entitled Immigrant languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series. 5
Figure 1 Population growth (in percent) in number of persons who reported speaking one of the top 25 immigrant languages most often at home, Canada, 2006 to 2011 language spoken most often at home Tagalog Mandarin Arabic Hindi Creoles Bengali Persian Spanish Urdu Russian Gujarati Punjabi Tamil Romanian German Korean Ukrainian Serbian Portuguese Cantonese Vietnamese Greek Polish Italian Chinese, n.o.s. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 percentage increase, 2006 to 2011 Note: Chinese n.o.s. refers to persons who reported 'Chinese' without specifying further in the question on language spoken most often at home. For more information on this subject, see the document entitled Immigrant languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series. Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2011. Immigrant languages in the six largest major census metropolitan areas Roughly 9 in 10 Canadians who reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home reside in a census metropolitan area (CMA). Most of them (80%) lived in the major CMAs of Toronto, Montréal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa - Gatineau (Table 1). When persons living in the CMAs of Hamilton, Winnipeg and Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo are included, this proportion increased to 86%. 6
Toronto: 1.8 million speak an immigrant language most often at home The census counted roughly 1.8 million persons who reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home in Toronto. In fact, this population is two and a half times larger than the corresponding population in Vancouver, the second-ranking CMA in this regard. Among those speaking an immigrant language at home in Toronto, about one-third spoke one of five languages: Cantonese (8.8%), Punjabi (8.0%), Chinese (n.o.s.) 5 (7.0%), Urdu (5.9%) and Tamil (5.7%). Montréal: Arabic and Spanish account for nearly one-third of people speaking an immigrant language at home In Montréal, 626,000 people reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Of these, 17% spoke Arabic and 15% spoke Spanish. Among Canada's CMAs, Montréal had the largest population of speakers of these two languages (108,000 and 95,000 respectively). Other immigrant languages spoken most often at home include Italian (51,000), Chinese (n.o.s.) (35,000) and a Creole language (34,000). In all, these five languages accounted for more than 50% of persons speaking an immigrant language as their main home language. Vancouver: Punjabi is the most frequently reported immigrant home language In Vancouver, 712,000 people reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Of these, nearly 18% spoke Punjabi, Cantonese, Chinese (n.o.s.) or Mandarin had the next highest proportions of people who spoke an immigrant language most often at home. These three languages accounted for 40% of the population of Vancouver having an immigrant language as a main home language. Thus, Vancouver stands out from the other major CMAs in that the four leading immigrant home languages accounted for more than half (57.7%) of the overall population speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Calgary: Punjabi and Tagalog are the top immigrant home languages In the Calgary CMA, 228,000 people reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Of these, Punjabi (27,000 persons) and Tagalog (nearly 24,000) were the languages most often reported, followed by Chinese (n.o.s.) at nearly 21,000. Edmonton: Tagalog and Punjabi are the most reported immigrant home languages Although it had a smaller population speaking an immigrant language most often at home (166,000), Edmonton was fairly similar to Calgary in regards to the main immigrant languages that were spoken there. While the order of the languages differed, the five leading immigrant home languages were the same in the two CMAs. Punjabi, Tagalog, Chinese (n.o.s.), Spanish and Cantonese accounted for 47% of persons speaking an immigrant language in Calgary, compared with 45% in Edmonton. 5. Chinese (n.o.s.) refers to persons who reported 'Chinese' without further specifying in their response to the question on language spoken most often at home. For more information on this subject, see the document entitled Immigrant languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series. 7
Ottawa - Gatineau: Arabic and Spanish are the most frequently reported immigrant home languages In the Ottawa - Gatineau CMA, almost 141,000 persons reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. The vast majority of this population (87%) lived in the Ontario portion of the CMA and 13% (approximately 18,000 persons) lived in the Quebec portion. On the Ontario side, Arabic, Chinese (n.o.s.), Spanish and Mandarin were the leading immigrant home languages. On the Quebec side, Arabic once again led, followed by Spanish, Portuguese and Chinese (n.o.s.). For more information on this subject, readers may consult the document entitled Immigrant languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series. Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011 Toronto Language spoken most often Number Percentage Montréal Language spoken most often Number Percentage Cantonese 156,425 8.8 Arabic 107,910 17.2 Punjabi 142,345 8.0 Spanish 95,020 15.2 Chinese n.o.s. 124,960 7.0 Italian 50,500 8.1 Urdu 105,545 5.9 Chinese n.o.s. 35,440 5.7 Tamil 102,700 5.7 Creole 34,015 5.4 Tagalog 99,980 5.6 Greek 25,235 4.0 Spanish 94,315 5.3 Romanian 24,725 3.9 Mandarin 91,670 5.1 Vietnamese 22,375 3.6 Italian 81,390 4.6 Russian 20,335 3.2 Persian (Farsi) 69,570 3.9 Portuguese 17,995 2.9 Portuguese 65,810 3.7 Persian (Farsi) 15,530 2.5 Russian 64,700 3.6 Tamil 13,730 2.2 Other immigrant languages 587,590 32.9 Other immigrant languages 163,215 26.1 Total 1,786,995 100.0 Total 626,045 100.0 (continued on next page) 8
Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011 (continued) Vancouver Language spoken most often Number Percentage Calgary Language spoken most often Number Percentage Punjabi 126,100 17.7 Punjabi 27,435 12.1 Cantonese 113,610 16.0 Tagalog 23,710 10.4 Chinese n.o.s. 86,580 12.2 Chinese n.o.s. 20,835 9.2 Mandarin 83,825 11.8 Spanish 17,900 7.9 Tagalog 47,640 6.7 Cantonese 16,920 7.4 Korean 38,870 5.5 Urdu 12,320 5.4 Persian (Farsi) 28,970 4.1 Arabic 11,625 5.1 Spanish 22,505 3.2 Vietnamese 10,800 4.7 Hindi 18,355 2.6 Mandarin 9,900 4.4 Vietnamese 18,225 2.6 Korean 6,565 2.9 Russian 11,765 1.7 Russian 5,755 2.5 Japanese 9,920 1.4 Persian (Farsi) 5,495 2.4 Other immigrant languages 105,140 14.8 Other immigrant languages 58,255 25.6 Total 711,515 100.0 Total 227,515 100.0 Edmonton Language spoken most often Number Percentage Ottawa - Gatineau Language spoken most often Number Percentage Tagalog 19,645 11.8 Arabic 28,665 20.4 Punjabi 18,165 10.9 Spanish 11,325 8.1 Chinese n.o.s. 14,810 8.9 Chinese n.o.s. 10,490 7.5 Cantonese 11,260 6.8 Mandarin 6,205 4.4 Spanish 10,865 6.5 Somali 5,405 3.8 Arabic 9,755 5.9 Persian (Farsi) 5,225 3.7 Vietnamese 6,650 4.0 Vietnamese 5,210 3.7 Mandarin 6,425 3.9 Cantonese 4,790 3.4 Hindi 5,460 3.3 Russian 4,550 3.2 Urdu 5,460 3.3 Italian 4,110 2.9 Polish 5,205 3.1 Tagalog 3,735 2.7 German 3,770 2.3 Portuguese 3,570 2.5 Other immigrant languages 48,680 29.3 Other immigrant languages 47,395 33.7 Total 166,145 100.0 Total 140,675 100.0 Note: Chinese n.o.s. refers to persons who reported 'Chinese' without specifying further in the question on language spoken most often at home. For more information on this subject, see the document entitled Immigrant languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series. Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2011. 9
Number of persons who reported speaking more than one language at home on the rise in Canada In 2011, 17.5% of the population, or 5.8 million persons, reported speaking at least two languages at home in Canada. 6 In 2006, just under 4.5 million (14.2%) did so. Generally, the use of two languages at home is more widespread in provinces where a higher proportion of immigrants live or where there are areas of contact between Aboriginal and non-aboriginal groups or between Anglophones and Francophones. In Canada as a whole, Nunavut had the largest proportion reporting that they speak at least two languages at home with 47%, followed by Ontario with 21%. Two-thirds of the population speaking a non-official language at home did so in combination with English or French In 2011, among people who reported speaking a language other than English or French at home, 31.7% spoke that 'other' language exclusively (Table 2). That language was also spoken most often at home in combination with the use of English on a regular basis by more than 1.3 million people in Canada (19.8%). Conversely, English was reported as the language spoken most often at home by more than 2.5 million people who also spoke a language other than French at home on a regular basis. As for the use of French in combination with a language other than English, 286,000 persons (4.2%) reported speaking it most often, while nearly 144,000 (2.1%) reported speaking an 'other' language most often and French on a regular basis. Table 2 Size and percentage of the population that reported speaking a language other than English or French at home, alone or in combination with English or French, by type of use of these languages, Canada, 2011 Language(s) spoken at home Number Percentage A language 'other' than English or French only 1 2,145,250 32.4 An 'other' language most often with English spoken on a regular basis 1,342,860 20.3 An 'other' language most often with French spoken on a regular basis 143,990 2.2 English most often with or without an 'other' language than French (equally or on a regular basis) 2,515,935 37.9 French most often with or without an 'other' language than English (equally or on a regular basis) 276,740 4.2 Other combinations 2 205,620 3.1 Total 6,630,395 100.0 Notes: 1. The category 'Language other than English or French only' also includes persons speaking another language most often and those speaking it on a regular basis (less than 5% combined). 2. The category 'Other combinations' mainly comprises cases where three languages or more are spoken at home. Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2011. 6. See box entitled Comparability of language data between censuses of population and the forthcoming document entitled Methodological Document on the 2011 Census Language Data, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011051. 10
Part 2: Linguistic duality: English and French in Canadian society While Canada is increasingly diversified linguistically, its two official languages French and, to a greater extent, English exert a strong pull as languages of convergence and integration into Canadian society, especially as languages of work, education and the provision of government services to the public. Canada's linguistic duality is reflected in the fact that 98% of its population reported that it was able to conduct a conversation in either English or French. Similarly, either English or French are spoken at least on a regular basis at home in Canada by 94% of the population. These two languages are used most often at home by 89% of the population. The same situation was observed in the 2006 Census of Population. In 2011, French was the first official language spoken 7 of 7.7 million Canadians, or 23.2% of the population, while English was the first official language spoken of 24.8 million, or 75.0%. The rest of the population (1.8% or just under 600,000 Canadians) was essentially comprised of persons who could not conduct a conversation in either English or French. In 2011, English was the mother tongue of nearly 58% of the population of Canada (or 19.1 million persons), and French was that of nearly 22% (or 7.2 million persons). As for the language most often spoken at home, English was spoken by 66% of the population and French by 21%. 8 The two official languages exert an influence on the language(s) spoken at home. In 2011, while 20.6% of the population reported a mother tongue other than English or French, 9 most of them reported also speaking English or French at home. In fact, only 6.2% of the population reported speaking a language other than English or French as their only home language. Given that the language spoken most often at home is most likely to be passed on to children, the widespread use of English or French at home by parents influences the first language a child will learn at home. For example, in 2011, among children aged 17 and under with both parents having neither English nor French as their mother tongue, 37% had English (33%) or French (4%) as a mother tongue. 10 Mother tongue The change between 2006 and 2011 in the numbers and proportions of the English, French and 'other' mother tongue groups is affected by changes in the reporting patterns to the mother tongue question in 7. Since English and French are Canada's two official languages, 2011 Census data are used by the Canadian government to estimate the potential demand for government services in one or the other of these languages. Accordingly, the first official language spoken is derived successively from responses to the questions on knowledge of official languages, mother tongue and main home language. 8. By comparison, the largest language group in Canada after English and French is 'Chinese languages': 3.4% of the population of Canada reports a Chinese language as a mother tongue and 2.7% speaks one of these languages most often or on a regular basis at home. These proportions are even smaller if, among Chinese languages, the focus is on persons speaking, say, Mandarin or Cantonese. 9. Single responses only. 10. Alone or in combination with a non-official language. 'Children' refers to children aged 17 and under enumerated in couple families. 11
the 2011 Census. See the box entitled Comparability of language data between censuses of population in the Highlights section. 11 Proportion with English as a mother tongue remains unchanged The population reporting English as a mother tongue remained unchanged at 57.8% in 2011. The share of the population reporting a mother tongue other than English or French increased from 20.1% in 2006 to 20.6% in 2011 (Table 3). Slight decrease in proportion reporting French as a mother tongue The proportion of the population reporting French as a mother tongue in Canada declined between 2006 and 2011 from 22.1% to 21.7%. However, this decrease is smaller than what would have been expected given the volume and composition of international immigration during the period 2006 to 2011, in particular immigrants with a mother tongue other than English or French. In Quebec: slight decrease for French mother tongue and slight increase for English mother tongue In Quebec, 78.9% of the population reported having French as a mother tongue in 2011, compared with 79.6% in 2006. This decrease was smaller than what would have been expected, for the reasons already cited. 12 However, the population reporting English as a mother tongue grew by more than 40,000, going from 8.2% in 2006 to 8.3% in 2011, an increase due in part to an increase in the reporting of multiple languages responses in the 2011 Census. The proportion reporting a mother tongue other than English or French was 12.8% in 2011, compared with 12.3% in 2006. Outside Quebec: English, French and 'other' mother tongues remain stable Outside Quebec, the share of the population with English as mother tongue remained relatively unchanged, going from 73.3% in 2006 to 73.1% in 2011. The same is true for people who reported French as mother tongue. Their proportion was 4.0% in 2011, compared with 4.1% in 2006. Their number increased by 32,400 persons between 2006 and 2011, a result attributable in part to the increase in multiple responses. 13 Those reporting 'other' mother tongues represented 23% of the population living outside of Quebec in 2011, compared with 22.6% in 2006. 11. Readers can also refer to the forthcoming publication, Methodological Document on the 2011 Census Language Data, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011051. 12. An examination of how the different demographic components (births, deaths, international and interprovincial migration) evolved between 2006 and 2011 suggests that the proportion of the French-mother-tongue population in Quebec was expected to have decreased more in 2011. 13. In table 3, multiple responses to the question on 'first language learned at home in childhood and still understood at the time of the census' (mother tongue) were allocated equally among the 'French,' 'English' and 'Other' categories. An increase in multiple responses will thus have an impact on the numbers in these categories. 12
Table 3 Population by reported mother tongues, Canada, 2006 and 2011 Region Canada French 1 English Other Total Year number percentage number percentage number percentage number percentage 2006 6,892,230 22.1 18,055,685 57.8 6,293,110 20.1 31,241,030 100.0 2011 7,172,560 21.7 19,137,520 57.8 6,811,095 20.6 33,121,175 100.0 Quebec 2006 5,916,840 79.6 607,165 8.2 911,900 12.3 7,435,905 100.0 2011 6,164,745 78.9 647,655 8.3 1,003,545 12.8 7,815,955 100.0 Canada outside Quebec 2006 975,390 4.1 17,448,520 73.3 5,381,210 22.6 23,805,130 100.0 2011 1,007,815 4.0 18,489,860 73.1 5,807,550 23.0 25,305,220 100.0 Note: 1. Multiple responses to the question on 'first language learned at home in childhood and still understood at the time of the census' (mother tongue) were allocated equally among the French, English and Other categories. For more information on this subject, see the 2011 Census Dictionary, Catalogue no. 98-301-X. Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2011. Main home language While Table 3 shows that more than 19 million persons reported English as a mother tongue 14 in 2011, Table 4 shows that about 22 million reported speaking it most often at home. On the other hand, 6.8 million persons reported a mother tongue other than English or French and 4.2 million reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home. The same phenomenon applies to French: 7.2 million persons reported it as their mother tongue compared with less than 7 million who reported speaking French most often at home. These statistics show the influence of English in Canada. This is particularly illustrated in the propensity of persons with a mother tongue other than English or French, as well as a sizable share of the population with French as a mother tongue in Canada outside Quebec, to adopt English as their main home language. In Canada as a whole, more than 43% of the population with a mother tongue other than English or French reported speaking English most often at home in 2011. Similarly, outside Quebec, 43% of the population with French only as a mother tongue reported speaking English most often at home. 15 In 2011, 66.3% of the population reported speaking English most often at home compared with 66.7% in 2006 (Table 4). During the same period, the proportion of the population who reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home went from 11.9% to 12.6%. Nearly 7 million people reported speaking French most often at home in Canada in 2011, compared with 6.7 million in 2006. Between 2006 and 2011, their proportion within the population went from 21.4% to 21.0% (Table 4). This increase in their number and the reduction in their proportion were observed both in Quebec and in the rest of Canada. The document entitled French and the Francophonie in Canada, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011003, in the Census in Brief series, presents more detailed information on this subject. 14. Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood at the time of the census. 15. Alone or with another language. 13
Table 4 Language spoken most often at home, Canada, Quebec, Canada outside Quebec, 2006 and 2011 Region Canada French English Other Total Year number percentage number percentage number percentage number percentage 2006 6,690,130 21.4 20,840,560 66.7 3,710,330 11.9 31,241,030 100.0 2011 6,963,760 21.0 21,975,690 66.3 4,181,730 12.6 33,121,175 100.0 Quebec 2006 6,085,150 81.8 787,885 10.6 562,860 7.6 7,435,900 100.0 2011 6,344,795 81.2 834,950 10.7 636,220 8.1 7,815,955 100.0 Canada outside Quebec 2006 604,980 2.5 20,052,670 84.2 3,147,470 13.2 23,805,130 100.0 2011 618,965 2.4 21,140,735 83.5 3,545,515 14.0 25,305,220 100.0 Note: Multiple responses to the question on language spoken most often at home were allocated equally among the language groups. Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2006 and 2011. Increased use of multiple languages at home The redistribution of multiple responses (among the main language groups) to the census question on the language spoken most often at home (as shown in Table 4) provides a simplified picture of the predominant use of languages at home. Grouping the data in other ways especially a grouping that includes the main and secondary use of languages casts a different light on the changes observed between 2006 and 2011 (Table 5). 16 It also shows that the number and proportion of persons who reported speaking French or English at home in combination with another language increased more between 2006 and 2011 than during the previous five-year period. Between 2006 and 2011, the proportion of the population that reported speaking only French at home decreased from 19.1% to 18.2%, a decrease similar to the one observed for the period 2001 to 2006 (from 19.8% to 19.1%) (Table 5). Persons who reported speaking English only at home represented 58.0% of the population in 2011, down from 60.3% in 2006 and 61.6 % in 2001. The proportion of people who reported speaking only a language other than English or French at home remained stable at 6.5% between 2006 and 2011, while it had increased from 5.5% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2006. The population that reported speaking English or French in addition with an 'other' language, showed a larger increase between 2006 and 2011 than between 2001 and 2006. While 9.1% of the population 16. The grouping provided in Table 5 reflects the fact that there was a strong increase in multiple responses of the type 'English-other' and 'French-other' as languages spoken equally most often at home between 2006 and 2011, and of responses of the type 'English most often and other on a regular basis.' Moreover, data from the 2001 and 2006 Census show that in Quebec, the presence of English or French at home is a very good indicator of the use of these languages in the workplace, no matter the frequency of use. For example, in 2006, 80% of people with a mother tongue other than English or French who worked in the Montréal census metropolitan area (CMA) used mostly French at work whether (a) French is the only language spoken at home; (b) French is spoken most often at home in combination with a language other than English spoken regularly; or (c) a language other than English or French is spoken most often at home in combination with French spoken regularly as a secondary language. The same phenomenon is observed with regards to English, although with a proportion of 70%. 14
reported using English and a language other than French at home in 2006, this proportion was 11.5% in 2011, representing an increase of 960,000 persons. Between 2001 and 2006, the increase had been approximately 410,000. 17 Table 5 Language(s) spoken at home, Canada, 2001, 2006 and 2011 Language(s) spoken at home 2001 2006 2011 number percentage number percentage number percentage French only 5,861,135 19.8 5,953,155 19.1 6,043,305 18.2 English only 18,267,825 61.6 18,853,915 60.3 19,224,945 58.0 Other only 1,693,120 5.7 2,045,080 6.5 2,145,250 6.5 French and other 1 220,290 0.7 298,245 1.0 417,990 1.3 English and other 2 2,447,675 8.3 2,857,455 9.1 3,816,980 11.5 English and French 3 1,015,920 3.4 1,090,325 3.5 1,222,530 3.7 Other combinations 133,080 0.4 142,840 0.5 250,175 0.8 Total 29,639,045 100.0 31,241,015 100.0 33,121,175 100.0 Notes: 1. Includes responses 'French and other' equally, 'French most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and French on a regular basis.' 2. Includes responses 'English and other' equally, 'English most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and English on a regular basis.' 3. Includes responses 'English and French' equally, 'French most often and English on a regular basis' and 'English most often and French on a regular basis.' Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2001, 2006 and 2011. In Quebec, increased reporting of French in combination with a language other than English at home As in Canada as a whole, there was an increase in the number of Quebecers who reported speaking more than one language at home. The group that reported speaking French and a language other than English showed the largest gain, increasing from 3.8% in 2006 to 5.0% in 2011 of the Quebec population. Between 2001 and 2006, the share of this group had gone from 2.9% to 3.8% (Table 6). In Quebec, the proportion of the population that reported speaking only French at home declined from 75.1% to 72.8% between 2006 and 2011. This decrease is quite similar to the one recorded between 2001 and 2006. The proportion of the Quebec population that reported speaking only English declined from 6.6% to 6.2% between 2006 and 2011, whereas it had changed little between 2001 and 2006. The proportion of the population that reported speaking only a language other than English or French remained unchanged at 4% between 2006 and 2011, whereas it had increased slightly between 2001 and 2006. 17. The greater propensity to report more than one mother tongue or home language in the 2011 Census as compared with the 2006 Census is one of the main factors affecting comparability between these two censuses. See box entitled Comparability of language data between censuses of population and the forthcoming document entitled Methodological Document on the 2011 Census Language Data, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011051. 15
There were also increases in the group that reported speaking English and a language other than French at home and the group that reported speaking French and English. In 2011 nearly 600,000 persons reported speaking both French and English at home, representing 7.6% of the Quebec population. In 2006, that proportion was 7.1%. 18 Table 6 Language(s) spoken at home, Quebec, 2001, 2006 and 2011 Language(s) spoken at home 2001 2006 2011 number percentage number percentage number percentage French only 5,484,280 77.0 5,583,220 75.1 5,687,005 72.8 English only 480,040 6.7 490,840 6.6 481,675 6.2 Other only 245,090 3.4 296,255 4.0 309,895 4.0 French and other 1 204,780 2.9 280,550 3.8 389,100 5.0 English and other 2 163,470 2.3 182,735 2.5 220,655 2.8 English and French 3 477,960 6.7 525,145 7.1 597,700 7.6 Other combinations 69,980 1.0 77,165 1.0 129,915 1.7 Total 7,125,600 100.0 7,435,910 100.0 7,815,945 100.0 Notes: 1. Includes responses 'French and other' equally, 'French most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and French on a regular basis.' 2. Includes responses 'English and other' equally, 'English most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and English on a regular basis.' 3. Includes responses 'French and English' equally, 'French most often and English on a regular basis' and 'English most often and French on a regular basis.' Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2001, 2006 and 2011. Increased use of French at home among Quebecers with a mother tongue other than French or English In Quebec, the proportion of the population with a mother tongue 'other' than French or English that reported speaking only an 'other' language at home has declined since 2001 (Figure 2), from 32.8% in 2001 to 32.1% in 2006 and then to 30.5% in 2011. During the same period, the proportion of the population that reported speaking French most often at home (alone or in combination with a language other than English) increased successively from 20.4% to 22.9% and then to 24.1%. Similarly, the number of persons who reported speaking French regularly as a second home language (alone or in combination with a language other than English) increased from 14.3% in 2001 to 15.7% in 2006 and 15.9% in 2011. The share of the Quebec population whose mother tongue was neither English nor French and who reported speaking English most often at home (alone or in combination with a language other than French) in 2011 was 19.7%, compared with 20.3% in 2006 and 22.1% in 2001. Those who reported speaking English on a regular basis as a second language in the home represented 10.2% of that population in 2011, compared with 11.3% in 2006 and 11.9% in 2001. Finally, during the same period, the 18. The greater propensity to report more than one mother tongue or home language in the 2011 Census as compared with the 2006 Census is one of the main factors affecting comparability between these two censuses. See box entitled Comparability of language data between censuses of population and the forthcoming document entitled Methodological Document on the 2011 Census Language Data, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011051. 16
proportion of those who reported speaking English and French equally most often at home went from 1.9% in 2001, to 1.5% in 2006 and 2.5% in 2011. These two languages were also spoken equally on a regular basis (in addition to an 'other' language spoken most often) by 2.9% of this population in 2011 compared with 2.3% in 2006 and 2.7% in 2001. Figure 2 Proportion of the population with a mother tongue other than English or French by languages spoken at home, 2001, 2006 and 2011 % 40 35 30 15.7 15.9 25 11.9 14.3 11.3 10.2 20 15 32.8 32.1 30.5 10 22.1 20.4 20.3 22.9 19.7 24.1 5 0 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 2001 2006 2011 2.9 2.5 'Other' language only English, most often English, on a regular basis (secondary language) French, most often French, on a regular basis (secondary language) English and French, most often English and French, on a regular basis Notes: While 30.5% of the population with a mother tongue other than French or English in Quebec spoke neither French nor English at home in 2011, 65.0% of that population spoke another language most often, alone or in combination with French or English. Only single responses to mother tongue are considered, whereas all responses (single and multiple) are considered for home languages. The category 'English' also includes the category 'English and other,' the category 'French' also includes the category 'French and other' whereas the category 'English and French' also includes the category 'English-French and other.' Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2001, 2006 and 2011. In the Montréal CMA, the use of only French or English at home declines In the Montréal census metropolitan area, the share of the population reporting that it spoke only French at home continued the decline that began in 2001. Whereas this proportion was 62.4% in 2001 and 59.8% in 2006, it was 56.5% in 2011 (Table 7). 19 19. The 2001 and 2006 Census data for the census metropolitan areas are based on the 2011 geographic boundaries. 17
As for the population reporting that it spoke only English at home, its relative share dropped from 10.8% to 9.9% between 2006 and 2011, while the population that reported speaking only a language other than French or English remained unchanged at 7% during this period. However, the proportion of the Montréal population that reported speaking French in combination with a language other than English at home grew. In 2001 and 2006, 5.2% and 6.7% respectively of the Montréal population had reported doing so. In 2011, this was the case with 8.7% of the population. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of persons reporting this language behaviour went from 239,000 to more than 329,000. 20 Table 7 Language(s) spoken at home, Montréal census metropolitan area (CMA), 2001, 2006 and 2011 Montréal CMA Language(s) spoken at 2001 2006 2011 home number percentage number percentage number percentage French only 2,126,265 62.4 2,147,705 59.8 2,140,840 56.5 English only 376,785 11.1 388,640 10.8 375,370 9.9 Other only 214,515 6.3 251,690 7.0 265,070 7.0 French and other 1 175,840 5.2 239,425 6.7 329,210 8.7 English and other 2 149,590 4.4 163,945 4.6 198,090 5.2 English and French 3 298,180 8.8 327,170 9.1 361,535 9.5 Other combinations 4 63,820 1.9 69,950 1.9 115,800 3.1 Total 3,405,000 100.0 3,588,520 100.0 3,785,915 100.0 Notes: 1. Includes responses 'French and other' equally, 'French most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and French on a regular basis.' 2. Includes responses 'English and other' equally, 'English most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and English on a regular basis.' 3. Includes responses 'French and English' equally, 'French most often and English on a regular basis' and 'English most often and French on a regular basis.' 4. More than 80% of this category comprises cases of 'trilingualism' including 'French, English and another language.' Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2001, 2006 and 2011. 20. The largest increase in this regard was among persons who, as their language most often spoken, reported speaking French and a language other than English equally. The size of this population went from 43,500 to nearly 80,500 between 2006 and 2011. 18
In Toronto and Vancouver, the use of only English at home shows steady decline In the Toronto and Vancouver metropolitan areas, the proportion of the population that reported speaking only English at home continued the decline recorded between 2001 and 2006 (Tables 8 and 9). In Toronto, 55.0% of the population reported speaking only English at home in 2011, compared with 59.1% in 2006 and 62.5% in 2001. In Vancouver, the corresponding proportions were 58.0%, 62.0% and 65.3%. Whereas the population that reported speaking only a language other than English or French at home had grown between 2001 and 2006, these proportions declined in 2011 (14.3% in Toronto and 15.4% in Vancouver). This decrease in the use of 'English only' or the use of an 'other' language only was offset by a sizable increase in the number of persons reporting speaking both English and an 'other' language at home. The increase was especially marked in the number reporting that they spoke both English and an 'other' language equally. In Toronto, 20.7% in 2001 and 23.0% in 2006 of the population had reported such language behaviour. That proportion was 27.6% in 2011. In Vancouver, these proportions were 17.8%, 19.7% and 24.0% respectively. 21 Table 8 Language(s) spoken at home, Toronto census metropolitan area (CMA), 2001, 2006 and 2011 Toronto CMA Language(s) spoken at 2001 2006 2011 home number percentage number percentage number percentage French only 9,875 0.2 11,040 0.2 10,560 0.2 English only 2,902,975 62.5 2,996,010 59.1 3,045,505 55.0 Other only 693,025 14.9 812,160 16.0 835,120 15.1 French and other 1 4,570 0.1 5,225 0.1 7,980 0.1 English and other 2 962,630 20.7 1,167,170 23.0 1,530,670 27.6 English and French 3 49,545 1.1 54,340 1.1 64,800 1.2 Other combinations 4 25,340 0.5 26,130 0.5 47,245 0.9 Total 4,647,955 100.0 5,072,075 100.0 5,541,880 100.0 Notes: 1. Includes responses 'French and other' equally, 'French most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and French on a regular basis.' 2. Includes responses 'English and other' equally, 'English most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and English on a regular basis.' 3. Includes responses 'English and French' equally, 'French most often and English on a regular basis' and 'English most often and French on a regular basis.' 4. A very large proportion of this category comprises persons speaking at least two non-official languages with or without English or French. Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2001, 2006 and 2011. 21. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of persons in Toronto who, as their language most often spoken at home, reported speaking English and a language other than French equally went from 173,340 to 368,475. In Vancouver, the number went from 59,415 to 124,250 during the same period. 19
Table 9 Language(s) spoken at home, Vancouver census metropolitan area (CMA), 2001, 2006 and 2011 Vancouver CMA Language(s) spoken at 2001 2006 2011 home number percentage number percentage number percentage French only 3,325 0.2 3,555 0.2 3,415 0.1 English only 1,285,000 65.3 1,300,620 62.0 1,328,780 58.0 Other only 299,340 15.2 349,405 16.7 369,350 16.1 French and other 1 1,495 0.1 1,155 0.1 1,670 0.1 English and other 2 350,500 17.8 413,715 19.7 549,950 24.0 English and French 3 18,960 1.0 20,770 1.0 23,950 1.0 Other combinations 4 8,855 0.5 8,750 0.4 15,005 0.7 Total 1,967,475 100.0 2,097,970 100.0 2,292,120 100.0 Notes: 1. Includes responses 'French and other' equally, 'French most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and French on a regular basis.' 2. Includes responses 'English and other' equally, 'English most often and other on a regular basis' and 'other most often and English on a regular basis.' 3. Includes responses 'English and French' equally, 'French most often and English on a regular basis' and 'English most often and French on a regular basis.' 4. A very large proportion of this category comprises persons speaking at least two non-official languages with or without English or French. Sources: Statistics Canada, censuses of population, 2001, 2006 and 2011. English-French bilingualism in Canada Between 2006 and 2011, the number of persons who reported that they were able to conduct a conversation in both of Canada's official languages increased by 350,000 to 5.8 million. The English-French bilingualism rate within the overall population went from 17.4% to 17.5%. The growth of English-French bilingualism in Canada was mainly due to the increased number of Quebecers reporting that they were able to conduct a conversation in French and English. Quebec accounted for 90% of the net increase in the number of bilingual persons between 2006 and 2011. In fact, 71% of the net increase in English-French bilingualism in Canada is attributable to the population with French as a mother tongue 22 in Quebec, in particular to the population aged 15 to 49. In Quebec, the English-French bilingualism rate increased from 40.6% in 2006 to 42.6% in 2011. In the other provinces, bilingualism declined slightly. The largest decreases were recorded in Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia, where in each case, the bilingualism rate decreased by half a percentage point. 23 22. With equal redistribution of multiple responses for mother tongue. 23. See Highlight tables, Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011002, for more data on English-French bilingualism. 20