Linguistic Theory and Complex Words

Linguistic Theory and Complex Words

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Linguistic Theory and Complex Words Nuuchahnulth Word Formation John Stonham University of Newcastle upon Tyne palgrave macmiilan

* john Stonham 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2004 978-1-4039-0348-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, NewYork, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-50878-5 DOl I 0.1057/9780230505551 ISBN 978-0-230-50555-1 (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stonham, john T. Linguistic theory and complex words: Nuuchahnulth word formation I john Stonham. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-50878-5 1. Nootka language--word formation. 2. Nootka language -Morphology. 3. Wakashan languages-morphology. 4. Grammar, Comparative and general-word formation. 5. Grammar, Comparative and general-morphology. I. Title. PM2031.576 2004 497'.9555-dc22 2004053934 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 OS 04

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Contents Tables ix Figures? Abbreviations A cknowledgements 1 2 3 4 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the Book 1.2 Sources 1.3 Organisation 1.4 Nuuchahnulth and Wakashan 1.5 Nuuchahnulth Dialect Research 1.6 Previous Literature 1.7 Transcription System 1.8 On the Term 'Nuuchahnulth' 1.9 Coverage Some Phonological Preliminaries 2.1 Consonants 2.2 Vowels 2.3 The Structure of the Syllable 2.4 Stress 2.5 Phonological Processes Word Structure and Categories 3.1 On the Concept of 'Root' 3.2 The Structure of Morphemes 3.3 Stems 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Bound Verbs Numbers Names Word Categories Summary Suffixation 4.1 Inflection versus Derivation 4.2 Paradigmatic Inflection 4.3 Non-Paradigmatic Inflection 4.4 Aspect XI xii 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 11 13 13 14 14 15 16 32 32 35 45 46 52 53 54 63 64 64 66 82 106 Vll

viii Contents 4.5 Derivation 109 4.6 Summary 119 5 Reduplication and Infixation 121 5.1 Reduplication 121 5.2 Infixation 139 5.3 Summary 143 6 Stratal Segregation in the Nuuchahnulth Lexicon 144 6.1 Derivation/Aspect vs. Inflection 145 6.2 Arguments for Stratal Separation 147 6.3 Double Reduplication in Southern Wakashan 162 6.4 Mono- versus Multi-Stratal OT 172 6.5 Conclusions 176 7 Templatic Morphology 178 7.1 Reduplication and Templatic Morphology 178 7.2 Fixed Segmentism 185 7.3 Infixation and Templatic Morphology 192 7.4 Hypocoristic Formation 195 7.5 Vowel Length Patterns 205 7.6 Abnormal Speech 206 7.7 A Final Word about Foot-based Templates 208 8 Morphosyntax 210 8.1 Clitics 210 8.2 Incorporation 213 8.3 Compounding 234 8.4 Classifiers 246 8.5 Inflection as Clisis 258 9 Conclusion 272 9.1 Review 272 9.2 Theoretical Issues 273 Appendix 277 Notes 279 Bibliography 285 Index 293

Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 Table 4.11 Table 4.12 Table 4.13 Table 4.14 Table 4.15 Table 4.16 Table 4.17 Table 4.18 Table 4.19 Table 8.1 Table 8.2 IPA equivalents Idiosyncratic Symbols Consonant Inventory Vowels Glottalisation Lenition Quality Coalescence Quantity Coalescence Distribution of Roots Word Class Properties Indicative Paradigm Absolutive Paradigm Quotative Paradigm Interrogative Paradigm Purposive Paradigm Dubitative Paradigm Inferential Paradigm Conditional Paradigm Relative Mood Paradigms Subordinate Paradigms Indefinite Relative Paradigms Relative Dubitative Paradigm Present Imperative Paradigm Future Imperative Paradigm 'Come' Imperative Paradigm 'Go' Imperative Paradigm Use of - 'at Order of Inflectional Suffixes Aspectual Categories Lexical vs. Syntactic Incorporation Noun-Noun Collocations in Nuuchahnulth 8 9 13 14 18 20 22 22 37 57 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 90 105 107 233 245-6 IX

Figures Figure 1.1 Map of the Southern Wakashan Groups 6 Figure 1.2 Example Format 9 x

Abbreviations # lp. Is. 2sg. 3s. ABS Alv.. MW CAUS CND CVcdup CVXdup CVtdup DEF DIM DIST DUB DUP DUR O FUT gl. GRD.CAUS HYP.FUT IMPER INAL INC DSfD INDF.REL INF word boundary first person plural first person singular second person singular third person singular absolutive alveolar contemporaneous/ 'meanwhile' causative conditional reduplication with -c-infix reduplication with -X-infix reduplication with -t-infix definite diminutive distributive dubitative reduplication durative foot future glottal(ised) graduative causative hypothetical future imperative inalienable possession inceptive indicative indefinite relative inferential INTENT INTER IRR ITER L lab. LOC M/MOM m.n. MC NOM NOW PASS PAST PL pin. POSS PURP QT RC REF REL intentive future interrogative irrealis iterative long vowel labial(ised) locative momentaneous aspect man's name momentaneous causative nominaliser temporal passive/switch reference past tense plural place name possessive purposive quotative relative clause referential stem relative REL.DUB relative dubitative REP RL rnd a son SUB SUF TRANS V VOC w.n. repetitive aspect reduplication w/length round syllable sonorant subordinate suffix-triggered reduplication transitive variable length vowel vocative woman's name XI

Acknowledgements Many people have contributed to this work, either directly or indirectly, and it would be impossible to acknowledge everyone here. I hope I'll be forgiven if I do not name them all, but there are several acknowledgements that I must make because they stand out as special contributions to this work. First of all, I would like to acknowledge the extensive support given to me by the Arts and Humanities Research Board through a research grant, no. B/RG/AN7953/APN12323 to investigate the Nuuchahnulth language and, before this, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council research grant No. HKU 7183/97H to develop a 'Textual Database of Nootka'. Without the support of these funding bodies, this work would have taken substantially longer to complete. Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the support that I have received from the University of Newcastle and, in particular, the School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics. This made it possible for me to have the research leave that has proven crucial to the completion of this monograph. Winnie S.M. Yiu has been working on both the above-named research projects since the beginning and is responsible for much of the inputting, analysis, and translation of the Nuuchahnulth texts associated with the project. She has also been a colleague and co-author of a number of research papers cited here. Ben Braithwaite and Ben Thorp, members of the Nuuchahnulth project, have read previous versions of this manuscript and provided useful insights and comments on it. Many Nuuchahnulth people, past and present, have generously shared their knowledge of their language and this work, and many others, would have been impossible without their contribution. Jill Lake, Commissioning Editor for Palgrave, read through the entire manuscript, catching a number of potential gaffs and confusing wordings and made this a far more polished document. If many people have contributed to this work, one person in particular has had a significant influence on both the final form and content of this monograph: Eun-Sook Kim. She read over the entire manuscript and xn

Acknowledgements xiii commented on everything,fromthe accuracy of the data, to the style, to the theoretical substance. This work has benefited much from her involvement. Any errors herein are my own responsibility and due, no doubt, to my own stubborn resistance to valuable comments.