TAl L ltu L.UVEM THI TOEFL The Heinle & Heinle $ est Assistant r a m m a G U Y E N : l ie u M ilad a Broukal Dich va chu giai LE HUY LAM frinh QUANG THANH NHAXUATBANTHANHPHOHOCHf MINH
TAl LIEU THI TOEFL The Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant : Grammar Ngvt phap Mjlada Broukal Glendale Community College Djch va chu g iai Le Huy Lam Trinh Quang Thanh NHA XUAT BAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
Contents SECTION A TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND C4c Loai Cau H6i Ve Cau True va loi 9 WRJTTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS Trong Van Viet C H A P T E R 1 Nouns Danh t ( 10 1. Introduction : The Brain Gidi Thieu : Bq Nao 10 2. Grammar : Singular and Plural Nouns MguT Ph3p : Danh TO So It Va So Nhieu 11 A. Quantifiers TO Djnh Li/ong 12 B. Compound Nouns Danh TO Kep 13 C. Numbers Con So 14 3. On the T O EFL lest Trong Bdi Thi TOEFL IS 4. Exercises on Nouns Bai Tap ve Danh t / 16 C H A P T E R 2 Pronouns Dai TO 18 1. Introduction : Penguins Gidi Thieu : Chim c nh cut 18 2. Grammar : Pronouns NgCf Phap : Dai ti/ IV A. Subject Pronouns Dai TO Chu Nguf 20 B. Object Pronouns Dai TO Tuc Ti/ 20 C. Possessive Adjectives Tinh TO Sd HOfu 21 D Possessive Pronouns Dai TO So Hi/u 22 E. Reflexive Pronouns Dai TO Phan Than 22 F. Relative Pronouns Dai TO Quan He 23 3. On the TOF.FI. Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 24 4 Exercises on Pronouns Bai Tap Ve Dai Ti/ 2S C H A P T E R 3 Parts of a Sentence Cac Thanh Phan cua Cau 27 1. Introduction : Phillis Wheatley Gidi Thieu : Phillis Wheatley 27 2. Grammar : Parts of a Sentence Ngur Phap : Cac Thanh Phan Cua Cau 28 A. Subject and Verb Chu Nguf va Dpng Ti/ 29 B. Subject and Verb Agreement SU Phil Hop Giufa Chu Ngtir va Dong TO 30 C. Il and There It va There 32 3. On the TOEFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 33 4 Exercises on Parts of a Sentence Bai Tap ve Cac Thanh Phan cua Cau 34 C H A P T E R 4 Verbs Dpng ti/ 36 1 Introduction : The Olympics Gidi Thieu : The Van Hoi Olympic 36 2. Grammar : Verbs Ngur Phap : Dong ti/ 37 A. Tenses Thi 37 B Modals Dong TO Tinh Thai 41 C Passive Voice The Thu Dong 43 I) C.erunds Danh Dpng Ti/ 44 E. Infinitives Nguyen The 46 3. On the TO EFI Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 48 4 Exercises on Verbs Bai Tap ve Dong TO 49 2 - H & H TOEFL GRAM M AR
C H A P T E R 5 Prepositions Gidi TO 51 1 Introduction : Mount St. Helens Gidi Thieu : Nui St. Helens 51 2. Grammar : Prepositions Ngul Phap : Gidi Ti/ 52 A Verb + Preposition Dong TO + Gidi TO 53 B. Adjective/Participle + Preposition Tinh TO/Phan TO + Gidi TO 53 C. Noun + Preposition Danh TO + Gidi TO 54 D Other Combinations NhCfng Ket Hop Khac Vdi Gidi TO 55 with Prepositions E. Prepositions of Time and Place Gidi TO ve Thdi Gian va Noi Chon 55 F. Prepositions in Common Gidi Ti/ Trong Cac Thanh Nguf ThUdng 56 Expressions Gap 3. On the T O EFL Test Trong B<ii Thi TOEFL 57 4 Fxercises on Prepositions Bai Tap ve Gidi TO 58 C H A P T E R 6 Articles Mao TO 60 1. Introduction : Islands Gidi Thifu : C3c QuAn Dao 60 2. Grammar : Articles Nguf Phap : Mao TO 61 A. The Indefinite Article A or An Mao TO Bat Dinh A Hoac An 61 B. The Definite Article The Mcjo TO Xac Dinh The 62 3. On the T O E FL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 65 4. Exercises on Articles Bai Tap Ve Mao TO 67 C H A P T E R 7 Noun Clauses M fnh De Danh TO 68 1. Introduction : Michael Faraday Gidi Thieu : Michael Faraday 68 2. Grammar : Noun Clauses Nguf Phap : Menh De Danh TO 69 A. Noun Clauses Beginning with a Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang TO 70 Question Word Nghi Van R. Noun Clauses Beginning with Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang Whether 71 Whether or If Hoac If C. Noun Clauses Beginning with That Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang That 71 3. On the T O E FL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 72 4. Exercises on Noun Clauses Bai Tap ve Menh De Danh TO 73 C H A P T E R 8 Adjective Clauses M fnh De Tinh TO 75 1. Introduction : American Indian Gidi Thieu : Cac Tin Hieu Bang Khoi cua 75 Smoke Signals Tho Dan Chau My 2. Grammar : Adjective Clauses Ngrt Phap : Menh De Tinh TO 76 A. Identifying Adjective Clauses Nhan Dang Menh De Tinh TO 76 B. Omission of the Relative Pronoun Su li/0c Bo Dai TO Quan He 77 C. Prepositions that Come Before Gidi TO Dtfng Tri/dc Menh De Tinh TO 78 Adjective Clauses D. Reduced Adjective Clauses Menh Dd Tinh TO Gian Li/oc 79 3. On the T O EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 80 4 1'xercises on Adjective Clauses Bai Tap ve Menh De Tinh TO 81 H & H TOEFL G RA M M A R - 3
C H A P T E R 9 Adverb Clauses M Jnh D«! Trang Tif 83 1. Introduction : Distant Galaxies Gidi Thieu : CAc Ngan HA Xa XAm 83 2. Grammar : Adverb Clauses NgCJ PhAp : Menh De Trang Ti/ 84 A. Adverb Clause Markers C3c Ti/ B^t Dau Menh De Trang Ti/ 84 B. Reduced Adverb Clauses M^nh De Trang Ti/ Gian LJOc 86 C. Prepositional Expressions Cac ThAnh Ngtf Gidi Ti/ 87 3. On the T O EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 88 4. Exercises on Adverb Clauses Bai Ta p Ve Menh De Trang Ti/ 89 C H A P T E R 10 Prepositional Phrases Cum Gidi Tfr 91 1. Introduction : Land Art Gidi Thieu : Nghe Thuat Tao Hinh Dua Theo Dja Hinh 2. Grammar : Prepositional Phrases Nguf PhAp : Cym Gidi Ti/ 92 3. On the T O EFL Test Trong BAi Thi TOEFL 95 4. Exercises on Prepositional Phrases BAi Ta p Ve Cgm Gidi Ti/ 95 C H A P T E R 11 Comparatives and Superlatives So Sanh TuOng Doi Va So Sanh Tuyet Doi 1. Introduction : Violins Gidi Thieu : VT cam 97 2. Grammar : Comparatives and Ngtf Phap : So SAnh Ttfong Doi va 98 Superlatives So SAnh Tuyet Doi A. The Comparative and Superlative So Sanh Ttfong Doi va So SAnh Tuyet 98 of Adjectives Doi cua Tinh Ti/ B. The Comparative and Superlative So Sanh Ttfong Doi va So SAnh Tuyet 100 of Adverbs Doi cua Trang Ti/ C. Other Forms of the Comparative Cac Dang So Sanh Ttfong Doi Khac 101 3. On the T O EFL Test Trong BAi Thi TOEFL 102 4. Exercises on Comparatives and Bai Tap Ve So SAnh Ttfong Doi va So Sanh 102 Superlatives Tuyet Doi C H A P T E R 12 Conjunctions Lien Tif 104 1. Introduction : The Soya Bean's Gidi Thieu : CAc L/ng Dung Trong Cong 104 Industrial Uses Nghiep cua Dau NAnh 2. Grammar : Conjunctions Ngtf PhAp : Lien Ti/ 105 A. Coordinating Conjunctions Lien Ti/ Ket Hop 105 B. Correlative Conjunctions Lien Ti/ Ttfong Lien 106 3. On the T O E FL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 108 4. Exercises on Conjunctions BAi Tap ve Lien Ti/ 109 C H A P T E R 13 Parallel Structure Cau True Dong Dang 111 1. Introduction : Vitamin C Gidi Thieu : Vitamin C 111 2. Grammar : Parallel Structure MgCr PhAp : Cau true Dong Dang 112 3. On the T O E FL Test Trong BAi Thi TOEFL 114 4. Exercises on Parallel Structure BAi Tap Ve Cau True Dong Dang 115 C H A P T E R 14 Word Order Trat Ttf Ti/ 117 1. Introduction : Computers Gidi thieu : May Vi Tinh 117 91 97 4 - H & H TO EFL G RA M M A R
2. Grammar : Word Order A. Inversion B. Other Words Reversed on the T O E FL Test 3. On the T O EFL Test 4. Exercises on Inversion C H A P T E R 15 Word Forms 1. Introduction : Benjamin Franklin 2. Grammar : Word Forms A. Nouns B. Verbs C. Adjectives D. Adverbs 3. On the T O EFL Test 4. Exercises on Word Forms Ngtf PhiSp : Trat Ti/ Ti/ DSo Nguf Cac ti/ kh^c dtfdc dao trong bai thi TOEFL Trong Bai Thi TOEFL Bai Tap ve D3o Ngtf Dang Ti/ Gidi Thieu : Benjamin Franklin Nguf Phap Danh Ti/ Dpng Ti/ Tinh Ti/ Trang Ti/ Dang Ti/ Trong b^i thi TOEFL Bai Tap ve Dang Ti/ 118 118 120 121 122 124 124 125 125 126 127 128 129 130 C H A P T E R 16 1. Introduction : Asbestos Word Choice and Redundancy 2. Grammar : Word Choice and Redundancy A. Make or Do B. Like/Alike/Unlike C. Other/the Other/Another D. So/Such/Too E. M uch/m any/few /Little F. Other Commonly Confused Words G. Redundancy 3. On the T O E FL Test 4. Exercises on Word Choice and Redundancy Stf ChQn TCf Va Stf Dung Thrta Gidi thi^u : AmiSng Nguf Phap : Stf chon ti/ va sii dung thc/a Make hay Do Like/Alike/Unlike Other/lhe Other/Another So/Such/Too Much/Many/Few/Little Cac ti/ thtfdng gay nham Ian khac Sif dung thi/a Trong Bai Thi TOEFL Bai Tap ve si/ chon ti/ va stf dung thi/a 132 132 133 133 134 135 136 136 137 138 139 139 SEC TIO N B STRUCTURE AND WRI1TEN EXPRESSION PRACTICE TESTS P R A C T IC E T E S T 1 P R A C T IC E T E S T 2 P R A C T IC E T E S T 3 P R A C T IC E T E S T 4 P R A C T IC E T E S T 5 Answers Cac: Bai Thtfc Hanh ve vani Viet Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 1 Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 2 Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 3 Bai Tap Thtfc HAnh 4 Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 5 141 142 145 149 152 156 160 H & H TOEFL G RA M M A R - 5
Structure and Written Expression Phin (Cau True va Loi Trong Van Viet) cua bai thi T O EFL Phiin 2 cua bai thi T O E F L kiem tra stf hieu biet cua ban v ngtf phap ti^ng Anh Phan nay dtfdc chia thanh 2 dang vdi 2 loai cau hoi khac nhau. A. Dang cau true (cau hoi 1-15) : ki m tra cach hoan chinh csu. B. Dang 16i trong van viet (cau 16-40) : phat hien ra lsi trong ttfng cau So cau hoi trong 2 dang Cau True va loi trong van viet nhtf sau : Bai thi ngiin Bai thi dai Cau true 15 cau 23 c3u Ldi trong van viet 25 cau 37 cau Tong cpng 40 cau 60 cau Thdi ltfcfng 25 phut 35 phut Ngon ngtf : Ph5n 2 kiem tra loai van viet chu.in. Ngon ngtf trong ph.in nay d dang trinh trong hem ngon ngtf trong phan Nghe Hieu. Se kh6ng co nhtfng dang viet tit (thi du there's) hoac thanh ngtf. Chu d : Cac chu d trong phan 2 la mang tinh chat hoc thu.it : khoa hoc ttf nhien (thidn van hoc, dia chat), khoa hoc xa hoi (nhan loai hoc, dinh dtfdng), nghe thuat (am nhac, hoi hoa). Nhtfng khong nha't thiet ban phai biet ve cac linh vtfc tren mdi tra ldi dtfoe cac cau hoi. Trong phin 2 co mpt s p lidn hd vd van hoa M y va Canada. Nhtfng ban khong can phai co kien thtfc ve chung. Ban chi c3n tap trung vao cau true cau la du; vi cho du ban biet ho3c khong biet ve cac net van hoa do thi cung khong anh htfdng dd'n diem thi Cac diem ngtf phap : Co the bai thi co rat nhieu diem ngtf phap, nhtfng co mot so diem rat thtfctng xuyen xuat hien. M oi chtfttng trong cuon sach nay se tap trung vao 1 diem ngtf phap cu the xuat hien trong bai thi TO EFL. Chien thuat. Co 2 cach tra ldi cac cau hoi : 1. Phan tich ngtf phap cua 1 cau : Trong phan Cau true ban hay phan tich c3u de tim ra dung thanh phan con thieu. Con trong phan loi trong thanh ngtf viet, hay phan tich ngtf phap de phat hien ra loi sai 6 1 trong 4 p h in gach dtfdi. 2. Stf dung trtfc giac : Mpt so hoc vien "cam thay" 1 cau tra ldi nao do la dung. Htfdng dan ve Phan 2 : Hay lam quen trtfdc vdi cac htfdng dan cua 2 ph5n de trong phong thi ban khdi mat thdi gian doc cac htfdng d5n do va cac cau mau. Tra ldi tat ca cac cau : Dtfng bo trong bat ki 1 cau nao cho du ban khong biet cach tra Icti vi ban se khong bi trtf diem vdi cac cau tra ldi sai. Ban nen chon trtfdc 1 mau tu ruo do (trong 4 mau ttf A, B, C, D) de tra ldi tat ca cac cau ma ban khong biet lam, Mac suat dung se cao hctn Stf dung thdi gian hop ly : Cho du ban cho ring 1 cau nao do la de, van doc het ca 4 phin tra ldi; neu khong, co the ban se lam sai vi bat can Dtfng mat thi gid su\ nghi \0 6 - H & H TO EFL GRAM M AR
cau ban khdng bicft lam. Danh dau cau do dd cuoi gid co thd se lam sau. Roi sang cau khac ngay. Khdng n n danh qua 30 giiiy cho mdi cau. Huttng dan phan Cau true : cau 1-15 I han nay co 15 cau chiia hoan chinh. Chd dd trefng dai dien cho phan con thieu. Dtfdi mdi cau do la 4 phan tra ldi A, B, C, D 1 trong 4 ph.in do se lam cho cau trcv nen hoan chinh ca v& y lan ngtf phap. Trtfdc tien hay doc qua 4 ph3n tra ldi. Neu cac ph5n do ng3n, ban se hinh dung duoc la se phai tim cai gi khi doc cau chtfa hoan chinh Neu cac phan do dai, hay doc cau chifa hoan chinh trtfdc. Coi xem cau do co bao nhieu menh de, cac menh de do co du chu ngtf va dong ttf chtfa. Coi xem c.in phai co lidn ttf dd noi cac menh de do khong. Rdi hay xem 4 phan tra ldi. Neu v3n chtfa quye't dinh dtfoc phan tra ldi nao la dung, hay loai bdt td'i da cac phan tra ldi ban cho la sai, roi doan chon trong cac phan con lai. I hai doc ca 4 phan tra ldi. Dtfng bao gid quye't dinh chon 1 phan tra ldi nao dd trtfdc khi doc ca 4 phan. Vi 1 sd' phan tra ldi cd the ttfcfng ttf vdi nhau nen neu khdng doc ca 4, ban se chon sai vi bat can. Rap phsn tra ldi ban chon vao cau chiia hoan chinh cho s5n, rdi doc kl cau do sau. Neu cau dd nghe cd ve khdng dung, ban cd the da chon sai. Neu khdng the xac dinh phan tra ldi nao la dung, hay doan chon, va lam tiep cau sau. Sau khi lam het du cac cau, neu con dif thdi gian, ban se coi lai cac cau dd sau. May de y cac didu sau khi ban rap mot phan tra ldi vao cau chi/a hoan chinh cho s3n : Phan rap vao cd the cd 1 ttf hoac cum ttf khdng can thiet. Ph<in rap vao \ hn chua hoan chinh dudc cau. Phan rap vao sai ngtf phap. Trong trtfdng hop nay, loai bo phan tra ldi dd va xet 3 phan tra ldi con lai. Can than vd thdi gian : Dtfng bo qua nhi( u thdi gian cho mot cau nao dd vi ban cd the se khdng con du thdi gian de lam cac cau con lai; cu the la dtfng bo qua 30 giay cho 1 cau. Hay thirdng xuyen de y den thdi gian lam bai. Hi/dng d in phan loi trong van viet : Cau 16-30 Phan nay cd 25 cau. Mdi cau cd 4 ttf hoac cum ttf dtfdc gach dtfdi ky hieu A, B, C va D. Ban phai nhan ra ttf hoac cum ttf sai. Doc nhanh ca cau Khdng nen chi doc 4 phan gach dtfdi. Ban than ttf hoac cum ttf gach dtfdi cd the la dung nhifng lai la sai khi nhm trong cau dd. H & H TOEFL G RAM M A R - 7
L6i chic chin n im d 1 trong 4 phan gach dtfdri, n&n dcfng tim 16i 6 cac ph in con lai trong cau. Cac ph in con lai trong cau chi d giup ban co cd sd dd' tim ra I6i cr 1 trong 4 ph in gach dudi. Neu khong tim ra 16i, hay hoi ttfdng lai cac loai 16i phd bidn nhat thtfcmg gap trong bai thi T O E FL (xem bang sau) va coi xem 1 trong cac p h in gach dtfdi co thuoc v cac loai 16i tren khong. Neu v in chtfa tim ra 16i, hay loai bdt cac p h in co ve dung r6i doan chon trong cac ph in con lai. Most Common Errors in W ritten Expression * Cac loi hay g p nhat trong phan Van viet Error Category Loai loi Frequency Ti If xuat hi$n Word form 21% Word choice 15 Verbs 12 Parallel structure 9 Pronouns 7 Singular/plural nouns 6 Verbals (infinitives, gerunds, participles) 6 Prepositions 6 Articles 5 Comparative and superlatives 4 Word order 4 Conjunctions 2 Redundancy 1 Other types of errors 2 * Based on Bruce Rogers's analysis of 20 different exams that test takers were allowed to keep after Disclosed Test Admission. 8 - H & H TO EFL GRAM M AR
SECTIOM A Types of Structure and Written Expression Questions Cac loai cau hoi ve cau true va loi trong van viet H & H TOEFL G RAM M AR - 9