Affirmative tú commands When you tell someone to do something, you are giving a command. In Spanish, the tú commands are easy to form, if you follow these guidelines Affirmative tú commands are usually the same as Certain verbs have irregular forms such as Poner - Hacer - Tener - Salir - Ser - Ir- Decir - Venir- Object pronouns (direct & indirect) are When you do this you must also _ Negative tú commands When you command someone NOT to do something, you use the negative tú commands. To form the negative tú command, start with the yo form of the verb in the present tense. Then add an for verbs or add an for and verbs Some verbs have spelling changes similar to those from the preterite - car changes to ques Tocar = No! - gar changes to gues Jugar = No! -zar changes to ces empezar = No! Certain verbs have irregular forms such as Dar - Estar - Ser - Ir-
Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Direct object pronouns refer to Indirect object pronouns refer to Direct Object Pronouns Me You Him/Her/It Us Them / You all Indirect Object Pronouns To/For Me To/For You To /For Him/Her/It To/For Us To / For Them/You all These pronouns can be placed In front of conjugated verb Attached to the end of a verb infinitive Attached to the end of the command form Attached to the end of the present participle (ando iendo) When an object pronoun is attached to a present participle or command that is longer than one syllable, you must add an accent When we use a noun as an indirect object, we usually also include the indirect object pronoun Other uses of Lo We ve used lo in some other expressions before like lo mismo the same thing To refer to a general idea or action in this case it translates to or Lo más importante = Lo mejor = Lo peor que puedes hacer es decir mentiras a tus compañeros. We use lo que to refer to a situation, action or object not yet identified. The English equivalent is usually What No entendemos lo que ellos dicen. We don t understand what they said
Meaning of Verb Yo Tú él, ella, Ud. nosotros ellos, ellas, Uds. Spanish 4 First Semester Grammar Review Conjugation of new verbs in the present tense Oír Venir Reírse Poner vs. Ponerse Last year you learned that the reflexive verb ponerse means to put something on. Ponerse can also mean to become a specific emotion. For example I became happy when I heard the good news. Me puse feliz cuando oí las buenas noticias. The Imperfect Progressive To say that something was happening in the past, we use the imperfect progressive We form the imperfect progressive by using the imperfect form of estar followed by the present participle. Ex. We were talking Estábamos hablando Forming the Present Participle To form the present participle we add for ar verbs and for er/ir verbs When the stem of an er or ir verb ends in a vowel, we usually change to i to y Leer Leyendo Incluir Incluyendo Ir stem changing verbs have a stem change when forming the participle (o to u) (e to i) dormir durmiendo pedir pidiendo mentir mintiendo seguir siguiendo
Review of Conjugation of Verbs in the Imperfect Imperfect of Regular Verbs Yo Tú Subject Pronouns Él, ella, Ud. Nosotros Ellos, ellas, Uds. -ar Endings Hablar -er/-ir Endings Comer Imperfect of Irregular Verbs Ver Ir Ser 1. Uses of the Imperfect 2. 3. 4. 5.
Verbs in the Preterite Influir Contribuir Leer Oír Caerse Notice in the third person forms, the i in the ending changes to a y. Review of Irregular Verbs in the Preterite Unlike regular verbs in the preterite, irregular preterite verbs do not have accents. Notice with the exception of dar and ver, the following verbs all have the same endings Dar Ver Tener Estar Poder Poner Hacer Querer Venir Decir Traer Reducir
Forming the past participle Spanish 4 First Semester Grammar Review The Past Participle ending for ar verbs ending for er/ir verbs Certain verbs with double vowels have accents: leído, creído There are some irregular participles o decir o hacer o ver o romper o morir o abrir o devolver o escribir o poner o resolver o freír (to fry) Using the Past Participle As an Adjective When you use past participles as adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun they modify. Las ventanas están abiertas Mi pierna está rota The Present Perfect Tense This verb tense is composed of 2 primary parts: + I have eaten You have eaten He/she has eaten We have eaten They/you all have eaten I have rented You have rented He/she has rented We have rented They/you all have rented Notice: Unlike when we used past participles as adjectives, when you use the participle with haber, you do not change the ending on the participle.