Internationalisation of Higher Education in India

Occasional Paper 2017/1 Internationalisation of Higher Education in India Annual Survey of International Students in India 2014-15 FURQAN QAMAR VEENA BHALLA Association of Indian Universities New Delhi 110002 2017

Occasional Paper 2017/1 Internationalisation of Higher Education in India Annual Survey Of International Students In India 2014-15 FURQAN QAMAR VEENA BHALLA Association of Indian Universities New Delhi 110002 (INDIA) 2017 i

Association of Indian Universities, New Delhi, 2017 Technical Support Shivam Dixit Statistical Support Bharat Pathak Sarita Rawat Designed & Printed : New United Process, A-26, Naraina Industrial Area, Ph-II, New Delhi -110028, Ph. 9811426024 ii

Contents Chapter 1: Introduction and Methodology...1 Chapter 2: Macro Trends in International Mobility of Students...4 Chapter 3: Sources of International Students in India...9 Section 3.1: Continent-wise Distribution of International Students in India...10 Section 3.2: International Students in India from AFRICA...12 Section 3.3: International Students in India from AMERICAS...19 Section 3.4: International Students in India from ASIA...23 Section 3.5: International Students in India from EUROPE...29 Section 3.6: International Students in India from OCEANIA...34 Section 3.7: NRI/PIO/OCI Students in India...35 Section 3.8: Foremost Sources of International Students in India...36 Chapter 4: Destination of International Students in India...40 Section 4.1: State-wise Distribution of International Students in India...41 Section 4.2: University-wise Distribution of International Students in India...60 Section 4.3: Favourite Destinations of International Students in India...63 Chapter 5: Facilities for and Barriers to Attracting International Students... 67 Section 5.1: Facilities for Attracting International Students in India...68 Section 5.2 Barriers to Attracting International Students in India...70 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Implications...72 Chapter 7: References and Bibliography...74 Chapter 8: Appendices...77 List of Tables 1.1: Response Rate of Universities to the Questionnaire from the AIU...2 2.1: Number of Students Pursuing Higher Education outside their own Countries..4 2.2: International Students in India: A Continent-wise Distribution...5 2.3: Number of Universities in India by the Number of International Students...8 3.1: Continent-wise Number of International Students in India by Gender...10 3.2: Continent-wise Number of International Students in India by Programme of Studies...11 3.3: Region-wise Number of International Students in Indian from Africa by Gender...12 3.4: Region-wise Number of International Students in India from Africa by Programme of Studies...12 3.5: International Students in India from Eastern Africa by Gender...13 iii

3.6: International Students in India from Eastern Africa by Programme of Studies...14 3.7: International Students in India from Middle Africa by Gender...15 3.8: International Students in India from Middle Africa by Programme of Studies...15 3.9: International Students in India from Northern Africa by Gender...16 3.10: International Students in India from Northern Africa by Programme of Studies...16 3.11: International Students in India from Southern Africa by Gender...17 3.12: International Students in India from Southern Africa by Programme of Studies...17 3.13: International Students in India from Western Africa by Gender...18 3.14: International Students in India from Western Africa by Programme of Studies...18 3.15: International Students in India from Americas by Gender...19 3.16: International Students in India from Americas by Programme of Studies...19 3.17: International Students in India from Caribbean by Gender...20 3.18: International Students in India from Caribbean by Programme of Studies...20 3.19: International Students in India from Central America by Gender...20 3.20: International Students in India from Central America by Programme of Studies...21 3.21: International Students in India from Northern America by Gender...21 3.22: International Students in India from Northern America by Programme of Studies...21 3.23: International Students in India from Southern America by Gender...22 3.24: International Students in India from Southern America by Programme of Studies...22 3.25: International Students from Asia by Gender...23 3.26: International Students from Asia by Programme of Studies...23 3.27: International Students in India from Central Asia by Gender...24 3.28: International Students in India from Central Asia by Programme of Studies.24 3.29: International Students in India from East Asia by Gender...25 3.30: International Students in India from East Asia by Programme of Studies...25 3.31: International Students in India from South Asia by Gender...26 3.32: International Students in India from South Asia by Programme of Studies...26 3.33: International Students in India from Southeast Asia by Gender...27 3.34: International Students in India from Southeast Asia by Programme of Studies...27 iv

3.35: International Students in India from West Asia by Gender...28 3.36: International Students in India from West Asia by Programme of Studies...28 3.37: International Students in India from Europe by Gender...29 3.38: International Students in India from Europe by Programme of Studies...29 3.39: International Students in India from Eastern Europe by Gender...30 3.40: International Students in India from Eastern Europe by Programme of Studies...30 3.41: International Students in India from Northern Europe by Gender...31 3.42: International Students in India from Northern Europe by Programme of Studies...31 3.43: International Students in India from Southern Europe by Gender...32 3.44: International Students in India from Southern Europe by Programme of Studies...32 3.45: International Students in India from Western Europe by Gender...33 3.46: International Students in India from Western Europe by Programme of Studies...33 3.47: International Students in India from Oceania by Gender...34 3.48: International Students in India from Oceania by Programme of Studies...34 3.49: NRI/PIO/OCI Students in India by Gender...35 3.50: NRI/PIO/OCI Students in India by Programme of Studies...35 3.51: Top 20 Sources of Total Number of International Students in India...36 3.52: Top 20 Sources of Total Number of Women International Students in India...36 3.53: Top 20 Sources of Undergraduate International Students in India...37 3.54: Top 20 Sources of Postgraduate International Students in India...37 3.55: Top 20 Sources of Doctoral International Students in India...38 3.56: Top 20 Sources of Full Time International Students in India...38 3.57: Top 20 Sources of Short-Term International Students in India...39 4.1: International Students in India in States and Union Territories...41 4.2: International Students in India in State and Union Territories by Gender...42 4.3: International Students in India in States and Union Territories by Programme of Studies...43 4.4: International Students in India in States and Union Territories by Mode of Studies...44 4.5: International Students in India in States and Union Territories by Type of Universities...45 4.6: International Students in Andhra Pradesh...46 4.7: International Students in Assam...47 v

4.8: International Students in Bihar...47 4.9: International Students in Chandigarh...47 4.10: International Students in Chhattisgarh...48 4.11: International Students in Delhi...48 4.12: International Students in Gujarat...49 4.13: International Students in Haryana...49 4.14: International Students in Himachal Pradesh...50 4.15: International Students in Jammu & Kashmir...50 4.16: International Students in Jharkhand...50 4.17: International Students in Karnataka...51 4.18: International Students in Kerala...52 4.19: International Students in Maharashtra...53 4.20: International Students in Meghalaya...54 4.21: International Students in Madhya Pradesh...54 4.22: International Students in Odisha...54 4.23: International Students in Punjab...54 4.24: International Students in Rajasthan...55 4.25: International Students in Sikkim...55 4.26: International Students in Telangana...56 4.27: International Students in Tamil Nadu...57 4.28: International Students in Uttarakhand...58 4.29: International Students in Uttar Pradesh...58 4.30: International Students in West Bengal...59 4.31: International Students in India by Universities...60 4.32: International Students in India by Type of Universities...61 4.33: International Students in India in different Types of Universities by Gender...61 4.34: International Students in India in different Types of Universities by Programme of Studies...61 4.35: International Students in India in different Types of Universities by Mode of Programme...62 4.36: Top 20 Universities in terms of International Students...63 4.37: Top 10 Central Universities in terms of International Students...64 4.38: Top 10 Institutions of National Importance in terms of International Students...64 4.39: Top 10 State Universities in terms of International Students...65 4.40: Top 10 Private Universities in terms of International Students...65 vi

4.41: Top 10 Deemed to be Universities in terms of International Students...66 5.1: Facilities for Attracting International Students...68 5.2: Barriers to Attracting International Students...70 LIST OF CHARTS, GRAPHS AND APPENDICES Charts & Graphs: 2.1: Number of Students pursuing Higher Education Outside their Countries...4 2.2: Number of International Students in Different Countries...6 2.3: Number of International Students in India...7 2.4: International Students in India by Continent...7 Appendices: 1. Country-wise Number of International Students in India by Gender...77 2. Country-wise Number of International Students in India by Programme of Studies...80 3. Region-wise Number of International Students in India by Gender...83 4. Region-wise Number of International Students in India by Programme of Studies...84 5. Number of International Students in Indian Universities by Gender...85 6. Number of International Students in Indian Universities by Programme of Studies...94 7. State-wise Number of International Students in Universities by Gender...105 8. State-wise Number of International Students in Universities by Programme of Studies...111 vii

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY With nearly 800 universities and over 40,000 colleges, Indian higher education system is undoubtedly the largest system of higher education found anywhere in the world. With total enrolment crossing 33 Million, Indian higher education system is only second to China. Going by the demographic trends and rapid expansion, it will soon become the single largest system of higher education in the world. Going by the policy framework which enables universities and colleges to admit foreign/ NRI/ PIO/OCI students up to 15 percent of their sanctioned intake, India should have been having about 4.85 million foreign/nri/pio students studying in its campuses. As against this vast potential, the number of international students in the country has been only in thousand. The data collected as in September 2016 shows that there were only 30,423 international students across all universities and higher educational institutions in the country as compared to 31,126 international students reported a year earlier. Concerned about the low numbers of international students in our campuses, the AIU has been collecting and disseminating the data on yearly basis in the form of an Annual Occasional Paper to sensitise the academic community, the policy planners and regulators in higher education. These occasional papers are based on the data collected by the AIU from its member universities. The present document is the continuation of the activity but this year the occasional paper is wider in scope and coverage as it also presents not only some critical data on global trends in internationalisation as available from secondary sources but also the data on the programme-wise distribution of international students. Besides, the present occasional paper also provides number of international students pursuing their programmes of studies as a full time regular students and also those who studied short-term courses. Given the importance of internationalisation and inflow of students in India, the AIU has been conducting an annual survey of international students in Indian universities and has been reporting data and analysis of international students in India since 1995. For the purpose, AIU has developed a data collection tool which is sent to all universities in the country. AIU does persistent follow up to ensure that responses are received from the maximum number of universities in the country. This year the data collection tool was despatched to the member universities in March 2016 and the member 1

universities were requested to report the number of international students on their campuses, including those enrolled in the colleges affiliated thereto by September 2016. In order to avoid any ambiguity, the universities were requested to report the total number of international students that were on their roll during the academic session 2014-15. The data collection tool was dispatched to 593 universities/university level institutions. This was followed by two reminders and repeated phone calls requesting the universities to expedite the submission of information. In all 341 universities/university level institutions responded with 133 universities furnishing nil information. The data so received from 208 universities/ university level institutions was compiled and collated. These include 17 central universities, 16 institutions of national importance, 79 public funded state universities, 41 self-financed private universities and 55 institutions deemed to be universities (Table 1.1). It is assumed that all those universities that had international students reported the data and thus those not reporting the data do not have international students on their campuses. It may be mentioned that mostly all universities that had presence of international students responded and submitted the data on international students. Hence the number of universities not returning the filled up data tools are invariably those which do not have international students on their campus. Still, accounting for the fact that there could have been some universities which had international students but did not submit their details to the AIU, the number of international students may, at the most go up by a maximum of 10 percent. It may be mentioned that this year the data collection tool was thoroughly revised to capture the number of international students from different countries by gender and also by the nature (Full Time or Short-term) and the level (Undergraduate, Postgraduate, Pre- Doctoral and Doctoral) of programme of studies. Besides, the data collection tool also sought information about the facilities that our member universities have to encourage and promote internationalisation of higher education. Table 1.1: Response Rate of Universities on International Students Type of Universities Central Deemed INI Private State Total No. of Universities contacted No. of Universities Responded Percentage Responded No. of International Students Percentage Distribution (%) 43 89 40 141 280 593 17 55 16 41 79 208 39.53 61.80 40.00 29.08 28.21 35.08 4728 7562 2172 5852 10109 30423 15.54 24.86 7.14 19.24 33.23 100 2

Further the tool also sought views/ opinions of the member universities about the barrier that they face in attracting and retaining larger number of international students. In addition to the collation and analysis of the data collected through the primary sources, this volumes also present some critical data on the international mobility of students as obtained from the secondary sources. This is intended to provide the proper perspective and the context to understand the inflow of international students in India. The Occasional Paper essentially focuses on the mobility of students alone. Thus the mobility of faculty and other forms of internationalisation are beyond the scope of this work. Further, while international mobility of students could include Outward as well as Inward mobility, this occasional paper is largely focused on Inward mobility with only limited data and comments on the outward mobility. It is hoped that the readers, the academic community, the policy planners and the regulators shall find the volume useful. 3

CHAPTER 2 MACRO TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF STUDENTS For the purpose of this study, the outward mobility means the number of students going outside the country to pursue their higher education. Outward mobility, thus, essentially means the number of students pursuing higher education outside their home country. The Inward mobility, on the other hand, means the number of international students coming to the country for pursuing their studies in the higher educational institutions of that country. Outward Mobility of Students: Going by the Project Atlas, presently, nearly 5 Million students world over are studying outside their home countries. The available data reveals that the number of Chinese students studying outside China, which was around 1.2 lakh in 2000 has shot up rapidly to 4.15 Lakh in 2013 and further to 4.60 Lakh in 2014. So has been the case with regard to the USA where the number of US students outside their country has gone up from 1.54 Lakh to 3.04 Lakh and further to 3.13 Lakh during the same period. As regards India, the number of Indian students pursuing higher studies abroad had risen from 67,000 in 2000 to 2.27 Lakh in 2009 but has since then declined to 1.82 Lakh in 2014 (Table 2.1/Chart 2.1). Inward Mobility of Students: Inward mobility of students in higher education means the number of international students studying in a country. Analysis of the available data shows that the Chart 2.1: Number of Students pursuing Higher Education outside their Country 4

Table 2.1: Number of Students pursing Higher Education outside their Country (Figures in Lakh) Years World USA UK China India 2000 1.54 0.22 1.20 0.67 2006 30.00 2.42 0.27 1.25 1.58 2007 2.62 0.24 1.22 1.61 2008 2.60 0.22 1.74 2.18 2009 37.00 2.71 0.23 2.27 2.27 2010 2.73 0.23 2.54 2011 41.00 3.39 2012 45.00 2.74 0.28 3.37 2.22 2013 47.00 3.04 4.15 2.00 2014 50.00 3.13 0.42 4.69 1.82 Source: Project Atlas, International Institute of Education (2014) United States of America has continued to remain the most popular destination and the number of international students studying in USA has consistently been growing and has doubled in 2014 as compared to 2000. Table 2.2: International Students in India from different Continents Years Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Others Total 1995 4081 309 4831 127 40 699 10087 1996 2680 163 2735 91 28 144 5841 1997 2536 140 3605 151 35 234 6701 1998 2085 124 2733 111 32 238 5323 1999 2558 275 3492 120 31 512 6988 2000 2969 327 3866 180 44 405 7791 2001 2369 432 4312 253 45 732 8413 2002 1904 353 4452 145 40 862 7756 2003 1755 475 4809 128 42 544 7753 2004 2005 593 9849 178 55 587 13267 2005 2403 654 10493 206 71 629 14456 2006 3316 776 13400 238 69 592 18391 2007 3796 626 15437 309 81 957 21206 2008 4193 614 16004 304 66 597 21778 2011 33151 2013 20176 2014 5799 686 23350 293 124 864 31126 2015 5881 1033 18325 490 137 4557 30423 Source: AIU occasional papers/statistical Data on International Students in India for the years 1995-96 to 2011-12 and 2011-12 to 2014-15. 5

The number of international students going to the United Kingdom has also more than doubled during the same period, though in absolute terms, the number are significantly smaller than those of the US. Most strikingly, the China has surpassed Australia as in 2014 it attracted 3.77 Lakh international students whereas the number of international students going to Australia has been no more than 2.7 Lakh (Chart 2.2). International Students in India: A Trend Analysis India, with only 30,423 international students in 2014 has been attracting only a fraction of international students, though the number has gone up from a mere 7,791 in 2000. The share of India in the internal students has been abysmally low at only 0.61%. This is, however, not to suggest that the number of international students coming to India have been stagnant or have not been growing. But a trend analysis since 1986 shows that the numbers have seen ups and downs. In 1986, the number of international students in India were 10,877 which rose to 13,707 in 1993. After that the numbers started declining and touched an all time low of 5,323 in 1998. Since then, the numbers have been increasing to touch 30,423 in 2014 (Chart 2.3). Even though the number of international students in India is small compared to many other countries and also in comparison to our own potential, it must be a matter of satisfaction that the number of countries from where the international students have been coming to India has consistently risen from about 60 in 1986 to about 149 in 2014. International Students from all the continents came to India but students from Asia and Africa dominate. The proportion of students from Asia, which was about 48 percent in 1995 has now gone up to 60 percent in 2014. African students which in 1995 constituted nearly 40 percent of the student population has now been reduced to about 20 percent. Over the period, the number of students from Americas have also more than doubled but the numbers still around thousand and in the case of Europe, number is still remain in hundred (Chart 2.4). Chart 2.2: Number of International Students in different Countries 6

Chart 2.3: International Students in India Chart 2.3: International Students in India : Continent wise While the number of universities reporting presence of international students on their campuses and colleges affiliated thereto have gone up over a period of time, their number has never been more than 208. Table 2.3: Number of Universities by the Number of International Students Besides, the number of international students in most universities have been very low. The number of universities reporting 300 or more international students have during different years varied in the range of 5 in 2000 to 23 in 2014. Bulk of the universities have been reporting less than 20 international students on their campuses including those enrolled in colleges affiliated to them (Table 2.3). 7

Table 2.3: Number of Universities by the Number of International Students Years <20 20-49 50-99 100-199 200-300 >300 1993 1 5 23 8 2 11 1994 4 7 22 8 3 14 1995 4 8 16 7 6 11 2000 65 25 8 11 4 5 2004 89 11 9 5 6 14 2005 112 34 11 10 3 8 2006 68 10 13 3 3 22 2007 74 26 17 2 4 12 2008 73 17 13 8 1 14 2012 42 14 12 6 3 9 2013 83 25 18 13 6 19 2014 104 36 20 22 3 23 8

CHAPTER 3 SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN INDIA This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the sources of international students in India. The essential idea is to inform the reader, policy planners and the member universities of Association of Indian Universities (AIU) about the potential sources of international students. The chapter is divided into various sections. Section 1 deals with continent-wise data of international students in India. Section 2 presents a detailed analysis of international students in India from Africa and this section not only discusses Africa as a whole but also gives a fairly good idea of students coming from different regions in Africa and also from various countries of Africa. Section 3 is devoted to the analysis of international students coming to India from Americas including various regions and different countries in the Americas. Section 4 of this chapter gives a thorough analysis of international students coming to India from different regions and countries of Asia. Section 5 of this chapter is devoted to the inflow of international students from various regions and countries of Europe. Section 6 gives an analysis of international students coming to India from Oceania. Non Resident Indian (NRI), Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and the Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) constitute a significant portion of the international students in India. Hence Section 7 of this chapter presents an analysis of such students studying in India. Towards the end, in Section 8 of this Chapter, an attempt has been made to identify foremost sources of international students in India. This section presents the name of countries from where the highest number of international students came to India during the period of this study. This chapter is essentially intended to help out member universities better target and prepare themselves for attracting and retaining international students. 9

SECTION 1 CONTINENT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN INDIA Total Number: The international students studying in India during the academic year 2014-15 came from as many as 208 countries from across all continents, though a predominant proportion accounting for nearly 60 percent were found to be from Asia followed by Africa which accounted for about 20 percent of the total international students in India. Americas, Europe, Oceania and the persons of Indian origin and the non-resident Indian account for only 20 percent of the international students studying in India (Table 3.1). Gender-wise Distribution: On an average 35 percent of the international students are women but the proportion of women students varies significantly in case of international students from different continents. Amongst the Asians and the Africans the proportion of women students is the lowest at 24 and 32 percent whereas a significantly larger proportion of students from Americas (56.73%), Europe (48.98 %) and Oceania (60.87 %), are women (Table 3.1). Programme-wise Distribution: Most of the international students (71.22%) pursue undergraduate education followed by the postgraduates (21 percent). Those pursuing doctoral and other programmes are no more than 4.22 and 3.26 percent respectively. There are, however, significant variations in the preferences of international students from different continents. While a predominant proportion (87.07 %) of NRI/PIO students pursue undergraduate programmes, the proportion of undergraduates is comparatively lower in case of students Table 3.1: Continent wise Number of International Students in India by Gender in 2014-15 Continents Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Africa 4464 1416 5880 24.08% 19.33% America 447 586 1033 56.73% 3.40% Asia 12297 6028 18325 32.89% 60.23% Europe 250 240 490 48.98% 1.61% Oceania 54 84 138 60.87% 0.45% PIO/NRI 2410 2147 4557 47.11% 14.98% Grand Total 19922 10501 30423 34.52% 100.00% 10

coming from America (72.80%), Asia (70.24%) Africa (63.25%), Oceania (62.32%), Europe (55.31%). Obviously, the proportion of students pursuing postgraduate programme was relatively higher in case of students coming from Africa (26.77%), Asia (23.49%), Europe (14.69%) and Oceania 10.14%). Amongst the African and European students 7.52 and 5.92 percent respectively came to India to pursue their PhD degrees (Table 3.2). Table 3.2: Continent-wise Number of International Students in India by Programme Studies It is also interesting to note that while most of the international students (97.06%) came to pursue their programmes of studies as full time regular students, a significantly larger proportion of students from Europe (50.82%), America (29.14%) and Oceania (28.99%) pursued shortduration programmes in India. Table 3.2: Continent-wise Number of International Students in India by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Continents Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total Full Time Short Term Africa 3719 1574 442 145 5880 5816 64 Americas 752 60 18 203 1033 732 301 Asia 12872 4305 686 462 18325 18104 221 Europe 271 72 29 118 490 241 249 Oceania 86 14 2 36 138 98 40 PIO/NRI 3968 453 107 29 4557 4538 19 Grand Total 21668 6478 1284 993 30423 29529 171 11

SECTION 2 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS FROM AFRICA Of all the regions in Africa, the largest proportion (49.25%) of students came from the Eastern Africa followed by the Western Africa (26.48%) and Northern Africa (11.62%) The Middle and Southern Africa accounts for 9.52 and 3.13 percent of the total African students studying in India (Table 3.3). Women students from Africa were found to be 24.08 percent with significant variations across different regions in Africa. The data shows that 48.91 percent of the students coming from Southern Africa were women followed by Eastern Africa (27.28%), Western Africa (21.26%) and Middle Africa (19.64%). On an average 63.25 percent of the students from Africa pursued undergraduate programmes in India. Going by various regions in Africa, a significantly higher proportion of students from Middle Africa (89.11%), Southern Africa (75.54%) and Western Africa (73.22%) pursued undergraduate education. Similarly, while on average 26.77 percent of the African students pursued postgraduate studies, the preference for postgraduate education was higher in case of students from Northern Africa (38.21%) and Eastern Africa (29.28%). [Table 3.4] Table 3.3: Region wise Number of International Students in India from Africa by Gender in 2014-15 Regions Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Eastern Africa 2106 790 2896 27.28% 49.25% Middle Africa 450 110 560 19.64% 9.52% Northern Africa 588 95 683 13.91% 11.62% Southern Africa 94 90 184 48.91% 3.13% Western Africa 1226 331 1557 21.26% 26.48% Africa 4464 1416 5880 24.08% 100.00% Table 3.4: Region-wise Number of International Students in India from Africa by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Regions Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Eastern Africa 1621 848 302 125 2896 2842 54 Middle Africa 499 49 2 10 560 554 6 Northern Africa 320 261 96 6 683 682 1 Southern Africa 139 43 1 1 184 184 0 Western Africa 1140 373 41 3 1557 1554 3 Africa 3719 1574 442 145 5880 5816 64 12

Table 3.4: Region-wise Number of International Students in India from Africa by Programme of Studies Importantly, 14.06 and 10.43 percent of the students from Northern Africa and Eastern Africa respectively pursued their research degrees as compared to the average of 7.52 percent for the Africa as a whole. As expected, nearly all of the students from Africa pursue their higher education as a full time regular students as the percentage pursuing short-term programmes was as low as 1.09 percent. [Table 3.4]. The subsequent paragraphs present region-wise and country-wise number of international students on Indian campuses: chunk of international students coming to India from Africa as 49.25 percent of the African students are from Eastern Africa. As many as 2,896 international students in India are from Eastern Africa. These students came from as many as 19 countries. A few countries that account for a larger share include Ethiopia (with 815 students), Tanzania (492), Somalia (254) Kenya (228), Zambia (216), Mauritius (184), Rwanda (150), South Sudan (118) and Uganda (91). International students from Eastern Africa are generally male (72.72%) However, the proportion of female students was significantly higher in case of students coming from Zimbabwe (48.48%), Mauritius (47.28%) and Seychelles (46.67%). [Table 3.5] Eastern Africa: Eastern Africa accounts for the largest As regards programme-wise distribution, international students from Eastern Africa pursue undergraduate (55.97%), Table 3.5: International Students in India from Eastern Africa by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Burundi 34 15 49 30.61% 1.69% Comoros 4 1 5 20.00% 0.17% Djibouti 41 23 64 35.94% 2.21% Eritrea 34 2 36 5.56% 1.24% Ethiopia 683 132 815 16.20% 28.14% Kenya 161 67 228 29.39% 7.87% Madagascar 9 4 13 30.77% 0.45% Malawi 12 3 15 20.00% 0.52% Mauritius 97 87 184 47.28% 6.35% Mozambique 48 36 84 42.86% 2.90% Reunion 1 0 1 0.00% 0.03% Rwanda 120 30 150 20.00% 5.18% Seychelles 8 7 15 46.67% 0.52% Somalia 203 51 254 20.08% 8.77% South Sudan 95 23 118 19.49% 4.07% Tanzania 308 184 492 37.40% 16.99% Uganda 60 31 91 34.07% 3.14% Zambia 154 62 216 28.70% 7.46% Zimbabwe 34 32 66 48.48% 2.28% Eastern Africa 2106 790 2896 27.28% 100.00% 13

postgraduate (29.28%), Do c t o r a l ( 10.4 3%) and o the r ( 4. 3 2%) programmes. Further, most students from Eastern Africa pursue their higher education in India as a full time regular student. However, students from different countries of Eastern Africa have varied preferences with regards to the level as well as mode of study [Table 3.6]. Middle Africa: International students from the Middle African countries were only 560 from as many as 7 countries with the highest numbers coming from Democratic Republic of Congo (43.57%) followed by the Congo Republic (29.11%). Nearly a fourth of the students from Middle Africa are women with relatively larger number of women from countries like Gabon (37.50%), Congo Republic (34.71%). From Congo, Democratic Republic (25.7%) and Cameroon (10.87%) [Table 3.7]. On an average 89.11 percent of the students from Middle Africa pursue undergraduate programmes and another 8.75 percent study postgraduate programmes of studies. The proportion enrolled for doctoral programme is negligible. [Table 3.8]. Table 3.6: International Students in India from Eastern Africa by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Docto ral Other Total FT ST Burundi 37 10 1 1 49 49 0 Comoros 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 Djibouti 41 14 0 9 64 64 0 Eritrea 28 3 5 0 36 36 0 Ethiopia 41 509 262 3 815 815 0 Kenya 164 50 12 2 228 228 0 Madagascar 11 2 0 0 13 13 0 Malawi 11 3 1 0 15 15 0 Mauritius 147 31 4 2 184 183 1 Mozambique 54 30 0 0 84 84 0 Reunion 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Rwanda 91 54 5 0 150 150 0 Seychelles 13 2 0 0 15 15 0 Somalia 114 33 0 107 254 201 53 South Sudan 113 5 0 0 118 118 0 Tanzania 419 64 9 0 492 492 0 Uganda 74 15 1 1 91 91 0 Zambia 205 11 0 0 216 216 0 Zimbabwe 52 12 2 0 66 66 0 Eastern Africa 1621 848 302 125 2896 2842 54 14

Table 3.7: International Students in India from Middle Africa in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female Distributi (%) on (%) Angola 35 7 42 20.00% 7.50% Cameroon 46 5 51 10.87% 9.11% Central African Republic 1 0 1 0.00% 0.18% Chad 37 0 37 0.00% 6.61% C o n g o, D e m o c r a t i c Republic of the (Zaire) 194 50 244 25.77% 43.57% Congo, Republic of 121 42 163 34.71% 29.11% Gabon 16 6 22 37.50% 3.93% Middle Africa 450 110 560 24.44% 100.00% Table 3.8: International Students in India from Middle Africa by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Angola 36 6 0 0 42 42 0 Cameroon 40 10 1 0 51 50 1 Central African Republic 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Chad 31 5 0 1 37 37 0 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) 228 10 1 5 244 239 5 Congo, Republic of 150 10 0 3 163 163 0 Gabon 14 7 0 1 22 22 0 Middle Africa 499 49 2 10 560 554 6 Northern Africa: Students from 7 countries of Northern Africa totalling 683, predominantly male, received their higher education in India. Sudan and Libya were sending the highest and the second highest number of students to India as the number of students from these two countries were 360 and 298 respectively. These were followed by Egypt with only 14 students). Highest number of female students are from Egypt (27.27%) followed by Libya (20.16%), Africa (16.67%) and Sudan (12.85%) respectively (Table 3.9). All students from Northern Africa, with an exception of just one, pursue their higher education as a full time regular students in India. About 46.85 per cent o f them pursue undergraduate programme while those enrolled for the postgraduate and doctoral programmes work out to 38.21 and 14.06 percent respectively. [Table 3.10] Southern Africa: As regards Southern Africa, 184 students from 6 countries were reported to be pursuing their higher education in India. 15

Table 3.9: International Students in India from Northern Africa by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Africa 6 1 7 16.67% 1.02% Algeria 1 0 1 0.00% 0.15% Egypt 11 3 14 27.27% 2.05% Libya 248 50 298 20.16% 43.63% Morocco 1 0 1 0.00% 0.15% Sudan 319 41 360 12.85% 52.71% Tunisia 2 0 2 0.00% 0.29% Northern Africa 588 95 683 16.16% 100.00% Table 3.10: International Students in India from Northern Africa by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Africa 3 3 1 0 7 7 0 Algeria 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Egypt 7 4 3 0 14 13 1 Libya 33 177 88 0 298 298 0 Morocco 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Sudan 273 77 4 6 360 360 0 Tunisia 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 Northern Africa 320 261 96 6 683 682 1 Amongst the Southern African countries, most students came from South Africa (51.63%), followed by the Namibia (25%). Women student comprise 48.91 percent of the student population with four countries of Southern Africa having larger representation of women. [Table 3.11]. Nearly 75.54 percent of the students from Southern Africa are enrolled in the undergraduate programmes whereas the proportion enrolled for the postgraduate and the doctoral programme is 23.37 and 0.54 percent respectively. Almost all students from Southern Africa pursue their higher education in India as a full time regular students [Table 3.12] Western Africa: Nigeria stands out prominently amongst 15 countries of the Western African countries as 1202 students from Nigeria were studying in India during 2014-15. Other prominent countries of Western 16

Table 3.11: International Students in India from Southern Africa by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Botswana 9 16 25 64.00% 13.59% Lesotho 4 7 11 63.64% 5.98% Namibia 28 18 46 39.13% 25.00% Saint Helena 0 1 1 100.00% 0.54% South Africa 50 45 95 47.37% 51.63% Swaziland 3 3 6 50.00% 3.26% Southern Africa 94 90 184 48.91% 100.00% Table 3.12: International Students in India from Southern Africa by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Botswana 13 12 0 0 25 25 0 Lesotho 10 1 0 0 11 11 0 Namibia 19 26 1 0 46 46 0 Saint Helena 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 South Africa 91 4 0 0 95 95 0 Swaziland 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 Southern Africa 139 43 1 1 184 184 0 Africa included Côte d Ivoire, Ghana and Gambia which respectively accounted for 208, 62 and 28 students respectively. The number of students from the rest of the countries of the Western Africa were 15 or less. From Western Africa also male students are more than female. Percentage of female students is the highest in case of students coming from Guinea Bissau (40.00%) followed by Burkina Faso are Niger (33.35% each), Gambia 28.57%, Nigeria 23.79%, Ghana 22.58% and Mali 20.00%. [Table 3.13]. Distribution of students from Western Africa across various programme of studies shows that 73.22 percent of them pursue undergraduate while another 23.96 percent are enrolled in the postgraduate programmes. Those enrolled in the doctoral programmes account for 2.63 percent of the total students from the Western Africa. [Table 3.14] 17

Table 3.13: International Students in India from Western Africa by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Benin 2 0 2 0.00% 0.13% Burkina Faso 2 1 3 33.33% 0.19% Cape Verde 3 0 3 0.00% 0.19% Gambia 20 8 28 28.57% 1.80% Ghana 48 14 62 22.58% 3.98% Guinea 2 0 2 0.00% 0.13% Guinea Bissau 3 2 5 40.00% 0.32% Ivory Coast (Cote D`Ivoire) 194 14 208 6.73% 13.36% Liberia 12 1 13 7.69% 0.83% Mali 12 3 15 20.00% 0.96% Mauritania 2 0 2 0.00% 0.13% Niger 4 2 6 33.33% 0.39% Nigeria 916 286 1202 23.79% 77.20% Sierra Leone 3 0 3 0.00% 0.19% Togo 3 0 3 0.00% 0.19% Western Africa 1226 331 1557 21.26% 100.00% Table 3.14: International Students in India from Western Africa by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Benin 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 Burkina Faso 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 Cape Verde 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 Gambia 26 2 0 0 28 28 0 Ghana 19 29 13 1 62 60 2 Guinea 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 Guinea Bissau 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 Ivory Coast 178 29 1 0 208 208 0 Liberia 3 10 0 0 13 13 0 Mali 9 5 1 0 15 15 0 Mauritania 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 Niger 4 2 0 0 6 6 0 Nigeria 883 291 26 2 1202 1201 1 Sierra Leone 2 1 0 0 3 3 0 Togo 2 1 0 0 3 3 0 Western Africa 1140 373 41 3 1557 1554 3 18

SECTION 3 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS FROM AMERICAS Of the 1033 students coming to India from various regions of America, 94.97 percent came from Northern America meaning United States of America and Canada. Those coming from regions like Caribbeans, Central America and the South America were very small in number ranging between 14 and 20 [Table 3.15] Even though the number of students coming to India from Americas are small, a relatively larger proportion (56.73%) were women. The proportion of women students was in fact as high as 71.43 percent in case of those coming from Central America. While on an average 72.80 percent of the students coming from Americas pursued undergraduate studies in India, more than 66.67 percent of the students coming from Caribbean pursued postgraduate programmes. Further, while 70.86 percent of the American students pursued full-time regular programmes, as many as 30.38 percent of the international students from Northern America preferred to pursue short term programmes in India [Table 3.16]. Table 3.15: International Students in India from Americas by Gender in 2014-15 Regions Male Female Total Female (%) Distributi on (%) Caribbean 10 8 18 44.44% 1.74% Central America 4 10 14 71.43% 1.36% Northern America 420 561 981 57.19% 94.97% Southern America 13 7 20 35.00% 1.94% America 447 586 1033 56.73% 100.00% Table 3.16: International Students in India from Americas by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Regions Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Caribbean 4 12 2 0 18 18 0 Central America 11 0 1 2 14 13 1 Northern America 723 45 12 201 981 683 298 Southern America 14 3 3 0 20 18 2 America 752 60 18 203 1033 732 301 19

Caribbean: Amongst the Caribbean countries, the largest number of students (14) came from the Guyana whereas there were only 4 students from Jamaica and just one from the Antigua and Barbuda. Percentage of female students from Guyana is 50.00% and Jamaica 25.00% [Table 3.17]. In terms of the programmes of studies, a majority of students from Caribbean pursued postgraduate degrees as a full time regular students. [Table 3.18]. Central America: There were only 14 students from only 2 countries of the Central America out of which as many as 13 were from Mexico alone. In sharp contrast to other countries, as many as 71.4 percent of the students from Central America were women (Table 3.19). Most international students from Central America were enrolled in the undergraduate programmes, though one or two were also enrolled in the doctoral and other programme of studies. [Table 3.20]. Table 3.17: International Students in India from Caribbean by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Guyana 7 7 14 50.00% 77.78% Jamaica 3 1 4 25.00% 22.22% Caribbean 10 8 18 44.44% 100.00% Table 3.18: Country-wise Number of International Students in India from Caribbean by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Guyana 0 12 2 0 14 14 0 Jamaica 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 Caribbean 4 12 2 0 18 18 0 Table 3.19: International Students in India from Central America by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Belize 0 1 1 100.0% 7.14% Mexico 4 9 13 69.2% 92.86% Central America 4 10 14 71.4% 100.00% 20

Table 3.20: International Students in India from Central America by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Belize 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Mexico 11 0 0 2 13 12 1 Central America 11 0 1 2 14 13 1 Northern America: Within America, the largest number of international students came to India from Northern America. Within North America, the largest number of students (753) came from the United States of America (USA) followed by Canada (223). From this region the number of female students were reported to be more than the male students [Table 3.21]. Amongst the international students from Northern America, 73.70 percent were in enrolled in the undergraduate programme whereas those registered for the postgraduate and doctoral programmes were 4.59 and 1.22 percent respectively. About 20.49 percent of the international students from Northern America wee found doing other kinds of programmes of studies and, therefore, nor surprisingly, 30.38 percent of the students from North America were registered for short duration programmes in India [Table 3.22]. Table 3.21: International Students in India from Northern America by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Antigua and Barbuda 0 1 1 100.00% 0.10% Aruba 0 3 3 100.00% 0.31% Canada 115 108 223 48.43% 22.73% Netherlands Antilles 0 1 1 100.00% 0.10% USA 305 448 753 59.50% 76.76% Northern America 420 561 981 57.19% 100.00% Table 3.22: International Students in India from Northern America by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Antigua and Barbuda 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Aruba 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 Canada 184 22 1 16 223 208 15 Netherlands Antilles 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 USA 534 23 11 185 753 470 283 Northern America 723 45 12 201 981 683 298 21

Southern America: As regards international students from South America, the largest number (9) came from Brazil whereas there were 3 students each from Peru and Colombia, 2 students from Suriname and one each from Bolivia, Chile (Santiago) & Ecuador. (Table 16). Out of 20 students from this region, 7 students were female [Table 3.23]. With regard to the programme-wise distribution of international students from Southern America, 70.0% percent were registered for undergraduate programme. Importantly, however, those enrolled for the postgraduate and doctoral programmes were as high as 15 percent [Table 3.24]. Table 3.23: International Students in India from Southern America by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Bolivia 1 0 1 0.00% 5.00% Brazil 6 3 9 33.33% 45.00% Chile 1 0 1 0.00% 5.00% Colombia 3 0 3 0.00% 15.00% Ecuador 0 1 1 100.00% 5.00% Peru 1 2 3 66.67% 15.00% Suriname 1 1 2 50.00% 10.00% Southern America 13 7 20 35.00% 100.00% Table 3.24: International Students in India from Southern America by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Bolivia 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Brazil 7 0 2 0 9 9 0 Chile 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Colombia 3 0 0 0 3 2 1 Ecuador 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Peru 1 2 0 0 3 3 0 Suriname 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 Southern America 14 3 3 0 20 18 2 22

SECTION 4 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS FROM ASIA Asia is the largest source of international students in India with nearly 60 percent of all the international students in the country. Within Asia, the largest numbers of international students (55.74%) come from South Asia followed by the Western Asia (26.57%) and Southeast Asia (10.50 %). Contrary to the expectations, the lowest numbers (0.95%) came from Central Asia [Table 3.25]. Broadly, 32.89 percent of the international students coming from Asia are women. Within the Asia, the largest proportion of women students (53.22%) came from Southern Asia followed by East Asia (45.63%) and Central Asia (42.53%). Enrolment in the undergraduate level averaged at 70.24 percent for the students from Asia but the proportion of the undergraduate students was the highest (81.86%) in case of the students from Southeast Asia. As regards the postgraduate programmes, the proportion was markedly higher (35.10%) in case of the students coming from Western Asia. PhD students accounted for 3.74 percent of Asian students but nearly a tenth of the students from Western Asia were found doing their research degree in India [Table 3.26]. Table 3.25: International Students in India from Asia by Gender in 2014-15 Regions Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Central Asia 100 74 174 42.53% 0.95% East Asia 622 522 1144 45.63% 6.24% South Asia 7444 2770 10214 27.12% 55.74% Southeast Asia 900 1024 1924 53.22% 10.50% Western Asia 3231 1638 4869 33.64% 26.57% Asia 12297 6028 18325 32.89% 100.00% Table 3.26: International Students in India from Asia by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Regions Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Central Asia 122 29 1 22 174 153 21 East Asia 855 180 28 81 1144 1071 73 South Asia 7702 2197 102 213 10214 10124 90 Southeast Asia 1575 190 76 83 1924 1921 3 Western Asia 2618 1709 479 63 4869 4835 34 Asia 12872 4305 686 462 18325 18104 221 23

Central Asia: As regards Central Asia, India received only 174 students of which as many as 71 were from Turkmenistan alone followed by Uzbekistan from where 43 students were reported studying in India. This region has 42.53% female students [Table 3.27]. Nearly 70.11 percent of the international students from Central Asia pursued undergraduate studies and only about 17.67 percent were reported enrolled for the postgraduate programme. Just about 12.07 percent of the Central Asian students were registered for short duration programmes and a dominant majority of them were enrolled as a full time regular students [Table 3.28] East Asia: As many as 1144 international students from East Asia were reported studying in India with Tibet (532), China (276) and South Korea (120) being the top most countries. In this region 45.6 percent female students are there [Table 3.29]. Most of the international students from East Asia were enrolled in the undergraduate programmes (74.74%) with only 15.73 and 2.45 percent registered for the postgraduate and the research degree programme respectively [Table 3.30]. Table 3.27: International Students in India from Central Asia by Gender in 2014-15 Countries Male Female Total Female (%) Distribution (%) Kazakhstan 7 7 14 50.00% 8.05% Kyrgyzstan 9 13 22 59.09% 12.64% Tajikistan 13 11 24 45.83% 13.79% Turkmenistan 37 34 71 47.89% 40.80% Uzbekistan 34 9 43 20.93% 24.71% Central Asia 100 74 174 42.53% 100.00% Table 3.28: International Students in India from Central Asia by Programme of Studies in 2014-15 Countries Level Type UG PG Doctoral Other Total FT ST Kazakhstan 9 4 1 0 14 14 0 Kyrgyzstan 0 1 0 21 22 1 21 Tajikistan 10 14 0 0 24 24 0 Turkmenistan 63 7 0 1 71 71 0 Uzbekistan 40 3 0 0 43 43 0 Central Asia 122 29 1 22 174 153 21 24