The Article: Three basic forces of the article: (1) conceptualize (i.e., make something a noun); (2) identify (stresses identity of an individual or class or quality); and (3) definitize. A. Regular Uses of the Article 1. As Pronoun (Partially Independent Use) a. Personal Pronoun [with, followed by finite verb or circumstantial participle, to indicate change in subject] (,... ) b. Alternative Personal Pronoun [with..., to express mild contrast] (..., ) c. Relative Pronoun [where modifier is gen phrase, prep phrase or part, i.e,. not adj] i. Genitive Phrase ( ) Prep Phrase ( ) Participle ( ) [note: w/gen and prep phrases, art not needed grammatically, but semantically serves to emphasie and clarify] d. Possessive Pronoun [where possession obvious from context, though no actual poss pronoun used] (, ) [note: if neither article nor poss pronoun used, possession probably not implied] 2. With Substantives (Dependent or Modifying Use) a. Individualizing Article [to distinguish otherwise similar objects] i. Simple Identification [to distinguish one indiv from another; drip-pan category] ( ) Anaphoric [previous reference, at least in the same book; may be synonymous ref] ( ) Kataphoric [immediately following reference] (...... ) -1-
iv. Deictic ( Pointing Article) [to point out object or person present at moment of speaking; close to demonstrative] ( ) v. Par Excellence [ in class by itself, in superlative sense] ( ;) vi. Monadic [ one of a kind ] (..., ) [note: as monadic v. as par excel.] v v Well-Known [ Celebrity or Familiar, i.e., well-known, but not in categ v or vi] ( ) Abstract [Article w/abstract Nouns] ( ) b. Generic Article: as a class [Categorical Article, distinguishing one class from another] ( ) a common construction:... 3. As a Substantiver (With Certain Parts of Speech) [turns other parts of speech into nouns; also either individualizes or categorizes, per uses 1 or 2 above] a. With Adverbs (, ) b. With Adjectives (... ) c. With Participles ( ;) d. With Infinitives [article always neuter singular] ( ) e. With a Genitive Word or Phrase [noun implied, e.g., son of, the things of, those who are ] ( ) f. With a Prepositional Phrase (, ) g. With Particles ( ) h. With Finite Verbs [only in Rev 1:4] (... ) i. With Clauses, Statements, and Quotations [neuter, sing. art; translation tricky and -2-
varied] (, ) 4. As Function Marker [often with no semantic force] a. To Denote Adjectival Positions i. Second Attributive Position ( ) Third Attributive Position (...) b. With Possessive Pronouns ( ) c. In Genitive Phrases [typ, head and genitive nouns both either have or don t have art] (... ) d. With Indeclinable Nouns [to show the case of the noun] ( ) e. With Participles [as both substantiver and function marker] ( ) f. With Demonstratives ( ;) g. With Nominative Nouns [to denote subject] ( ) h. To Distinguish Subject from Predicate Nominative and Object from Complement [ ) i. With Infinitive to Denote Various Functions (see chapter on infinitives) B. Absence of the Article 1. If article, must be definite; if no article, may be indefinite, qualitative, or definite 2.. Indefinite [one member of a class w/o specifying which member] 3. Qualitative [in between indefinite and definite - more than mere membership in a class, but less than individual identity w/in a class; stress on quality, nature, or essence; focus on the kind, and emphasizes class traits; often, esp. re abstract nouns, has one individual in mind; abstract nouns generally qualitative] ( ) 4. Definite - lays stress on indiv identity, w/a particular member of class in mind -3-
a. Proper Names b. Object of a Preposition [may be definite, but isn t always] ( ) c. With Ordinal Numbers ( ) d. Predicate Nominative [if precedes copula, may be definite; see Colwell s rule] e. Complement in Object-Complement Construction [if precedes object, may be definite; see Accusative Case object-complement] ( ) f. Monadic Nouns [or noun phrase, e.g., ] ( ) g. Abstract Nouns [may be qualitative-definite] ( ) h. Genitive Construction (Apollonius Corollary) [when both the head and genitive nouns are anarthrous, both usually have same semantic force; plus, rarely is a definite noun found w/an indefinite noun; plus, rarely are both indefinite; plus, when genitive noun is definite, head noun generally is as well] ( ) i. With Pronominal Adjective [, etc.] ( ) j. Generic Nouns ( ) C. Anarthrous Pre-Verbal Predicate Nominatives (Involving Colwell s Rule) 1. The Rule a. Colwell s Rule: definite pre-verbal PN s generally lack the atticle b. Colwell s Construction: preverbal anarthrous predicate nominatives are generally qualitative, sometimes definite, and rarely indefinite c. Anarthrous post-copulative predicate nominatives are usually qualitative or indefinite (unless definite based on some other rule, e.g., being a nomadic noun) 2. Examples -4-
a. Definite predicate nominative ( ) b. Qualitative predicate nominative ( ) c. Indefinite predicate nominative ( ) D. Article with Multiple Substantives Connected by (Granville Sharp Rule et al.) 1. Granville Sharp rule: when the copulative connects two nouns of the same case, the second noun always refers to same person as the first when: (a) neither is impersonal; (b) neither is plural; and (c) neither is a proper name 2. Examples a. Nouns in TSKS Personal Construction ( ) b. Participles in the TSKS Personal Construction ( ) c. Adjectives in the TSKS Personal Construction ( ) d. Mixed Elements in the TSKS Personal Construction ( ) e. Having intervening word between the two substantives doesn t affect rule s applicability (, ) 3. Constructions Involving Impersonal, Plural, and Proper Nouns a. Proper Names: [distinct (i.e., two different) individuals always involved] ( ) b. Plural Personal Constructions: [five possibs, all existing in NT] i. Distinct Groups, though United ( ) Overlapping Groups (... ) First Group Subset of Second ( ) -5-
iv. Second Group Subset of First ( ) v. Both Groups Identical [most common of the five categs, but never found with noun noun] ( ) c. Impersonal Constructions: [distinct and overlapping categs somewhat common; identical category rare] i. Distinct Entities, though United ( ) iv. Overlapping Entities (... ) First Entity Subset of Second ( ) Second Group Subset of First ( ) v. Both Entities Identical [only one clear example, Acts 1:25]... ) -6-