TABLE OF CONTENTS Vol. II nominal and verbal morphology Preliminary note.... 3-4 Chapter I: Introduction to Indo-European morphology 5-38 Outline and summary... 5-7 I. Phonemes, signs and words ( 3.1.-3.7.)... 7-13 II. The roots... 13-19 1. General remarks ( 3.8.-3.10.)... 13-15 2. Formal features of the nominal and verbal roots ( 3.11.- 3.14.)... 15-19 III. The formation of the stems... 19-32 1. From root to stem ( 3.15.-3.17.)... 19-22 2. Suffixes and word classes ( 3.18.-3.22.)... 22-28 3. The thematic vowel ( 3.23.-3.26.)... 28-31 4. Elements that come before the root ( 3.27.).... 31-32 IV. Endings and equivalent morphological elements.... 32-38 1. General remarks ( 3.28.)... 32-33 2. Endings ( 3.29.-3.30.)... 33-35 3. Vowel alternations ( 3.31.)... 36-37 4. Accent placement ( 3.32.).... 37-38 Chapter II: The noun and adjective in Indo-European iii 39-120 Outline and summary... 39-44 I. Stems of nouns and adjectives... 44-52 1. Main enlargements and suffixes ( 3.33.-3.34.).... 44-47 2. Nominal stems and gender ( 3.35.-3.38.)... 47-49 3. Compound nouns ( 3.39.-3.42.)... 49-52 II. Nominal inflection and endings.... 52-63 1. From stem to inflection ( 3.43.-3.45.)... 52-54 2. The forms of endings. The zero ending, allomorphy, amalgamation, syncretism ( 3.46.-3.51.)... 54-58 3. The cases in Indo-European III ( 3.52.-3.60.)... 58-63
VI table of contents III. The paradigms in the nominal inflection of Indo-European III 63-112 1. The core cases of the singular ( 3.61.-3.86.)... 63-79 2. The marginal cases of the singular ( 3.87.-3.110.)... 79-92 3. The core cases of the plural ( 3.111.-3.127.)... 93-100 4. The marginal cases of the plural ( 3.128.-3.141.)... 100-109 5. The cases of the dual ( 3.142.-3.147.)... 109-112 IV. Nouns and adjectives; stems and inflections... 112-120 1. The adjective and its differentiation from the noun ( 3.148.-3.157.)... 112-118 2. Gradation in the adjective ( 3.158.-3.162.)... 118-120 Chapter III: Noun and adjective in Anatolian and Indo- European II... 121-157 Outline and summary... 121-122 I. The position of Anatolian with regard to Indo-European II ( 3.163.-3.168.)... 122-127 II. Nominal derivation and inflection in Hittite... 127-157 1. Nominal derivation ( 3.169.-3.179.)... 127-132 2. Nominal inflection ( 3.180.-3.196.)... 132-142 3. Archaisms in the Hittite nominal inflection ( 3.197.- 3.208.)... 142-147 4. Inflection in the other Anatolian languages and final remarks on Anatolian ( 3.209.-3.218.)... 147-152 5. Final remarks on the nominal inflection of Indo-European II ( 3.219.-3.228.)... 153-157 Chapter IV: The origins of the nominal inflection and the noun in the pre-inflectional stage of Indo-European or Proto-Indo-European.... 159-184 Outline and summary... 159-160 I. History of theories on the origins of nominal inflection... 160-167 1. Non-inflected Indo-European ( 3.229.-3.232.)... 160-162 2. On the theory of agglutination ( 3.233.-3.239.)... 162-164 3. Other explanations: critical remarks ( 3.240.-3.247.).. 164-167 II. The creation of the system of Indo-European nominal inflection... 168-181 1. General remarks ( 3.248.-3.251.)... 168-169 2. The origin of the marginal cases ( 3.252.-3.256.)... 170-172
table of contents VII 3. The origin of the core cases ( 3.257.-3.267.)... 172-177 4. The origin of gender opposition (animate / inanimate ( 3.268.-3.272.)... 177-179 5. The origin of the adjective ( 3.273.-3.277.)... 179-181 III. The prehistory of case inflection in pre-inflectional Indo- European (Indo-European I).... 181-184 1. The cases as a continuation of ancient functions ( 3.278.- 3.280.)... 181-183 2. The marking of nominal functions in pre-inflectional Indo-European ( 3.281.-3.283.).... 183-184 Chapter V: The verb system in Indo-European III....... 185-375 Outline and summary... 185-192 I. Roots, stems and endings of the verb: general view...... 192-230 1. The general scheme of inflection ( 3.284.-3.287.).... 192-195 2. Basic morphological elements of the stems ( 3.288.-3.298.) 195-203 3. Basic, deverbative and denominative verbs ( 3.299.- 3.305.)... 203-208 4. The thematic vowel ( 3.306.-3.315.)... 208-216 5. Verbal compounding ( 3.316.-3.319.)... 216-219 6. Morphological elements in the inflection of the stems: augment and endings ( 3.320.-3.332.)... 219-226 7. Problems of chronology, dialectology and meaning ( 3.333.-3.337.)... 227-230 II. Present stems... 230-267 1. Radical stems ( 3.338.-3.351.)... 230-238 2. Reduplicated stems (athematic and thematic) ( 3.352.- 3.357.)... 238-241 3. Consonantal stems (thematic) ( 3.358.-3.367.).... 241-247 4. Stems in vowel, -y or -w (athematic, semi-thematic, and thematic) ( 3.368.-3.385.)... 247-262 5. Stems in a nasal (athematic and thematic) ( 3.386.-3.390.) 262-266 6. Conclusions ( 3.391.)... 266-267 III. Stems of the aorist and the preterite... 267-297 1. General remarks ( 3.392.-3.394.)... 267-270 2. Radical stems (athematic inflection) ( 3.395.)... 270-271 3. Radical stems (thematic inflection) ( 3.396.)... 271-272 4. Reduplicated stems (athematic and thematic) ( 3.397.) 272-273
VIII table of contents 5. Stems with -s and their expanded forms (thematic and athematic) ( 3.398.-3.407.)... 273-280 6. Stems in -t and -k ( 3.408.-3.410.)... 280-283 7. Stems in -ē, -ā, -y, -w ( 3.411.-3.417.).... 283-289 8. The compound preterites ( 3.418.-3.421.)... 289-293 9. The present / aorist aspectual opposition and other re-elaborations ( 3.422.-3.425.).... 293-297 IV. Stems of the perfect ( 3.426.-3.440.)... 297-310 V. Future stems ( 3.441.-3.446.)... 310-316 VI. Modal stems... 316-337 1. General remarks ( 3.447.-3.456.)... 316-323 2. The subjunctive ( 3.457.-3.458.).... 323-324 3. Remnants of the identity of indicative and subjunctive ( 3.459.-3.461.)... 324-327 4. The creation of the indicative / subjunctive opposition ( 3.462.-3.470.)... 327-334 5. The optative ( 3.471.-3.473.)... 334-337 VII. The endings... 337-364 1. General remarks ( 3.474.)... 337 2. The endings system of the active voice ( 3.475.-3.488.) 337-348 3. The endings system of the middle voice ( 3.489.-3.496.) 348-356 4. Endings in the stems in *-H and of the perfect ( 3.497.- 3.501.)... 356-360 5. Endings in *-r ( 3.502.-3.506.).... 360-364 VIII. The nominal forms of the verb... 364-375 1. Infinitives and semi-infinitives ( 3.507.-3.510.).... 364-369 2. Participles, gerundives and absolutives ( 3.511.-3-516.)... 369-374 3. Conclusions ( 3.517.)... 374-375 Chapter VI: The verbal system in Anatolian and Indo- European II... 377-438 Outline and summary... 377-379 I. The verbal inflection of anatolian as compared to IE III. General features... 379-410 1. The basic morphological elements of Hittite ( 3.518.- 3.522.)... 379-384 2. The archaism of the monothematic system ( 3.523.- 3-524.)... 384-386
table of contents IX 3. The two inflections in -mi and -ḫi and the problem of the perfect and the middle voice ( 3.525.-3.545.)... 386-400 4. Thematism, athematism and semi-thematism in Hittite inflection ( 3.546.-3.550.)... 400-403 5. Base verb and derived verb in Hittite ( 3.551.-3.557.). 403-407 6. Data from the other Anatolian languages ( 3.558.-3.562.) 407-410 II. The verbal inflection of Anatolian as against IE III; details of stems, endings and nominal forms.... 410-430 1. Stems: the data from Hittite ( 3.563.)... 410-411 2. Radical and derived stems (except with -s-, -n- and reduplicated ones) ( 3.564.-3.572.).... 411-416 3. Derived stems in -š, -šk ( 3.573.)... 416-417 4. Derived stems in -n ( 3.574.-3.577.)... 417-420 5. Reduplicated stems ( 3.578.-3.579.)... 420-421 6. Stems: data from other Anatolian languages ( 3.580.- 3.582.)... 421-423 7. Endings: data from Hittite and from Anatolian in general ( 3.583.-3.591.).... 423-428 8. The nominal forms of the verb: data from Hittite and Anatolian in general ( 3.592.-3.595.)... 428-430 III. Final conclusions on verbal inflection of IE II... 430-438 1. Verbal inflection in IE III ( 3.596.-3.602.).... 430-435 2. Verbal inflection in Anatolian and in Indo-European II ( 3.603.-3.607.)... 435-438 Chapter VII: The origins of verb and verbal inflection in the pre-inflectional phase of Indo-European or Proto- Indo-European... 439-462 Outline and summary... 439-440 I. History of the theories of verbal inflection and the verb in the pre-inflectional or Proto-Indo-European phase... 440-449 1. General remarks ( 3.608.-3.609.)... 440-442 2. The creation of the endings system ( 3.610.-3.616.)... 442-448 3. The creation of the system of stems ( 3.617.-3.618.).. 448-449 II. The creation of verbal inflection... 449-459 1. The system of the endings ( 3.619.-3.624.)... 449-453 2. The system of the stems ( 3.625.-3.630.).... 454-458 3. Nominal forms of the verb ( 3.631.)... 459
X table of contents III. The prehistory of verbal inflection in pre-inflectional Indo- European (Proto-Indo-European) ( 3.632.-3.636.)... 459-462 Appendix: Indo-European from Bopp until now........ 463-479