GOOD JOBS THAT PAY WITHOUT A BA

GOOD JOBS THAT PAY WITHOUT A A STATE-BY-STATE ANALYSIS By Anthony P. Carnevale, Jeff Strohl, and Neil Ridley SOLD SOLD 2017

GOOD JOBS THAT PAY WITHOUT A A STATE-BY-STATE ANALYSIS By Anthony P. Carnevale, Jeff Strohl, and Neil Ridley 2017

Acknowledgements We are grateful to JPMorgan Chase & Co. for the generous support which made this report possible, particularly to Chauncy Lennon, Sarah Steinberg, and Whitney Smith who contributed their insights and feedback as the report was developed. Many experts contributed their thoughts and feedback to the Good Jobs Project. We offer special thanks to the members of the technical review panel David Autor, Harry Holzer, Alicia Sasser Modestino, and Jonathan Rothwell all of whom provided helpful comments on the methodology and research direction as the Center began the Good Jobs Project. The staff of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce was instrumental in the production of this report from conception to publication. In particular, we would like to thank: Andrea Porter for strategic guidance Ban Cheah for project conceptualization, and data programming and analysis Nicole Smith for economic methodology Artem Gulish and Meagan Siu for data analysis Martin Van Der Werf, Tanya I. Garcia, and Andrew Hanson for editorial and qualitative feedback Hilary Strahota, Vikki Hartt Salinkas, Wendy Chang, and Precious Stephens-Ihedigbo for communications efforts, including design development and public relations Joe Leonard and Coral Castro for assistance with logistics and operations Many others contributed their thoughts and feedback throughout the production of this report. We are especially grateful to our talented designers, editorial advisors, and printers, whose efforts were vital to our success. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of JPMorgan Chase & Co. or any of its officers or employees. All errors, omissions, and views remain the responsibility of the authors. Reprint Permission The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce carries a Creative Commons license, which permits non-commercial re-use of any of our content when proper attribution is provided. You are free to copy, display, and distribute our work, or include our content in derivative works, under the CEW s following conditions: Attribution: You must clearly attribute the work to the Center on Education and the Workforce and provide a print or digital copy of the work to cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu. Our preference is to cite figures and tables as follows: Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, Good Jobs That Pay without a : A State-by-State Analysis, 2017. Noncommercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Written permission must be obtained from the owners of the copy/literary rights and from Georgetown University for any publication or commercial use of reproductions. Approval: If you are using one or more of our available data representations (figures, charts, tables, etc), please visit our website at cew. georgetown.edu/publications/reprint-permission for more information. For the full legal code of this Creative Commons license, please visit creativecommons.org. Should you need a form to be filled out by us, please email cewgeorgetown@georgetown.edu and we will respond in a timely manner.

About The Good Jobs Project The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce has launched the Good Jobs Project website, which shows the concentration of for non- workers both nationally and by state. The interactive website details the level of economic opportunity for workers without s across the country. The project also focuses on the share of by industry and occupation. Visit GoodJobsData.org to explore.

Table of Contents 2 Introduction 4 PART 1. The Shift of Good Jobs for Workers without s from Blue-Collar to Skilled-Services Industries 4 Most states gained for workers without s, but states that were hit the hardest by the decline of manufacturing suffered the most dramatic losses of. 6 The shift from traditional blue-collar industries to skilled-services industries has played out in different ways in the states. 8 Good jobs for workers without s are increasingly concentrated in skilledservices industries rather than traditional blue-collar industries. 8 The decline in manufacturing was pervasive, but in other bluecollar industries expanded in most states. 11 PART 2. Good Jobs Require More Education. 11 High school graduates share of has declined in nearly every state, while associate s degree holders share of has increased. 13 PART 3. Where Are the Good Jobs Today? 13 States differ in the size and importance of the non- job market. 13 Good jobs that pay without a are concentrated in the most populous states, but some small states have a higher share of. 17 PART 4. State-by-State Analysis 21 State Profiles 126 References 127 APPENDIX. Data Sources and Methodology

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a VI Figures and Tables Figure 1. 2 What is a good job? Figure 2. 3 Thirty million American workers aged 25 to 64 have that pay without a. Figure 3. 5 States in the South and West had the greatest percentage growth in for those without s. Figure 4. 5 Nearly half of the states added for workers without s in both blue-collar and skilled-services industries. Figure 5. 7 Good jobs in blue-collar and skilled-services industries grew at a fast clip in the West and northern Plains. Figure 6. 8 Good jobs are more concentrated in skilledservices industries than in blue-collar industries. Figure 8. 12 Since 1991, more have gone to associate s degree holders than high school graduates in nearly every state. Figure 9. 14 Workers without s in some states, such as Wyoming and Mississippi, hold a much larger share of all than the national average. Figure 10. 15 California, Texas, and Florida have the largest number of for workers without s. Figure 11. 16 Wyoming, New Jersey, and Maryland have the largest share of for workers without s.... Table 1. 10 Twelve states and the District of Columbia shed in blue-collar industries other than manufacturing. Figure 7. 9 Manufacturing dominated losses of good blue-collar jobs in most states. Table 2. 18 The states vary widely in the share of good jobs for workers without a.

2 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Introduction The reported death of the middle economy is greatly exaggerated. There are 30 million in the United States today that pay without a (bachelor s degree). These good jobs have median of $55,000 annually (Figure 1). Traditionally, many people with that pay without a have worked in manufacturing. Those jobs are declining while the number of in skilled-services industries, such as health services and financial services, is increasing. These trends vary across states. Twenty-three states gained good blue-collar jobs from 1991 to 2015. For instance, Utah had a 105 percent increase in good blue-collar jobs, and Nevada had a 50 percent increase. However, many Northeast and Midwest states saw steep declines: Rhode Island lost 39 percent of its good blue-collar jobs for workers without s during this period. New York saw a 31 percent decline in these jobs, and Pennsylvania saw a 27 percent decline. Good jobs in skilled-services industries increased in most states, growing by almost 200 percent in Arizona and 124 percent in Texas. Education matters. More and more, are going to workers with bachelor s degrees, who now hold 55 percent of all. For workers without s, associate s degrees have become increasingly important for finding a good job. More associate s degree holders are getting, while the number of these jobs held by workers with a high school diploma or less is in decline. This is especially true in Midwest states like Minnesota and Iowa. Figure 1. What is a good job? $35,000 In defining a good job, we have chosen $35,000 ($17 per hour for a full-time job) as the minimum for those under age 45 and $45,000 ($22 per hour for a full-time job) for workers age 45 and older. $55,000 In 2015, these had median of $55,000 per year. Source: Carnevale et al., Good Jobs That Pay without a, 2017.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 3 Overall: Even with the job losses in manufacturing, blue-collar jobs rose in 23 states because of growth in construction and blue-collar industries other than manufacturing. These states mostly in the South, West, and northern Plains saw increases in for workers without s in both blue-collar industries and skilled-services industries. Even as are going to workers with postsecondary education and training at higher rates, some states have economies that continue to rely on workers with a high school education. Delaware and West Virginia have the greatest percentage of held by workers with a high school diploma or less. Good jobs that pay without a make up about a quarter of the American labor market (Figure 2), but they are nevertheless a vibrant and important part of the market. Workers employed in these jobs are, in many respects, what we often used to think of as the working class workers without s who use brawn as much as brains to make a salary large enough to own a home and comfortably raise a family. The nature of these jobs is changing, but these jobs are vital to the health of the American middle class. Figure 2. Thirty million American workers aged 25 to 64 have that pay without a. 123 MILLION 75 MILLION 30 MILLION 123 Million workers in the economy 75 Million workers without a bachelor s degree 30 Million workers who have a good job without a bachelor s degree Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (March), 1992 2016.

4 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Part 1. The Shift of Good Jobs for Workers without s from Blue-Collar to Skilled-Services Industries Most states gained for workers without s, but states that were hit the hardest by the decline of manufacturing suffered the most dramatic losses of. As the American workforce has grown over the last three decades, workers with s have gained far more than workers without s, especially since the end of the Great Recession in 2009. Good jobs for workers without s grew slowly between 1991 and 2015, rising from 27 million to 30 million. Overall, the share of for workers without s declined from about 60 percent of workers in 1991 to 45 percent in 2015. The slow national growth rate masks the uneven spread of for workers without s across the country. Thirty-four states mostly in the South and the West added for workers without s between 1991 and 2015 (Figure 3). Many Sunbelt states, such as Texas and Arizona, experienced strong good job growth in skilled-services industries and did not lose large numbers of good blue-collar jobs. Some states in the northern Plains, such as North Dakota and Montana, had large gains in, both in the blue-collar and skilled-services industries. Sixteen states plus the District of Columbia have fewer for workers without s now than they had in 1991. These states, primarily in the Northeast and Midwest, were hit hard by manufacturing declines.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 5 Figure 3. States in the South and West had the greatest percentage growth in for those without s. Change in percent of 1991 2015. Gains of 50 percent or more Gains of 20 50 percent Gains of less than 20 percent Loss of 10 percent or less Loss of more than 10 percent Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016. Figure 4. Nearly half of the states added for workers without s in both blue-collar and skilled-services industries. Employment changes 1991 2015. Gains in both blue-collar and skilled-services industries Gains in skilled-services industries but losses in blue-collar industries Losses in both blue-collar and skilled-service industries Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

6 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis The shift from traditional blue-collar industries to skilled-services industries has played out in different ways in the states. Nationally, blue-collar jobs have been in decline. About 2.5 million jobs for workers without s in manufacturing, the largest blue-collar industry, have been lost since 1991. Increasingly, however, they have been replaced by skilled-services jobs in areas such as financial services. The labor market has added 4 million in skilled-services since 1991. Half of the states experienced the national trend of declining in blue-collar industries and growing in skilled-services industries (Figure 4). These states mostly in the Midwest, upper South, and Northeast lost in blue-collar industries when factories and mines were shut down permanently. States with the most significant blue-collar losses were New York, Pennsylvania, California, Ohio, and Illinois. California in particular was a state in which large blue-collar job losses resulted in weak overall growth of for workers without s. However, 23 states added for workers without s in both blue-collar and skilled-services industries. These states mostly in the South, the West, and the northern Plains experienced substantial employment gains between 1991 and 2015. Only two states (Massachusetts and New York) and the District of Columbia shed in both bluecollar and skilled-services industries. There is considerable variation among states in the rates of growth or decline in that pay without a in both blue-collar and skilled-services industries. Between 1991 and 2015, the growth of in blue-collar industries was strongest in the Western states and weakest in the Northeast (Figure 5). The number of good blue-collar jobs more than doubled in Utah and nearly doubled in North Dakota and South Dakota. But good blue-collar jobs declined by nearly 40 percent in Rhode Island and by about 30 percent in West Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts. States in the West and northern Plains experienced the largest gains in skilled-services good jobs, with especially strong growth in Arizona, Montana, Idaho, and North Dakota. Other states, primarily in the Northeast and Midwest, experienced much slower growth in skilledservices employment than the national average.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 7 Figure 5. Good jobs in blue-collar and skilled-services industries grew at a fast clip in the West and northern Plains. Change in non- (%) 1991 2015 Blue collar Skilled services UT SD ND ID NV WY AZ TX ME AR FL LA CO GA MS MT WA TN MN OR AK KY NM NC -1 IA -1 OK -1 DE -5 NE -5 IN -6 AL -7 US -7 HI -9 SC -10 CA -11 WI -12 VT -16 MO -17 NH -18 CT -21 MI -22 KS -22 VA -22 NJ -23 IL -23 OH -24 MD -27 PA -27 MA -28 NY -31 WV -32 RI -39 DC -47 54 50 33 31 26 24 23 22 19 19 15 13 10 8 7 4 4 3 3 2 105 95 88 UT SD ND ID NV WY AZ TX ME AR FL LA CO GA MS MT WA TN MN OR AK KY NM NC IA OK DE NE IN AL US HI SC CA WI VT MO NH CT MI KS VA NJ IL OH MD PA MA -7 NY -13 WV RI DC -28 139 142 156 172 101 116 199 124 41 120 83 114 88 118 97 187 46 76 41 117 17 33 92 114 101 126 65 63 88 59 43 2 110 20 30 47 82 10 10 5 49 20 13 8 13 10 34 68 37 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

8 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Good jobs for workers without s are increasingly concentrated in skilledservices industries rather than traditional blue-collar industries. Since the 1980s, jobs in manufacturing have been declining and workers without s have borne the brunt of those job losses. The share of good jobs in blue-collar industries, including manufacturing, is lower now than it was in 1991 in every state. Good jobs are increasingly found in skilledservices industries, such as health services and financial services. The share of good jobs in skilled-services industries has risen since 1991 in every state (Figure 6). The decline in manufacturing was pervasive, but in other blue-collar industries expanded in most states. Nationally, the decline of jobs in the manufacturing industry accounted for the vast majority (83%) of the that workers without s have lost since 1991. A similar pattern emerged across states: manufacturing declined in 38 states (Figure 7) and dominated job losses in 14 of the 16 states that shed overall. Manufacturing also accounted for Figure 6. Good jobs are more concentrated in skilledservices industries than in blue-collar industries. Change in the share of non- in skilled-services industries (% point), 1991 2015 MT 21 AZ 20 RI 20 OK 19 SC 19 WV 18 NC 17 MO 17 OR 17 GA 15 NM 15 IA 15 KS 15 PA 14 IN 14 LA 14 TX 13 DE 13 VT 13 NE 12 ID 12 AR 12 AL 12 MS 11 TN 11 CO 11 VA 11 US 10 WY 10 MD 10 FL 10 NJ 10 OH 9 CT 8 IL 8 WI 8 CA 7 NV 7 WA 7 MN 7 NH 7 DC 7 MA 6 MI 6 ND 6 KY 6 NY 6 SD 5 UT 4 AK 3 HI 3 ME 3 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 9 Figure 7. Manufacturing dominated losses of good blue-collar jobs in most states. Change in non- manufacturing CA IL OH NY PA MI VA NJ CT MA IN SC AL WI KS KY NC MO TX WA MD CO WV IA NH LA DE OK FL GA ME HI RI VT NE MN TN NM WY MT AZ ID MS ND SD OR AR UT -423,700-244,300-232,900-181,100-175,400-170,200-137,000-96,500-74,300-72,200-71,300-61,300-59,000-54,000-48,000-47,400-45,500-43,700-36,300-30,400-29,300-25,700-24,900-24,700-24,700-22,900-22,600-18,700-16,700-9,300-7,700-7,200-7,100-6,300-4,200-3,400-3,100-1,900 400 1,000 2,400 3,700 5,600 6,500 8,900 9,800 14,600 22,500 Note: Alaska, the District of Columbia, and Nevada were excluded from this analysis due to small sample size. Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

10 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis the bulk of job losses in 25 of the 27 states that hemorrhaged good bluecollar jobs between 1991 and 2015. At the same time, in non-manufacturing blue-collar industries, such as construction and transportation, increased in 38 states. North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah experienced the most robust job growth in non-manufacturing bluecollar industries, as well as in the total number of blue-collar jobs. Twelve states and the District of Columbia lost in blue-collar industries other than manufacturing (Table 1). Table 1. Twelve states and the District of Columbia shed in blue-collar industries other than manufacturing. STATE JOB LOSSES PERCENT CHANGE Rhode Island -21,000-43% District of Columbia -6,000-39% Maryland -74,000-24% West Virginia -21,000-22% New York -159,000-22% Massachusetts -33,000-14% Pennsylvania -71,000-14% Missouri -26,000-10% New Jersey -36,000-9% Michigan -8,000-2% Nebraska -1,000-2% Oregon -2,000-1% Wisconsin -2,000-1% Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 11 Part 2. Good Jobs Require More Education. High school graduates share of has declined in nearly every state, while associate s degree holders share of has increased. Across the nation, have shifted toward associate s degree holders and away from workers with a high school diploma or less. In 1991, high school graduates in 20 states held more than half of the for those without a. By 2015, they had lost ground, claiming the majority of in only two states: Delaware and West Virginia. The share of held by high school graduates declined in the overwhelming majority of states in line with declining manufacturing and blue-collar employment (Figure 8). Only four states and the District of Columbia experienced a rising share of high school graduates with. By comparison, associate s degree holders have gained more than 3 million across the country since 1991. Associate s degree holders held a larger share of in 2015 than in 1991 in every state. In Minnesota, workers with associate s degrees increased their share of by 31 percentage points from 1991 to 2015 (Figure 8).

12 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Figure 8. Since 1991, more have gone to associate s degree holders than high school graduates in nearly every state. Percentage point change in the share of non- held by workers with different education levels, 1991 2015 High school graduates MN -25 SD -21 MO -16 MT -15 IA -15 IN -14 KS -14 NM -13 MD -13 KY -13 AZ -13 PA -12 ID -12 SC -12 WI -12 NV -11 VA -11 OK -10 NE -9 NY -9 ME -9 FL -9 MS -9 WA -8 US -8 AR -8 AL -8 IL -7 UT -7 RI -6 CT -6 NC -6 HI -5 TX -5 NH -5 VT -5 NJ -5 CO -4 CA -4 OH -4 ND -3 MI -3 WV -2 WY -2 GA -1 OR -1 MA -1 LA 1 TN 1 DE 2 AK 4 DC 7 MN SD MO MT IA IN KS NM MD KY AZ 2 PA ID SC WI NV VA 2 OK NE NY ME 2 FL MS WA US AR AL IL UT RI CT NC HI TX NH VT NJ CO CA 2 OH ND MI WV WY GA 4 OR 4 MA 3 LA TN DE AK 3 DC 3 Associate s degree holders 13 10 8 8 10 6 11 12 9 14 11 11 11 10 14 8 8 10 8 7 7 12 7 7 12 11 12 11 9 9 8 6 16 16 14 15 17 16 18 18 20 22 31 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 13 Part 3. Where Are the Good Jobs Today? States differ in the size and importance of the non- job market. Workers without s have a smaller share of now than in 1991, but the landscape of for workers without s varies substantially across states (Figure 9). In Massachusetts, workers without s hold only about a third of. In the District of Columbia, workers without s hold only 15 percent. By comparison, workers without s hold 62 percent of in Wyoming. Good jobs that pay without a are concentrated in the most populous states, but some small states have a higher share of. Not surprisingly, are concentrated in the most populous states. The three states with the largest populations California, Texas, and Florida account for more than a quarter (26%) of all for workers without s in the nation (Figure 10). However, examining the share or prevalence of for workers without s within each state reveals a different picture. Sparsely-populated Wyoming becomes the top state, and California falls to the middle of the pack. Wyoming is followed by densely populated states on the East Coast New Jersey, Maryland, and Connecticut (Figure 11).

14 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Figure 9. Workers without s in some states, such as Wyoming and Mississippi, hold a much larger share of all than the national average. WY MS NV WV OK IN LA ID NM AR UT ME AL WI AZ SD IA MI OH MT DE AK ND SC OR KY HI TN FL MO TX GA PA NC US RI WA CA NH MN MD CT KS NE CO IL NJ VT NY VA MA DC 15 Share of held by workers without a (%) 57 56 56 55 55 54 54 53 53 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 48 48 48 47 46 46 45 45 45 44 44 44 43 43 43 43 42 42 42 41 40 39 37 36 32 62 61 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 15 Figure 10. California, Texas, and Florida have the largest number of for workers without s., 2015 CA TX FL 1,691,000 NY 1,550,000 IL 1,238,000 PA 1,229,000 OH 1,140,000 MI 1,015,000 GA 913,000 NJ 891,000 NC 837,000 IN 743,000 WA 727,000 VA 702,000 MD 636,000 AZ 632,000 WI 614,000 MO 588,000 MN 588,000 TN 586,000 CO 542,000 MA 541,000 LA 476,000 AL 436,000 SC 430,000 CT 382,000 OR 379,000 KY 379,000 OK 372,000 IA 340,000 UT 319,000 NV 278,000 AR 266,000 MS 257,000 KS 229,000 NE 168,000 WV 160,000 ID 158,000 NM 157,000 ME 139,000 NH 138,000 HI 120,000 DE 104,000 RI 99,000 SD 91,000 WY 85,000 MT 85,000 ND 78,000 AK 78,000 VT 53,000 DC 33,000 2,556,000 3,409,000 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 2016.

16 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Figure 11. Wyoming, New Jersey, and Maryland have the largest share of for workers without s. Percentage of non- workers with a good job, 2015 WY NJ MD CT UT MN NH AK ND CO MI WA IN PA IL DE SD IA TX MA LA NY VT OR ME MT WI AZ CA VA MO OH GA KY WV OK RI SC AL ID AR NE HI TN FL NV NC DC MS NM 33 KS 33 47 47 46 46 45 45 45 45 43 43 42 42 42 41 41 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 37 37 37 36 36 36 36 36 35 35 50 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 17 Part 4. State-by-State Analysis The Center s research on comes at a time of renewed interest in apprenticeships and other education and training programs that prepare people for jobs that pay without a. Many states are taking steps to reinvigorate career and technical education programs at the secondary and postsecondary levels. For instance, Iowa recently enacted new career and technical education legislation. California launched a campaign to promote the value of career-focused programs offered by community colleges, while other states authorized financial support for students pursuing certificate programs. A look at the states (Table 2) shows a surprising amount of variation underlying the national findings from our earlier report, Good Jobs That Pay without a. The shift in for workers without s from blue-collar industries to skilled-services industries a strong national trend described in the earlier report has played out in unexpected ways. While the decline of manufacturing eliminated many for workers without s, most states experienced robust job growth in other blue-collar industries, such as construction and transportation. Nearly half of the states experienced growth of in both blue-collar and skilled-services industries, breaking with the national pattern. Today, states differ markedly in the vitality of their non- labor markets. While have increasingly gone to workers with s across the nation, workers without s have a firm grasp on in some states. In Wyoming and Mississippi, these workers hold more than three out of five. Among workers without s, opportunity has shifted toward associate s degree holders, who have increased their share of in every state since 1991.

18 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Table 2. The states vary widely in the share of for workers without a. State 1991 2015 Change State share of all US workers without s who have a good job Share of workers without a who have a good job Percent change 1991 2015 1991 2015 Buying power relative to national average* AK 71,000 78,000 7,000 10% 0.3% 0.3% 46.9% 44.9% -5.6% AL 391,000 436,000 45,000 12% 1.5% 1.5% 32.7% 37.6% 13.2% AR 183,000 266,000 83,000 45% 0.7% 0.9% 25.9% 36.8% 12.6% AZ 340,000 632,000 292,000 86% 1.3% 2.1% 35.1% 38.8% 3.8% CA 3,377,000 3,409,000 32,000 1% 12.5% 11.5% 41.6% 38.8% -13.4% CO 378,000 542,000 164,000 44% 1.4% 1.8% 39.0% 43.1% -3.2% CT 422,000 382,000-40,000-9% 1.6% 1.3% 48.4% 46.2% -8.7% DC 51,000 33,000-18,000-35% 0.2% 0.1% 37.3% 35.4% -17.0% DE 87,000 104,000 17,000 20% 0.3% 0.3% 38.7% 40.7% -0.4% FL 1,139,000 1,691,000 552,000 48% 4.2% 5.7% 30.3% 35.9% 0.5% GA 618,000 913,000 295,000 48% 2.3% 3.1% 34.0% 38.4% 7.4% HI 125,000 120,000-5,000-4% 0.5% 0.4% 39.6% 36.3% -18.8% IA 278,000 340,000 62,000 22% 1.0% 1.1% 32.0% 40.4% 9.7% ID 86,000 157,000 71,000 83% 0.3% 0.5% 29.2% 37.5% 6.6% IL 1,430,000 1,238,000-192,000-13% 5.3% 4.2% 42.3% 41.3% 0.3% IN 646,000 743,000 97,000 15% 2.4% 2.5% 36.7% 41.6% 9.3% KS 235,000 229,000-6,000-2% 0.9% 0.8% 34.2% 32.9% 9.6% KY 340,000 379,000 39,000 12% 1.3% 1.3% 35.1% 38.1% 11.4% LA 322,000 476,000 154,000 48% 1.2% 1.6% 28.9% 40.0% 9.4% MA 666,000 541,000-125,000-19% 2.5% 1.8% 42.8% 40.2% -6.9% MD 707,000 636,000-71,000-10% 2.6% 2.1% 46.8% 46.7% -9.6% ME 106,000 138,000 32,000 30% 0.4% 0.5% 28.5% 39.4% 2.0% MI 1,177,000 1,015,000-162,000-14% 4.4% 3.4% 42.6% 42.9% 6.5% MN 504,000 588,000 84,000 17% 1.9% 2.0% 37.2% 45.3% 2.6% MO 546,000 588,000 42,000 8% 2.0% 2.0% 34.6% 38.6% 10.7% MS 193,000 257,000 64,000 33% 0.7% 0.9% 26.5% 35.0% 13.8% MT 60,000 91,000 31,000 51% 0.2% 0.3% 25.8% 39.2% 5.2%

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 19 State 1991 2015 Change State share of all US workers without s who have a good job Share of workers without a who have a good job Percent change 1991 2015 1991 2015 Buying power relative to national average* NC 647,000 837,000 190,000 29% 2.4% 2.8% 30.9% 35.5% 8.8% ND 41,000 85,000 44,000 106% 0.2% 0.3% 25.2% 44.8% 7.7% NE 147,000 168,000 21,000 14% 0.5% 0.6% 31.6% 36.7% 9.4% NH 151,000 139,000-12,000-8% 0.6% 0.5% 40.6% 45.2% -5.0% NJ 971,000 891,000-80,000-8% 3.6% 3.0% 46.3% 47.4% -13.4% NM 122,000 160,000 38,000 31% 0.5% 0.5% 32.0% 33.4% 5.6% NV 157,000 278,000 121,000 77% 0.6% 0.9% 38.2% 35.6% 2.0% NY 2,010,000 1,550,000-460,000-23% 7.5% 5.2% 42.7% 39.9% -15.3% OH 1,322,000 1,140,000-182,000-14% 4.9% 3.8% 40.2% 38.5% 10.8% OK 278,000 372,000 94,000 34% 1.0% 1.3% 31.4% 37.8% 10.1% OR 280,000 379,000 99,000 36% 1.0% 1.3% 32.3% 39.5% 0.8% PA 1,332,000 1,229,000-103,000-8% 4.9% 4.1% 37.1% 41.5% 2.1% RI 112,000 99,000-13,000-12% 0.4% 0.3% 39.6% 37.7% 1.3% SC 359,000 430,000 71,000 20% 1.3% 1.5% 31.8% 37.6% 9.7% SD 40,000 85,000 45,000 112% 0.1% 0.3% 21.9% 40.4% 11.8% TN 459,000 586,000 127,000 28% 1.7% 2.0% 31.4% 35.9% 10.1% TX 1,618,000 2,556,000 938,000 58% 6.0% 8.6% 33.0% 40.3% 3.2% UT 146,000 319,000 173,000 119% 0.5% 1.1% 35.4% 45.6% 3.0% VA 744,000 702,000-42,000-6% 2.8% 2.4% 37.2% 38.6% -2.5% VT 51,000 53,000 2,000 4% 0.2% 0.2% 31.0% 39.7% -1.6% WA 604,000 727,000 123,000 20% 2.2% 2.5% 44.2% 41.6% -4.8% WI 627,000 614,000-13,000-2% 2.3% 2.1% 40.5% 39.1% 6.9% WV 179,000 158,000-21,000-12% 0.7% 0.5% 35.6% 38.1% 11.1% WY 51,000 78,000 27,000 54% 0.2% 0.3% 37.0% 50.0% 3.8% Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992 2016 and US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Price Parities by State, Real Personal Income for States and Metropolitan Areas, 2015, 2017. * Buying power expresses the value of a dollar, based on the cost of living in states, as captured by regional price parities reported by the federal Bureau of Economic Analysis.

State Profiles

21 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis National Who has the? vs. non- 55% 35,795,000 workers with have at least a How big is the non- workforce? 45% non- 29,659,000 workers without a have $55,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 61% of all workers do not have a 40% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 19% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 the nation lost 1,286,000 blue-collar non-, but gained 4,021,000 skilled-services good jobs for workers without s. -1,286,000 +4,021,000 54% earn $55,000 or higher 27% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 55% 16,320,000 workers are employed in blue-collar industries 13,339,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 45% Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 22 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 9,365,000 1,746,000 $22,000 $50,000 High school graduate 31,245,000 11,618,000 $31,000 $55,000 Some college 20,474,000 9,292,000 $35,000 $57,000 Associate's degree 13,724,000 7,003,000 $40,000 $60,000 All non- workers 74,807,000 29,659,000 $32,000 $55,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 47,868,000 35,795,000 $60,000 $75,000 All workers 122,676,000 65,454,000 $40,000 $65,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Manufacturing 4,686,000 16% 58% $58,000 Financial activities, real estate, professional, and management services 3,775,000 13% 29% $58,000 Transportation, communications, and utilities 3,697,000 12% 61% $60,000 Wholesale and retail trade 3,644,000 12% 57% $55,000 Construction 3,477,000 12% 79% $59,000 Top five occupations Occupation Sales and office related 6,244,000 21% 34% $53,000 Management and business and financial operations 5,334,000 18% 66% $63,000 STEM and healthcare practitioners 3,301,000 11% 65% $60,000 Natural resources, construction, and extraction 3,133,000 11% 47% $58,000 Transportation and material moving 2,744,000 9% 40% $54,002 Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce analysis of US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

23 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Alabama Who has the? vs. non- 48% 347,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 52% 378,000 workers without a have $56,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 70% of all workers do not have a 32% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 20% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Alabama lost 19,000 blue-collar non-, but gained 64,000 skilled-services for workers without s. -19,000 +64,000 51% earn $55,000 or higher 29% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 223,000 workers are employed 59% in blue-collar industries 153,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 41% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 24 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 142,000 22,000 $20,000 $52,000 High school graduate 474,000 135,000 $26,000 $56,000 Some college 399,000 141,000 $30,000 $56,000 Associate's degree 174,000 79,000 $36,000 $55,000 All non- workers 1,188,000 378,000 $28,000 $56,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 507,000 347,000 $51,000 $67,000 All workers 1,695,000 725,000 $33,000 $60,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Manufacturing 95,000 25% 43% $58,000 Health services 43,000 11% 26% $51,000 Transportation and utilities 42,000 11% 55% $61,000 Construction 32,000 9% 35% $57,000 Retail trade 29,000 8% 19% $51,000 Top five occupations Occupation Production 58,000 15% 38% $56,000 Management 45,000 12% 60% $65,000 Office and administrative support 40,000 11% 22% $51,000 Transportation and material moving 36,000 10% 31% $52,000 Installation, maintenance, and repair 34,000 9% 51% $59,000 microdata 2013-2015.

25 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Alaska Who has the? vs. non- 41% 69,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 59% 99,000 workers without a have $62,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 68% of all workers do not have a 49% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 16% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Alaska gained 1,000 blue-collar non-, and 6,000 skilledservices for workers without s. +1,000 +6,000 64% earn $55,000 or higher 20% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 49,000 workers are employed 49% in blue-collar industries 50,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 51% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 26 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 15,000 4,000 $22,000 $66,000 High school graduate 77,000 35,000 $35,000 $63,000 Some college 82,000 44,000 $41,000 $61,000 Associate's degree 27,000 16,000 $45,000 $69,000 All non- workers 201,000 99,000 $38,000 $62,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 95,000 69,000 $61,000 $72,000 All workers 297,000 168,000 $44,000 $67,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Construction 15,000 15% 64% $72,000 Public administration 14,000 14% 63% $62,000 Transportation and utilities 11,000 11% 57% $71,000 Health services 11,000 11% 46% $52,000 Natural resources 9,000 9% 70% $83,000 Top five occupations Occupation Office and administrative support 15,000 15% 44% $54,000 Construction and extraction 14,000 14% 66% $73,000 Management 12,000 12% 72% $72,000 Transportation and material moving 10,000 10% 53% $69,000 Installation, maintenance, and repair 9,000 9% 72% $71,000 microdata 2013-2015.

27 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Arizona Who has the? vs. non- 48% 517,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 52% 571,000 workers without a have $55,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 68% of all workers do not have a 36% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 22% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Arizona gained 70,000 blue-collar non-, and 223,000 skilled-services for workers without s. +70,000 +223,000 51% earn $55,000 or higher 27% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 265,000 workers are employed 46% in blue-collar industries 306,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 54% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 28 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 232,000 39,000 $20,000 $50,000 High school graduate 512,000 160,000 $28,000 $53,000 Some college 609,000 257,000 $34,000 $56,000 Associate's degree 232,000 115,000 $37,000 $59,000 All non- workers 1,586,000 571,000 $31,000 $55,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 751,000 517,000 $53,000 $72,000 All workers 2,337,000 1,088,000 $36,000 $61,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Information, financial activities, and real estate 74,000 13% 51% $55,000 Construction 61,000 11% 42% $53,000 Health services 59,000 10% 30% $53,000 Manufacturing 59,000 10% 47% $59,000 Retail trade 57,000 10% 27% $52,000 Top five occupations Occupation Management 81,000 14% 70% $65,000 Office and administrative support 76,000 13% 28% $50,000 Sales and related 65,000 11% 36% $58,000 Construction and extraction 46,000 8% 39% $52,000 Installation, maintenance, and repair 42,000 7% 53% $57,000 microdata 2013-2015.

29 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Arkansas Who has the? vs. non- 45% 180,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 55% 221,000 workers without a have $54,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 73% of all workers do not have a 30% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 22% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Arkansas gained 32,000 blue-collar non-, and 51,000 skilled-services for workers without s. +32,000 +51,000 48% earn $55,000 or higher 29% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 135,000 workers are employed 61% in blue-collar industries 87,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 39% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 30 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 88,000 14,000 $21,000 $51,000 High school graduate 326,000 87,000 $26,000 $54,000 Some college 250,000 85,000 $30,000 $54,000 Associate's degree 83,000 35,000 $33,000 $56,000 All non- workers 748,000 221,000 $27,000 $54,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 276,000 180,000 $50,000 $64,000 All workers 1,024,000 401,000 $31,000 $58,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Manufacturing 48,000 22% 35% $53,000 Transportation and utilities 28,000 13% 55% $60,000 Health services 27,000 12% 25% $52,000 Retail trade 24,000 11% 24% $52,000 Construction 19,000 9% 32% $52,000 Top five occupations Occupation Production 29,000 13% 30% $52,000 Management 26,000 12% 55% $62,000 Office and administrative support 24,000 11% 21% $50,000 Transportation and material moving 22,000 10% 30% $53,000 Sales and related 21,000 10% 30% $57,000 microdata 2013-2015.

31 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis California Who has the? vs. non- 54% 3,910,000 workers with have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 46% 3,353,000 workers without a have $59,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 63% of all workers do not have a 37% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 19% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 California lost 232,000 blue-collar non-, but gained 265,000 skilled-services for workers without s. -232,000 +265,000 56% earn $55,000 or higher 25% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 1,587,000 workers are employed 47% in blue-collar industries 1,763,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 53% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 32 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 1,830,000 290,000 $20,000 $51,000 High school graduate 2,758,000 946,000 $29,000 $55,000 Some college 3,180,000 1,491,000 $36,000 $61,000 Associate's degree 1,194,000 625,000 $41,000 $65,000 All non- workers 8,961,000 3,353,000 $30,000 $59,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 5,293,000 3,910,000 $67,000 $84,000 All workers 14,255,000 7,263,000 $40,000 $71,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Manufacturing 419,000 13% 42% $60,000 Health services 389,000 12% 35% $56,000 Information, financial activities, and real estate 371,000 11% 55% $62,000 Construction 351,000 11% 47% $60,000 Retail trade 315,000 9% 29% $53,000 Top five occupations Occupation Office and administrative support 522,000 16% 37% $52,000 Management 442,000 13% 70% $72,000 Sales and related 337,000 10% 37% $60,000 Construction and extraction 285,000 9% 45% $60,000 Transportation and material moving 253,000 8% 32% $54,000 microdata 2013-2015.

33 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Colorado Who has the? vs. non- 57% 658,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 43% 506,000 workers without a have $57,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 57% of all workers do not have a 40% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 20% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Colorado gained 45,000 bluecollar non-, and 120,000 skilled-services good jobs for workers without s. +45,000 +120,000 54% earn $55,000 or higher 26% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 249,000 workers are employed 49% in blue-collar industries 258,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 51% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 34 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 147,000 32,000 $24,000 $50,000 High school graduate 427,000 156,000 $31,000 $55,000 Some college 487,000 217,000 $35,000 $59,000 Associate's degree 206,000 101,000 $39,000 $60,000 All non- workers 1,267,000 506,000 $32,000 $57,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 950,000 658,000 $55,000 $74,000 All workers 2,217,000 1,164,000 $40,000 $65,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Construction 68,000 13% 48% $55,000 Information, financial activities, and real estate 61,000 12% 54% $58,000 Retail trade 47,000 9% 28% $54,000 Manufacturing 47,000 9% 47% $60,000 Health services 46,000 9% 33% $52,000 Top five occupations Occupation Management 76,000 15% 66% $66,000 Office and administrative support 63,000 13% 31% $51,000 Construction and extraction 58,000 12% 48% $54,000 Sales and related 52,000 10% 39% $60,000 Installation, maintenance, and repair 36,000 7% 60% $58,000 microdata 2013-2015.

35 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Connecticut Who has the? vs. non- 58% 493,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 42% 364,000 workers without a have $60,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 56% of all workers do not have a 45% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 15% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Connecticut +16,000 lost 56,000 blue-collar non-, but gained 16,000 skilled-services for workers without s. -56,000 58% earn $55,000 or higher 26% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 174,000 workers are employed 48% in blue-collar industries 190,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 52% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 36 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 81,000 19,000 $24,000 $52,000 High school graduate 351,000 144,000 $35,000 $58,000 Some college 265,000 131,000 $39,000 $61,000 Associate's degree 120,000 70,000 $46,000 $62,000 All non- workers 818,000 364,000 $36,000 $60,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 640,000 493,000 $70,000 $84,000 All workers 1,458,000 856,000 $47,000 $71,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Manufacturing 58,000 16% 55% $62,000 Health services 50,000 14% 37% $55,000 Information, financial activities, and real estate 41,000 11% 63% $66,000 Construction 40,000 11% 57% $59,000 Retail trade 35,000 10% 34% $53,000 Top five occupations Occupation Office and administrative support 55,000 15% 42% $53,000 Management 43,000 12% 76% $78,000 Construction and extraction 35,000 10% 55% $58,000 Sales and related 34,000 9% 42% $60,000 Production 30,000 8% 43% $60,000 microdata 2013-2015.

37 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis Delaware Who has the? vs. non- 51% 98,000 workers with good jobs have at least a non- How big is the non- workforce? 49% 94,000 workers without a have $56,000 of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 63% of all workers do not have a 41% of non- workers have a good job Earnings distribution of non- 18% $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 Delaware lost 3,000 blue-collar non-, but gained 20,000 skilled-services for workers without s. -3,000 +20,000 53% earn $55,000 or higher 29% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 41,000 workers are employed 45% in blue-collar industries 50,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 55% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.

A State-by-State Analysis Good Jobs That Pay without a 38 Jobs by educational attainment Number of Workers with of Educational attainment workers Non- Workers Less than high school 25,000 6,000 $23,000 $54,000 High school graduate 96,000 35,000 $31,000 $54,000 Some college 76,000 34,000 $36,000 $57,000 Associate's degree 34,000 19,000 $41,000 $61,000 All non- workers 231,000 94,000 $33,000 $56,000 + Workers Bachelor s or higher 135,000 98,000 $58,000 $73,000 All workers 366,000 192,000 $41,000 $63,000 NON- GOOD JOBS Top five industries Industry Health services 13,000 14% 37% $57,000 Information, financial activities, and real estate 12,000 13% 57% $57,000 Manufacturing 11,000 12% 53% $57,000 Retail trade 10,000 11% 32% $50,000 Construction 9,000 9% 45% $58,000 Top five occupations Occupation Office and administrative support 14,000 15% 35% $53,000 Management 13,000 14% 65% $67,000 Sales and related 9,000 10% 40% $51,000 Healthcare practitioners and technical 8,000 8% 68% $61,000 Construction and extraction 7,000 8% 45% $58,000 microdata 2013-2015.

39 Good Jobs That Pay without a A State-by-State Analysis District of Columbia Who has the? vs. non- 82% 170,000 workers with good jobs have at least a How big is the non- workforce? non- 18% 37,000 workers without a have 38% of non- workers have a good job 33% of all workers do not have a $57,000 23% of non- workers with good jobs in 2015 Earnings distribution of non- $35,000 and $45,000 Change in number of non- 1991-2015 Between 1991 and 2015 District of Columbia lost 9,000 blue-collar non-, and 9,000 skilled-services for workers without s. -9,000-9,000 54% earn $55,000 or higher 24% $45,000 and $55,000 Non- in blue-collar vs. skilled-services industries 8,000 workers are employed 21% in blue-collar industries 30,000 workers are employed in skilled-services industries 79% microdata 2013-2015, US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplement data, 1992-2016.