P u t r i 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of Choosing the Subject Communication plays an important role in human s life. Every single aspect of human life needs communication to interact with each other. Each day people move from one place to another and build new interaction. Thus, language as an important communication tool has an irreplaceable aspect in communication. In sociolinguistics, various phenomena in society are quite many to analyze. Nowadays, people always keep in touch with television. Recently, English phenomenon could be common to appear on television s life. Since television presents various programs about human s life, it definitely becomes people s easy entertainment source. However, concerning in sociolinguistic phenomena, television talk show becomes one of the representative materials to be observed. Television talk show is a program aired by a television channel where the host and the guest are set to communicate each other in an informal way. Furthermore, relating to the language used by the speakers in a talk show is quite interesting to examine. The speakers who are the host and the guests are not only monolingual but also bilingual or even multilingual. They often speak in two languages or more. Thus, the bilingual conversation between them is full of strategies that bring meaning. The language strategy which commonly occurs is code-switching. Code-switching occurs when bilinguals are able to switch from one language into another language. Moreover, code-switching usually happens in bilingual condition. In a talk show, if the first speaker is proficient enough in the second language, it probably makes the interlocutors, easy to switch from the first
P u t r i 2 language to the second language because they are sure another speaker could understand. Therefore, talk show shows how sociolinguistic phenomena such as code-switching probably occur. This phenomenon attracts the researcher to observe the code-switching phenomenon occurring in the talk show. The use of code-switching is also found in Just Alvin talk show which is one of the popular talk shows on television. The guests of this talk show are generally public figures of entertainment industry. As bilingual, Alvin Adam, the host of Just Alvin, might be sure if his guests understand while he is switching his languages. It indicates that there are guests of Just Alvin talk show who are bilinguals. Thus, it was interesting to analyze code-switching by the guests of Just Alvin. Therefore, the researcher aims to investigate code-switching by the bilingual guests of Just Alvin talk show. However, episodes being used to analyze are chosen by selecting the guests who are bilinguals. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and discuss the types and reasons why bilinguals, the guests of Just Alvin talk show, code-switch their language based on several theories. 1.2. Statement of the Problems This research arouses two research questions from Just Alvin talk show in the years 2011-2014: 1. What are types of code-switching that occur in Just Alvin talk show in the years 2011-2014? 2. What are reasons of code-switching that occur in Just Alvin talk show in the years 2011-2014?
P u t r i 3 1.3.Objectives of the Study Based on the statement of the problems, this research has two objectives as follows: 1. To identify types of code-switching that occur in Just Alvin talk show in the years 2011-2014. 2. To identify the code-switching reasons that occur in Just Alvin talk show in the years 2011-2014. 1.4.Scope of the Study Types and reasons of code-switching are two important points to analyze. However, the limitation is needed in order to get focused on analysis. The limitation involves several aspects. Just Alvin talk show, as the data investigated, was broadcasted in the years 2011-2014, specifically in July 2011 to January 2014. Thus, the main guests in the talk show were chosen as fluent bilinguals according to their background life. The code-switching occurs in bilingual conversations in Just Alvin talk show is limited in Indonesian English switching. The types and reasons of code-switching are the focus of the analysis. 1.5.Theoretical Approach This research applies the theory stated that code-switching can be identified into three different types: tag switching, intra-sentential and inter-sentential (Poplack in Romaine, 1989, p.112). Moreover, to analyze reasons why bilinguals code-switch their language, this research uses the combination of several theories from Hoffmann (1991, p.115-116), McClure in Hoffman (1991, p.116), Wei in Auer (1998, p.168) and Auer in Auer (1998, p.162). Those theories talk about a particular topic (lack of facility, certain connotation
P u t r i 4 linked to experience and a topic change), quoting words and being emphatic about something, clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and continuing the last language used by the first speaker. Since the theories are applicable, they are chosen to assist the researcher in classifying and analyzing the types of code-switching and investigating the reasons why bilingual guests in Just Alvin talk show 2011-2014 do code-switching. 1.6.Methods of Research The data source of this research were four videos of Just Alvin talk show which were aired in the years 2011-2014. The videos were downloaded via YouTube (www.youtube.com) and Retrieved March 19, 2014. The talk show Just Alvin is aired by a television channel Metro TV every Sunday at 8.30 P.M. The data used for this research were transcripts which were manually made by listening and writing utterances containing code-switching Indonesia-English by bilingual speakers as the guests of Just Alvin talk show. This research uses document or content analysis because it is applicable to collect the data sources. Moreover, the data were analyzed in sociolinguistic area for their types and reasons for code-switching supported by the compilation of theories by several linguists. This research, then, provides the result of analysis as a conclusion. 1.7.Literature Review Code-switching phenomena have been interesting topic in linguistic research. A number of researches about code-switching have done by researcher in various syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, psychological and sociological aspects. Examining several researches, the
P u t r i 5 researcher reviews a number of researchers who conduct the research relating to codeswitching. Sari (2010) has done a research entitled Code-switching as a Communicative Strategy of Japanese-English Bilinguals Reflected in the Film the Last Samurai. The research focuses on analyzing code-switching in multicultural society found in the film the Last Samurai. The analysis, then, emphasizes on types, factors and functions of code-switching. Furthermore, the result shows that there are three types of code-switching: situational code-switching, metaphorical code-switching and conversational code-switching. Factors of code-switching also consist of participants, solidarity and topic. Functions of code-switching according to the research are clarification, tone-softening, euphemism and language skill making. Based on those functions of code-switching, clarification is the one that can fulfill fully bilingual speakers to express themselves clearly and to avoid confusion during conversation. Saputra (2013) has done a research Types of Code Switching in Indonesian Magazines: Syntactic Approach. His research paper is an attempt to examine Indonesian-English code switching found in five different Indonesian magazines. It identifies and classifies types of the code switching based on their syntactic categories. The results of his research show that there are three main types of code switching, i.e., words, phrases, and clauses. The most frequently used form found is nouns. Siswanto (2013) in research entitled Code Switching in Indonesian Songs investigates the code switching in Indonesian songs written by Indonesian song writers. It aims to find out the types of code switching and the reasons for the composers to switch the language in their songs based on the theory of Sociolinguistics, particularly the theory of code switching. The results show that there are six reasons why Indonesian song writers do code switching in
P u t r i 6 their language. The reasons are when they are talking about a particular topic, being emphatic about something, inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors, using repetition for clarification, clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and expressing group identity. The important one is for marketing purposes. Sanga (2013) in his research Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Lirik Lagu Big Bang describes types, types and reasons for code switching and code mixing in Big Bang s song lyrics. He classifies the data into code switching and code mixing based on Suwito s theory (1983), Poplack (via Kurniawati et al. 2012), and Poedjosoedarmo (1978). The result shows that the types of code switching found in the Big Bang s song lyrics are external code switching in the form of intersentential switching and intrasentential switching. Furthermore, the reasons of the existence of code switching in Big Bang s song lyrics are by adjusting the language code mastered by the interlocutor, the inability to use language code which is being used for a long time constantly, the change of interlocutor and the particular intentions of the speaker. In addition, the most type of code mixing appearing in Big Bang s song lyrics is outer code switching in the form of inserting word, phrase, clause and reduplication. The reasons the occurrence of the code mixing are caused by the elements of language which is inserted are more commonly used, to give the impression of authority, to expand the language style, to show that the song writer and singer master many languages, to express distrust, to express a request, to express a shock, to express the meaning of the sentence and to harmonize the sound and rhythm. Sari (2013) in her research entitled Code Mixing used by the Host of Just Alvin Talk Show Program identifies occurrences of code mixing by the host of Just Alvin (Alvin Adam) in three episodes. Furthermore, it analyzes and explains types and causes of code
P u t r i 7 mixing made by Alvin Adam. The results show that the host uses various different codes towards three different guests when he interviews them. The occurrences of various codes are also found in form of root word, derivative word, such as affixation word and reduplication word and phrase. The types of code mixing are inner code mixing that it in informal Indonesian and Jakarta dialect and the outer code mixing in Sundanese, English and Arabic. Moreover, the causes of code mixing are the host s assumption about his participants, the host wants to tell joke, the host want to tell some original terms and the host s intention. Although the topic of code-switching has been analyzed by many preceding researchers, this research only analyzes on code-switching occurs in Just Alvin talk shows in the years 2011-2014 which were selected by using four episodes. The tendency to select each episode was by considering the episodes were exclusive episodes and the guests were bilingual as seen in their personal backgrounds. Then, the focus on this research is only code-switching occurs by utterances of the bilingual guests to be observed its types and its reasons in sociolinguistics. 1.8.Presentation This research provides six chapters. In the first chapter deals with the background of choosing the subject, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, scope of the study, theoretical approach and methods of the research. The following chapter presents the background information of the data. The third chapter presents theoretical framework. Then, the fourth chapter describes the methods of the research. The fifth chapter discusses findings and analysis. The last chapter provides the result of analysis as a conclusion.