Enterprise Knowlede Mp: An Essentil Techniue for Development ZHAO Y-pin 1, WANG Yn-wei 2 1 School of Mnement, Shndon University, P.R.Chin, 250100 2 Collee of Interntionl Eduction, Shndon University, P.R.Chin, 250100 Abstrct. With the development of science nd technoloy, knowlede hs become vitl source. How to find, shre nd use knowlede effectively nd efficiently is problem tht ll enterprises wnt to solve. Knowlede resources re the foundtion of every enterprise, for which effective mnement of knowlede becomes the key to business mnement. Knowlede mp is n effective mnement tool of business mnement. The effect of knowlede mp is nlyzed in this pper, nd knowlede mp model which bsed on knowlede units, ts, mtrix nd clcultion to better collect, ornize, nlyze nd use explicit nd tcit knowlede is proposed nd constructed. The new enterprise knowlede mp will ssist stffs to solve problems timely nd help compnies trnsfer knowlede nd skills. Keywords: enterprise mnement, knowlede bse, knowlede mp, tcit knowlede 1. Introduction Nowdys, knowlede mnement hs been the core cpbility of enterprises. Kevin Coin from McKinsey Compny suested tht: core competence is combintion of ll knowlede of stffs. This concept emphsizes the knowlede ttributes of core cpbility. In other words, the trditionl fctors of production cn no loner help enterprises mintin its competitive dvntes, it is knowlede mnement tht become criticl for enterprise development. As intnible ssets tend to be more nd more importnt, the current mnement should not only focus on tnible ssets nd current ssets, more ttention should be pid on the technicl stff, skills, nd knowlede mnement. At the present, in order to improve enterprise competitiveness, lot of hrdwre nd softwre should be used to collect, trnsfer nd shre tcit knowlede nd explicit knowlede. It is esier to trnsfer explicit knowlede, but whether tcit knowlede could be trnsferred effectively will determine the future of enterprises. Especilly in knowlede-intensive industry, if tcit knowlede could not be shred, considerble resources will be wsted nd efficiency will reduce. 2. Enterprise s Tcit Knowlede The concept of tcit knowlede ws first stted by Michel Polnyi from the field of philosophy in 1958. He sid: "Tcit knowlede (s opposed to forml or explicit knowlede) is knowlede tht is difficult to trnsfer to nother person by mens of writin it down or verblisin it." Tcit knowlede is the product of mind or intellect which cnnot be use lnue, text nd rphics to express. Tcit knowlede is lwys bout processes, behviors nd personl cpbilities. Most tcit knowlede is hidden in prctice which is vrious from person to person, but it constitutes the mjor prt of enterprise knowlede system. In prctice, tcit knowlede is often more vluble thn explicit knowlede, becuse it is hrd to be imitted by competitors. As the foundtion of business, if tcit knowlede cn be trnsferred nd shred effectively, both employees nd the compny will benefit lot. (1) To improve the professionl skills of employees. (2) To promote the development of enterprises. (3) To propel the proress of industries. If tcit knowlede cnnot be used or trnsferred timely, mny opportunities will miss. While tcit knowlede cnnot be conveyed s clerly s explicit knowlede, how to trnsfer nd shre tcit knowlede effectively is the problem perplexin mny enterprises. 90
3. Knowlede Mp The concept of knowlede ws first stted by Brooks.B.C from eorphicl concept, he believed fter the nlysis of litertures, loicl contents which re interrelted will be found nd cuse people to think nd crete. The points of loicl contents link toether nd mke up knowlede mp. This mp revels the reltionship mon the knowlede structures nd ech link cn point to the relted knowlede. After the propose of knowlede mp, mny experts nd scholrs ve their own definitions. Europen nd Americn scholrs define knowlede mp from the mnement perspective while Chinese from the view of knowlede retrievl. Overll, the essences of ll these definitions re no more thn two spects: the contents nd functions of knowlede mp. In short, knowlede mp is uide to tell users the loction nd reltionship of knowlede, show wht resources re vilble nd help users find the necessry knowlede uickly nd esily. In enterprises, knowlede mp is tool combinin knowlede bse mnement system technoloy with new Internet technoloy knowlede mnement technoloy to better mne the knowlede resources nd to sve time nd improve efficiency. 4. Enterprise Knowlede Mp 4.1. Propose of Enterprise Knowlede Mp As more nd more customers hold criticl ttitude towrd products nd services, more nd more individul reuirements re brouht out. This reuires compnies to innovte, to shorten processin periods, to broden sles chnnels nd improve service. But ccordin to "iceber theory" by Wilfried Kruer:" Mners focus only on the explicit knowlede resources which in the externl of iceber, while tcit knowlede which ply n decisive role in enterprise development re nelected. For n enterprise, the bility to find nd use tcit knowlede is vitl to mintin its competitiveness. Therefore, Enterprise knowlede mnement ws put out, Enterprise knowlede mp is n overview of knowlede ctlo, it ets ll knowlede resources toether, interte nd provides uniform entrnce to users. The bsic function of enterprise knowlede mp is to indicte the loction of business resources, to find new knowlede, to mke cler of reltionship mon stffs nd to improve the efficiency of knowlede shrin. (1) Indicte the loction of the enterprise knowlede resources. The knowlede mp cn indictive the position of knowlede nd uide the user to et the knowlede. It lso cn clerly depict the reltionship between knowlede nd its owner, nd revel the contents nd objects of knowlede. When the user serches knowlede, the knowlede mp lso cn offer contct informtion of experts nd consultnts in this field, users will exchne ides with experts. While knowlede cn be found in the knowlede mp esily nd uickly, it cn be better used to work. (2) Discover new knowlede When the knowlede mp build knowlede network, vriety of new knowlede cn be found. By build the knowlede mp, combinin with existin knowlede nd the discovery of new knowlede, new cretivity, new ides nd new products cn be emered. (3) Show tht the knowlede reltionship mon stffs Since mny compnies internl reltions re very complicted, the knowlede mp lys out the net of ll employees throuh which the stff cn understnd the structure of compny better. As knowlede re embedded in the internl, knowlede mp cn not only build the net mp of knowlede but lso reflect the diverse multi-lyer reltionship between the sources nd bodies of knowlede.. (4) Improve the efficiency of knowlede shrin. The role of the knowlede mp is to build the net of knowlede, especilly to mke tcit knowlede explicit, to mke explicit knowlede esily reconized, nd to mke disordered knowlede ordered. Only in this wy, cn knowlede relize its own vlue even dd vlue.. 91
4.2. Current Sitution of Enterprise Knowlede Mp Currently, there re lot of compnies hve tried to build nd use enterprise knowlede mp. but lre number of knowlede mps don t ply their proper role. First is informtion overlod, when drw knowlede mp, the compnies often hve ll the knowlede drwn into the mp, the mp will be too bloted. Then is wek in pertinence, numerous knowlede mps hve ret del of useless knowlede but without necessry knowlede. Lst is low usbility, the users use knowlede mp only the time they need help, they seldom enrich the mp. 5. Estblish Enterprise knowlede mp As knowlede mp will link experts with their specil skills or knowlede, when users serch the knowlede mp, relted knowlede nd experts will be present, users cn find nswers nd contct with experts by emil or instnt messin tools to et more knowlede. 5.1. Construction of Explicit Knowlede Bse Explicit Knowlede, like policies, reultions, product descriptions, etc., is much esier to collect nd deliver thn tcit knowlede. Explicit knowlede will be broken down into simple units fter bein thered, collted nd stored. Every units will be lbeled, the knowlede net will be built ccordin to the knowlede ts, includin knowlede s keywords, cretion time, sources, etc.. Specific see Fi.1. Knowlede, knowlede units nd their lbels re ll stored in the Knowlede Bse nd form the knowlede network. Only use knowlede mp, cn users find knowlede, experts nd the reltion between knowlede nd owners. Fi. 1: Construction of Explicit Knowlede Bse. 5.2. Construction of Tcit Knowlede Bse 5.2.1 Structure of Tcit Knowlede Bse Tcit knowlede, like individuls bilities, skills, experience, is difficult to express by lnue or ime, so it is necessry to mke the hidden tcit knowlede explicit throuh knowlede mp. Specificlly, knowlede mps hve two effects: First is to mke tcit knowlede explicit, chne tcit knowlede into explicit knowlede which cn be present; Second, buildin correltion between tcit knowlede nd explicit knowlede, even the experts. Personl tcit knowlede should be explicit first, there re three wys to mke explicit: self-t, other-t nd dministrtor-t. Self-t is tht the employee fills form of his bsic informtion includin nme, deprtment, dily works, strenths nd interests, every strenth nd interest will be rded, the form will become t with him. Other-t mens every person cn ive lbels with score to others to stte their specilities nd bility level. Administrtor-t refers to the dministrtors cn t nd mrk every user ccordin to his or her job nd duties. Administrtor-t is different from others becuse dministrtors must ive lbels strictly depend on rules without sensibility, while both self-t nd other-t cnnot be 92
completely objective nd imprtil. The knowlede mp system cn sort nd clssify stffs knowlede lbels into cteory utomticlly. Fi.2 Method of T 5.2.2 Alorithm of Tcit Knowlede Bse The expert positionin method which is widely used hs some serious flws, the retest one is only focusin on cpcity (existin tcit knowlede) while inorin the interest (potentil tcit knowlede). This leds to some serious issues, first is some experts with outstndin bility will be very busy becuse mny tsks re witin for them, they re too busy to finish ll works on time or perfectly; t the sme time, those who only hve interest in one field without bility will hve no opportunity to ccept tsks, nd they will never hve chnces to exercise nd improve. Therefore, tcit knowlede mp is drwn in self-t, other-t nd dministrtor-t, bility + interest will be used to lbel everyone t. Assume tht the number of experts is m, the number of bilities is n nd the number of interest is k in compny A. Mtrix A ( A m n ) represents one user s self-t nd other-t, the rows in Mtrix A stnd for the score form others nd the columns re bilities. Here is simply exmple of user Mtrix A. 11 12 13 1n 21 22 23 2n A = 31 32 33 3n (1) m1 m2 m3 mn In A, ij mens the dt in row i nd column j, it stnds for the score form user j for user bility i. As the ssessment form self is more ccurte thn from others, the weiht of self-t is hiher thn other s t. The weiht of self-t is α, becuse there re m-1 users will use other-t to evlute one user, the weiht of other-t is β/(m-1), the sum of α nd β is 1. The weiht mtrix of user Mtrix D ( D ), in D, only the numbecr of column is α, others re β/(m-1). [ β/(m-1) β/(m-1) α β/(m-1) β/(m-1) ] D = (2) In this wy, the mtrix of user self-t nd other-t is Mtrix B ( B ). B = A D (3) B In, row stnds for the score of the bility of user includin self-t nd other-t, the overll b rde of bility of user is. n b = bi (4) i= 1 The mtrix of dministrtor-t is Mtrix C ( C ). C = [ c 1 c2 c n ] (5) The weiht of Mtrix B is γ, while the weiht of Mtrix C is δ, the sum of γ nd δ is 1. Throuh bove nlysis, the score of user bility is e. e = γb + δc (6) The clcultion method of interest is the sme s the clcultion bility. 93
When employee hs some uestion to uery, the knowlede mp will rnk ll users e of bility nd interest. If the uestions re emerency, the system will bse on the rnk of bility to recommend experts, the relted tcit knowlede cn be more ccurte nd treted deliver, nd this tsk will be completed uickly. On the contrry, if the uery is not n emerency, the system will recommend the expert rnkin by their interest, in this wy users with interest cn et chnce to prctice nd in experience. 5.3. The Appliction of Knowlede Mp The knowlede mp system will link tcit knowlede with similr explicit knowlede unit, when user wnt to serch problem, the system will present relevnt explicit knowlede, if there is no explicit knowlede of this field, the system will uide the user to et in touch with experts who hs specilized knowlede on this. Fi.3 Opertin Principle of Knowlede Mp The purpose of buildin enterprise knowlede mp is to mke sure tht both tcit knowlede nd explicit knowlede cn contribute to the development of stffs nd compny. Only the use of knowlede mp is esy cn stffs use it freuently nd rely on it to improve their competitive power. 6. Discussion nd Conclusion Fi.4 Serchin Principle of Knowlede Mp As we ll know, knowlede is not only vluble resource but lso prt of intnible ssets nd core competitiveness of n enterprise. Knowlede mp could ssocite knowlede with owners nd ssist stffs to ccess to knowlede resources esily, menwhile, it promotes the development of stffs nd enterprises. There is no doubt tht knowlede is only tool to mne knowlede, it cn't solve every problem. The construction nd ppliction of knowlede mp system in this pper cn help enterprises to better clssify nd solidify knowlede, to use knowlede efficiently nd to keep lon-term development, but the opertion knowlede mp in enterprise still needs further testin. 7. References [1] Li Lin. Knowlede Mp The Effective Tool for Knowlede Mnement [J]. Informtion Studies: Theory & Appliction, 2005 (6):131-132.(Chinese) [2] Go Jin-son, Li Zhuo-jun, Wn Xue-don. Reserch on the Virtul Tem-bsed Knowlede Mp Frmework [J]. Informtion Science,2010,(5):691-694. (Chinese) [3] J. Wtthnnon, A. Minkhwn. Optimizin Knowlede Mnement usin Knowlede Mp[J]. Procedi Enineerin, 2012,(32):1169-1177. 94