NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR

BOERHAAVE SERIES FOR POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOERHAA VE COURSES ORGANIZED BY THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN THE NETHERLANDS

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR EDITED BY G. B. A. STOELINGA M. D. 1. 1. V AN DER WERFF TEN BOSCH M. D. LEI DEN UNIVERSITY PRESS 1971

SOLE DISTRIBUTOR FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA THE WILLIAMS AND WILKINS COMPANY {BALTIMORE Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-149161 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2923-0 e-isbn-13: 978-94-010-2921-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2921-6 Jacket design: E. Wijnans gvn 1971 Leiden University Press, Leiden, The Netherlands Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1971 No part of this book may be reproduced by print, photoprint, or any other means without written permission of the publisher.

PREFACE This volume contains the proceedings of a postgraduate course for medical practitioners of various specialties. One purpose of the course was to provide factual data on developmental aspects of the brain and behaviour, and about the possible impact of several important categories of internal and environmental factors upon neural development. Another purpose was to indicate the extent and the limitations of the methodology now available for the scientific approach of the study of the development of behaviour. In general the investigator is faced with methodological problems of two types, the proper definition and scoring of behavioural items, and the isolation of the different factors that contribute to a particular behaviour. An example of the latter is given in the very last paper, which is concerned with attempts at unravelling under experimental conditions the contributions made by various influences upon a single sequence of behaviour. The course was held in Leiden in November 1970, and was the third in a series of Boerhaave Courses instigated by the Dutch Growth Foundation. Previous subjects have been 'Somatic growth of the child' (in 1964) and 'Human body composition' (in 1967). The programme was planned in collaboration with Prof. Dr. H. H. van Gelderen, Dr. D. G. Lawrence, Prof. Dr. F. J. Monks, Prof. Dr. H. F. R. Prechtl and Prof. Dr. H. K. A. Visser. Financial support was given by the pharmaceutical firms Philips-Duphar, Sandoz and Specia, and by the Dutch Growth Foundation. Major editorial contributions were made by Anneke Bot. Department of Pediatrics University Hospital, Nijmegen Department of Endocrinology Medical Faculty, Rotterdam University Hospital, Leiden G. B. A. STOELINGA M.D. 1. J. VAN DER WERFF TEN BOSCH M.D. v

CONTENTS Somatic development and the study of the central nervous system W.A. MARSHALL Undernutrition and the developing brain: the use of animal models to elucidate the human problem.................. 20 J. DOBBING Effects of early malnutrition on general development in animals 39 E.M. WIDDOWSON Postnatal growth and development in small-for-date babies J.F. VAN GILS 53 On the structure, development, and connections of the limbic system 74 J. AIuENS KAPPERS Behavioral assessment in infancy D.G. FREEDMAN 92 Manual to accompany newborn behavioral and neurological scales 104 T.B. BRAZELTON AND D.G. FREEDMAN Motor behaviour in relation to brain structure........... 133 H.F.R. PRECHTL Neurological criteria for the estimation of the post-menstrual age of newborn infants................... 148 P. CASAER AND Y. AKIYAMA Neurological follow-up of infants born after obstetrical complications 179 B.C.L. TOUWEN Observations of free-field behaviour in preschool boys and girls in relation to neurological findings.................. 187 A.F. KALVERBOER VI

CONTENTS Genetic influences on development of behavior D.G. FREEDMAN VII 208 Non-genetic prenatal influences on psychological development.... 234 J. JANS Comment, R. ADER. 245 Congenital deafness and disturbed psychomotor development A.M.J. VAN UDEN Effects of congenital blindness on development of behaviour..... 259 M.W.VANHoF The influence of emotional deprivation on growth and behaviour... W. CROUGHS 27 I Neuroendocrine factors and the ontogeny of behavior....... 284 S.LEVINE The effects of early hypothyroidism on IQ, school performance, and electroencephalogram pattern in children............. 299 J.J. VAN GEMUND and M.S. LAURENT DE ANGULO Pituitary-adrenal hormones and behaviour............ 315 D.DEWIED Hormonal and social determinants of sexual behavior in the pigtail monkey (Macaca nemestrina)................. 325 D.A. GoLDFOOT Index of subjects...................... 343

CONTRIBUTORS R. Ader, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, State University of Utrecht, The Y. Akiyama, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The J. Ariens Kappers, The Netherlands Central Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The T. B. Brazelton, Committee on Human Development, The University of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. P. Casaer, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The W. Croughs, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, State University of Utrecht, The J. Dobbing, Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, U.K. D. G. Freedman, Committee on Human Development, The University of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. J. J. van Gemund, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Leiden, The J. F. van Gils, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam Medical Faculty, Rotterdam, The D. A. Goldfoot, Department of Endocrinology, Growth and Reproduction, Rotterdam Medical Faculty, Rotterdam, The M. W. van Hof, Department of Physiology, Rotterdam Medical Faculty, Rotterdam, The J. Jans, Department of Psychology, University of Nijmegen, The A. F. Kalverboer, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The S. Levine, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, U.S.A. M. S. Laurent de Angulo, The Netherlands Institute for Preventive Medicine - TNO, Leiden, The W. A. Marshall, Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, University of London, U. K. H. F. R. Prechtl, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The B. C. L. Touwen, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen, The A. M. J. van Uden, Institute for the Deaf, St. Michielsgestel, The E. M. Widdowson, University of Cambridge and Medical Research Council, Dunn Nutritional Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K. D. de Wied, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, State University of Utrecht, The VITI