, nasals, laterals and continuants Phonetics of English 1 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /tʃ, dʒ/ su suglasnici (consonants) 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) /tʃ, dʒ/ su afrikati (affricates) begin by fully stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract, then releasing it relatively slowly so that a friction-sound is produced. Obstacle: tongue presses against the back of the tooth ridge, Releasing: by only allowing a slight opening between the tip of the tongue and the tooth ridge /tʃ, dʒ/ always palatoalveolar Examples: /tʃ/ - child /tʃaild/ teacher /'ti:tʃə/ rich /ritʃ/ /dʒ/ - jam /dʒæm/ major /'meidʒə/ ridge /ridʒ/ /tʃ/ je jaki suglasnik (strong/fortis) /dʒ/ je slabi suglasnik (weak/lenis) 1. /tʃ/ is always voiceless 2. /dʒ/ may be fully voiced, partially voiced and devoiced: 2.1. fully voiced, between two voiced sounds: major /'meidʒə/ judging /'dʒʌdʒiŋ/ 2.2. partially voiced, word-initial: jam /dʒæm/, and when it is preceded or followed by a voiceless sound (sa jedne strane je zvučni, a sa druge bezvučni glas): fruit juice /'fru:t,dʒu:s/ bridgehead /'bridʒ,hed/ Describe the articulation of affricates. What is the place of articulation of the two affricates? Which affricate is strong and which one is weak? Explain voicing for the two affricates. 2.3. devoiced, word-final: ridge /ridʒ/ 1
/m, n, ŋ/ The air escapes through the nose and not through the mouth, as it is blocked (occluded) by the lips or tongue. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound. They are different from nasalised sounds, in which one part of the air escapes through the mouth and the other through the nose. 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /m, n, ŋ/ su suglasnici (consonants). 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) - /m, n, ŋ/ su nazali (nasals). a. USNENI (LABIAL) /M/ much /mʌʧ/ summer /'sʌmə/ dream /dri:m/ Exception: - usneno-zubni (labio-dental) /m, n/ + labio-dental consonants (/f, v/) B. ALVEOLARNI (ALVEOLAR) - /N/ night /nait/ minor /'mainə/ sun /sʌn/ Exceptions: - zubni (dental) - /n/ + dental sounds (/θ, ð/) month /mʌnθ/ - post-alveolarni (post-alveolar) - /n/ + postalveolar /r/ invest /in'vest/ comfort /'kʌmfət/ Henry / henri/ C. VELARNI (velar) /ŋ/ 1. prednje-velarni (front velar) - /ŋ/ + front vowels (/ɪ, ɪː, æ, e/) sing /siŋ/ 2. srednje-velarni (central velar) - /ŋ/ + central vowels (/ʌ, ə, ɜ:/) sung /sʌŋ/ All nasals are weak/lenis. Mostly fully and partially voiced. Rarely devoiced. Note: /n/ may become nasalised as a velar sound in front of /k/: ten cups /'teŋkʌps/ 2
A. Partially voiced - /m, n/ after a strong, voiceless consonant (s jedne strane je bezvučni, a sa druge zvučni glas) smile /smail/ Daphne /'dʌfni/ snow /snəu/ topmost /'tɔp,məust/ B. Fully voiced - /m, n/ in all other positions, /ŋ/ in all positions. Describe the articulation of nasals. In which positions are /m, n/ labio-dental? Give examples. What is the place of articulation for /n/? In which positions is it dental and in which is it post-alveolar? Give examples. What is the force of articulation for nasals? Explain the voicing for nasals. /l/ Produced by raising the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth so that the airstream flows past one or both sides of the tongue. Together with /r/, it belongs to the class of sounds called liquids (consonant sounds in which the tongue produces a partial closure in the mouth, resulting in a resonant, vowel-like consonant). 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /l/ consonant. ALVEOLARN0 (ALVEOLAR) light /lait/ colour /'kʌlə/ meal /mi:l/ Exceptions: - zubno (dental) + dental sound /θ/ wealth /welθ/ - post-alveolarno (post-alveolar) + postalveolar sound (/r/) ballroom /'bɔ:l,ru:m/ 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) - /l/ lateral. /l/ weak/lenis in all positions Most commonly, it is voiced. 6. Položaj jezika (tongue position) palatalised and velarised /l/ palatalised + a vowel or /j/ colour /'kʌlə/ lady /'leidi/ lose /lu:z/ 'clear l' /l/ velarised + a consonant (excluding /j/) and when word-final pulse /pʌls/ kill /kil/ 'dark l' 3
Describe the articulation of the lateral /l/. According to the place of articulation, which positions can the lateral /l/ assume? Give examples. Describe /l/ in terms of voicing and force. Define clear and dark /l/. /w, r, j/ Also known as approximants The articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough to create turbulent airflow. This is why they fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. When found in a vocalic environment, then they are vowels When in front of a strong, voiceless consonant, they are fricatives Phonetically, /j/ resembles /i:/, it is just shorter. /w/ is similar to /u:/. 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /j/, /w/ i /r/ - vowels or consonants (fricatives) 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) - /r, j, w/ are continuants a. USNENI (LABIAL) - /W/ we /wi:/ twist /twist/ sweet /swi:t/ b. POST-ALVEOLARNI (POST-ALVEOLAR) - /R/ dream /dri:m/ c. PALATALNI (PALATAL) /J/ queue /kju:/ few /fju:/ Always weak/lenis Always fully voiced 6. Položaj jezika (tongue position) They are velarised. read /ri:d/ married /'mærid/ human /'hju:mən/ fusion /'fju:ʒən/ twist /twist/ sweet /swi:t/ 4
Note: /r/ and /l/ can also be classified as liquids. A liquid is a consonant produced when the tongue approaches a point of articulation within the mouth but does not come close enough to obstruct or limit the flow of air enough to create turbulence (as with fricatives). Describe the articulation of continuants. When are they vowels and when are they consonants? Define the continuants in terms of place of articulation. Define their voicing and force. In terms of the tongue position, what are the continuants like? Words commonly mispronounced Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ Island /ˈaɪlənd/ Foreign /ˈfɒrɪn/ Thoroughly /ˈθʌrəli/ Fountain /ˈfaʊntɪn/ Strategic /strəˈtiːdʒɪk/ Jewelry /ˈdʒuːəlri/ Turquoise /ˈtɜːkwɔɪz/ Comb /kəʊm/ Butcher /ˈbʊtʃə/ Penguin /ˈpeŋɡwɪn/ Biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt/ Palm /pɑːm/ Psalm /sɑːm/ Column /ˈkɒləm/ Words commonly mispronounced Knead /niːd/ Squirrel /ˈskwɪrəl/ Scent /sent/ Buffet /ˈbʊfeɪ/ Chamois /ˈʃæmwɑː/ Calf /kɑːf/ Half /hɑːf/ Plumber /ˈplʌmə/ Raspberry /ˈrɑːzbəri/ Soften /ˈsɒf(ə)n/ Central /ˈsentrəl/ Whistle /ˈwɪs(ə)l/ Autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ limb /lɪm/ Numb /nʌm/ Handsome /ˈhæns(ə)m/ Folk /fəʊk/ Commonly mispronounced words Commonly mispronounced words Worcester /ˈwʊstə/ Leicester /ˈlestə/ Warwick /ˈwɒrik/ Edinburgh /ˈedɪnbrə/ Cantenbury /ˈkæntəbrɪ/ Greenwich /ˈgrenɪtʃ/ Illinois /ɪləˈnɔɪ/ Chicago /ʃɪˈkɑ:ɡoʊ/ Michigan /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ Brisbane /ˈbrɪzbən/ Sidney /ˈsidni/ Thames /temz/ Durham /ˈdʌrəm/ Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstər/ Norwich (Norfolk) /ˈnɒridʒ/ Anthony /ˈæntəni/ Ralph traditionally /ˈreɪf/, as with Ralph Fiennes, now usually the intuitive /ˈrælf/ Theresa /təˈriːzə/ or /təˈriːsə/ Sean /ʃɔːn/ 5
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