, nasals, laterals and continuants Phonetics of English 1 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /tʃ, dʒ/ su suglasnici (consonants) 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) /tʃ, dʒ/ su afrikati (affricates) begin by fully stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract, then releasing it relatively slowly so that a friction-sound is produced. Obstacle: tongue presses against the back of the tooth ridge, Releasing: by only allowing a slight opening between the tip of the tongue and the tooth ridge /tʃ, dʒ/ always palatoalveolar Examples: /tʃ/ - child /tʃaild/ teacher /'ti:tʃə/ rich /ritʃ/ /dʒ/ - jam /dʒæm/ major /'meidʒə/ ridge /ridʒ/ /tʃ/ je jaki suglasnik (strong/fortis) /dʒ/ je slabi suglasnik (weak/lenis) 1. /tʃ/ is always voiceless 2. /dʒ/ may be: A. devoiced, word-final ridge /ridʒ/ B. partially voiced, word-initial and when following a strong, voiceless consonant jam /dʒæm/ fruit juice /'fru:t,dʒu:s/ bridgehead /'bridʒ,hed/ /dʒ/ uvijek gubi malo od svoje zvučnosti pod uticajem susjednog jakog bezvučnog glasa C. fully voiced, between two voiced sounds major /'meidʒə/ judging /'dʒʌdʒiŋ/ 1
Describe the articulation of affricates. According to the place of articulation, what are the two English affricates like? Which affricate is strong and which one is weak? Explain voicing for the two affricates. /m, n, ŋ/ The air escapes through the nose and not through the mouth, as it is blocked (occluded) by the lips or tongue. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound. They are different from nasalised sounds, in which one part of the air escapes through the mouth and the other through the nose. 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /m, n, ŋ/ su suglasnici (consonants). 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) - /m, n, ŋ/ su nazali (nasals). a. usneni (labial) /m/ much /mʌʧ/ summer /'sʌmə/ dream /dri:m/ b. zubno-usneni (labio-dental) /m, n/, in front of labio-dental consonants (/f, v/) invest /in'vest/ comfort /'kʌmfət/ c. zubni (dental) - /n/ in front of dental sounds (/θ, ð/) month /mʌnθ/ d. alveolarni (alveolar) - /n/ night /nait/ minor /'mainə/ sun /sʌn/ e. post-alveolarni (post-alveolar) - /n/ in front of the postalveolar sound (/r/) and /ŋ/ in front of back vowels /ʊ, uː, ɔ:, ɒ, ɑː/ d. predvelarni (front velar) - /ŋ/ in front of front vowels (/ɪ, ɪː, æ, e/) sing /siŋ/ e. velarni (velar) - /ŋ/ in front of central vowels sung /sʌŋ/ /n/ may become nasalised as a velar sound in front of /k/: ten cups /'teŋkʌps/ Henry /'henri/ song /sɔŋ/ 2
All nasals are weak/lenis. Mostly fully and partially voiced. Rarely devoiced. A. Partially voiced - /m, n/ after a strong, voiceless consonant smile /smail/ snow /snəu/ Daphne /'dʌfni/ topmost /'tɔp,məust/ B. Fully voiced - /m, n/ in all other positions, /ŋ/ in all positions. Describe the articulation of nasals. In which positions are /m, n/ labio-dental? Give examples. What is the place of articulation for /n/? In which positions is it dental and which is it postalveolar? Give examples. What is the force of articulation for nasals? Explain the voicing for nasals. /l/ Produced by raising the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth so that the airstream flows past one or both sides of the tongue. 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /l/ consonant. 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) - /l/ lateral. a. zubni glas (dental), in front of dental sounds (/θ/) wealth /welθ/ /l/ weak/lenis in all positions b. alveolarni (alveolar) light /lait/ colour /'kʌlə/ meal /mi:l/ A. /l/ fully voiced, between vowels light /lait/ colour /'kʌlə/ meal /mi:l/ c. post-alveolarni (post-alveolar), in front of a postalveolar sound (/r/) ballroom /'bɔ:l,ru:m/ 3
B. /l/ partially voiced, in front of a strong, voiceless consonant buttler /'bʌtlə/ spleen /spli:n/ fly /flai/ C. Sometimes /l/ devoiced in front of a strong plosive, most commonly /p/ please /pli:z/ 6. Položaj jezika (tongue position) palatalised and velarised A. /l/ palatalised in front of vowels and /j/ colour /'kʌlə/ lady /'leidi/ lose /lu:z/ 'clear l' B. /l/ velarised in front of consonants (excluding /j/) and when word-final pulse /pʌls/ kill /kil/ 'dark l' Describe the articulation of the lateral /l/. According to the place of articulation, which positions can the lateral /l/ assume? Give examples. Describe /l/ in terms of voicing and force. Define clear and dark /l/. Also known as approximants /w, r, j/ The articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough to create turbulent airflow. This is why they fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. Earlier known as semi-vowels When found in a vocalic environment, then they are vowels When in front of a strong, voiceless consonant, they are fricatives Phonetically, /j/ resembles /i:/, it is just shorter. /w/ is similar to /u:/. 1. Tip artikulacije (type of articulation) /j/, /w/ i /r/ - vowels / consonants (fricatives) 2. Način artikulacije (manner of articulation) - /r, j, w/ continuants 4
a. usneni (labial) - /w/ we /wi:/ twist /twist/ sweet /swi:t/ b. post-alveolarni (post-alveolar) - /r/ dream /dri:m/ g. palatalni (palatal) /j/ queue /kju:/ few /fju:/ Always weak/lenis Always fully voiced 6. Položajjezika (tongue position) They are velarised. read /ri:d/ married /'mærid/ human /'hju:mən/ fusion /'fju:ʒən/ twist /twist/ sweet /swi:t/ Note: /r/ and /l/ can also be classified as liquids. A liquid is a consonant produced when the tongue approaches a point of articulation within the mouth but does not come close enough to obstruct or limit the flow of air enough to create turbulence (as with fricatives). Describe the articulation of continuants. When are they vowels and when are they consonants? Define the continuants in terms of place of articulation. Define their voicing and force. In terms of the tongue position, what are the continuants like? Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ Island /ˈaɪlənd/ Foreign /ˈfɒrɪn/ Thoroughly /ˈθʌrəli/ Fountain /ˈfaʊntɪn/ Strategic /strəˈ ːdʒɪk/ Jewelry /ˈdʒuːəlri/ Turquoise /ˈtɜːkwɔɪz/ Comb /kəʊm/ Butcher /ˈbʊtʃə/ Penguin /ˈpeŋɡwɪn/ Biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt/ Palm /pɑːm/ Apostle /əˈpɒs(ə)l/ Psalm /sɑːm/ Column /ˈkɒləm/ Knead /niːd/ Squirrel /ˈskwɪrəl/ Scent /sent/ Buffet /ˈbʊfeɪ/ Chamois /ˈʃæmwɑː/ Calf /kɑːf/ Half /hɑːf/ Plumber /ˈplʌmə/ Raspberry /ˈrɑːzbəri/ Soften /ˈsɒf(ə)n/ Central /ˈsentrəl/ Whistle /ˈwɪs(ə)l/ Autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ limb /lɪm/ Numb /nʌm/ Handsome /ˈhæns(ə)m/ Folk /fəʊk/ 5
Worcester /ˈwʊstə/ Leicester /ˈlestə/ Warwick /ˈwɒrik/ Edinburgh /ˈedɪnbrə/ Cantenbury /ˈkæntəbrɪ/ Greenwich /ˈgrenɪtʃ/ Illinois /ɪləˈnɔɪ/ Chicago /ʃɪˈkɑ:ɡoʊ/ Michigan /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ Brisbane /ˈbrɪzbən/ Sidney /ˈsidni/ Thames /temz/ Durham /ˈdʌrəm/ Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstər/ Norwich (Norfolk) /ˈnɒridʒ/ Anthony /ˈæntəni/ Ralph traditionally /ˈreɪf/, as with Ralph Fiennes, now usually the intuitive /ˈrælf/ Theresa /təˈriːzə/ or /təˈriːsə/ Sean /ʃɔːn/ 6
Thank you! 7