42 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method This research uses a descriptive-qualitative method. The researcher applies descriptive form in conducting the research since the data of this research emphasize on the meaning and the process of transferring the selective nominal demostrative references into the target text. Conducting this research, the researcher only examined the data and did not have any hypothesis related to a phenomenon. Creswell (1994) states that Quality research is complex, involving field work for prologed periods of time, collecting words and pictures, analysing this information inductively while focusing on partisipants v iew and writing about the process using expressive and persuasive language. (p.24). Furthermore, Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (2002) defines qualitative research as a research that uses procedures that make use of non numerical data, such as interviews, case study, or participant observation. (p.435). From the definition above, the data of qualitative research can be in the form of words, sentences not in a numerical data. The data and the result of analysis are presented in the form of words. This research is conducted through some steps; collecting, arranging, analyzing the selective nominal demonstratives references and drawing conclusion based on the result of this research. Therefore, the 42
43 researcher only examined the particular case about the translation of selective nominal demonstrative reference from the novel which is written in English and its two translated versions in Bahasa Indonesia. B. Source of Data and Data 1. Source of Data The researcher took the original version of The Oldman and The Sea novel in English and the two translated versions in Bahasa Indonesia as the source of data. Besides, raters and respondents are used as the source of data as well. The raters and the respondents were choosen by using purposive sampling technique. The researcher already sets some criteria for the raters and the respondents since the assessment of the translation qualities should be valid. The criteria for the raters are: 1. The raters master both English and Bahasa Indonesia 2. The raters have competency, knowledge, and experience in translation. 3. The raters are willing to take part in this research. The criteria for the respondents are: 1. The respodents are the people who have Bahasa Indonesia as their mother tongue and master it. 2. The respondents are people who love to read non popular novel (Indonesian literature students). 3. The respondents are willing to take part in this research.
44 2. Data The data of this research are all the nominal demonstrative references found in the Ernest Hemingway novel entitled The Oldman and The Sea and their translation in the two translated versions in Bahasa Indonesia by Yuni Kristianingsih Pramudhaningrat and Dian Vita Ellyati. In addition, the comments from the raters about the quality of translation are considered as the data. C. Sampling Technique The research is done by using a purposive sampling technique. According to Sutopo (2002), the researcher in purposive sampling technique chooses the informants who are mastering the information and the problems disscussed in depth knowledge and can be trusted (p.56). Furthermore, the sampling is directed to the specific data source which is important and has relation to the topic chosen. The informants were choosen by employing the sampling technique. It means that the informants chosen are based on the particular characteristics. Furthermore, the researcher asked three raters who have adequate capabilities in English and Bahasa Indonesia competence and translation as well in order to asess the accuracy and the acceptability. Then, the five respondents which have Bahasa Indonesia as their mother tongue, love to read non popular novel, in this case are the Indonesian literature students) are
45 needeed as informants in order to measure the readibility of the topic discussed. D. Method of Data Collection The researcher uses three kinds of methods in collecting the data; they are content analysis, interview, and questionnaire distribution. The explanation of the two methods is as follows: 1. Content Analysis Content analysis is applied in this research due to the use of documents as the source of data. This research was started by determining the data source i.e. the novel entitled The Oldman and The Sea in English version and its two translated versions. Then, the researcher read the original and its two translated versions in order to find problems of translation by comparing the two translated versions. The researcher found that there are various translations about selective nominal demonstrative references while reading and comparing the two translated novel. In the end, the researcher decided to take selective nominal demonstrative references as the topic discussed in this research. After that, the researcher collected all of the data belonging selective nominal demonstrative references from the original version and the two translated versions novels. The researcher only took the selective nominal demonstrative reference as one kind of reference existed.
46 2. Questionnaire distribution and Interview Interview as the second method of collecting data was used to gain the information about accuracy, acceptability and readibillity level of the translation. The quality of the translation can be found by analyzing the score gotten. Firstly, the researcher distributed questionnaires to the raters and to the respondents. The researcher use questionnares in order to collect the data for measuring the quality of translation. The questionnares are given to three raters and respondents as informants in two kinds of questions that are close and open format. The raters and the respondents assess the quality of translation by giving score in the close format questionnaires. Besides, the researcher provided the open format questionnaire in the form of coloumns where the informants can place their comments since the researcher needs a deeper information to support the assessements. Secondly, the researcher hold an interview to the raters and the repondents in order to get further explanation and information about the score they gave in selective nominal demonstrative references which were found in The Oldman and The Sea novel.
47 Table 3.1 Instrumen Penilaian Tingkat Keakuratan Terjemahan (Taken from Nababan et al, 2012, p.50) Kategori Penerjemahan Skor Parameter Kualitatif Akurat 3 Makna kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat atau teks bahasa sumber dialihkan secara akurat ke dalam bahasa sasaran; sama sekali tidak ada distorsi makna Kurang Akurat 2 Sebagian besar makna kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat atau teks bahasa sumber sudah dialihkan secara akurat ke dalam bahasa sasaran. Namun, masih terdapat distorsi makna atau terjemahan makna ganda (taksa) atau ada makan yang dihilangkan, yang mengganggu keutuhan pesan Tidak Akurat 1 Makna kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat atau teks bahasa dihilangkan (deleted) Tabel 3.2 Instrumen Penilaian Tingkat Keberterimaan Terjemahan (Taken from Nababan et al, 2012, p.51) Kategori Terjemahan Skor Parameter Kualitatif Berterima 3 Terjemahan terasa alamiah; istilah teknis yang digunakan lazim digunakan dan akrab bagi pembaca; frasa, klausa dan kalimat yang digunakan sudah sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah bahasa Indonesia Kurang Berterima 2 Pada umumnya terjemahan sudah terasa
48 alamiah; namun ada sedikit masalah pada penggunaan istilah teknis atau terjadi sedikit masalah grammatikal Tidak Berterima 1 Terjemahan tidak alamiah atau terasa seperti karya terjemahan; istilah teknis yang digunakan tidak lazim digunakan dan tidak akrab bagi pembaca; frasa, klausa, dan kalimat yang digunakan tidak sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah bahasa Indonesia 3.3 Instrumen Penilaian Tingkat Keterbacaan Terjemahan (Taken from Nababan et al, 2012, p51) Kategori Terjemahan Skor Parameter Kualiatif Tingkat Keterbacaan 3 Kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat, Tinggi atau teks terjemahan dapat dipahami dengan mudah oleh pembaca Tingkat Keterbacaan 2 Pada umumnya terjemahan dapat dipahami Sedang oleh pembaca; namun ada bagian tertentu yang harus dibaca lebih dari satu kali untuk memahami terjemahan Tingkat Keterbacaan 1 Terjemahan sulit dipahami oleh pembaca Rendah
49 E. Technique of Data Analysis The technique used in analyzing the data can be seen as follows: 1. The researcher collected the selective demonstrative reference found in the original novel, then the researcher also wrote the translation of selective nominal demonstrative of those two translation novel. After that, the researcher analyzed the way the selective nominal demonstrative are translated in the original novel in the two translation versions by using Sun-Young Oh s theory. After that, the researcher comparing the types found of the two translation versions of two different translators. 2. The researcher analyzed the result of the questionnaire from the informants in order to find out the translation qualities. The informants are asked to score the accuracy, acceptabillity and the readability by reading the novel, filling the questionnaire, and interviewing. The analysis was done by calculating the scores of accuracy and acceptability which were obtained from the raters. Besides, the readibility was obtained from the respondents. Then, the two translation quality assessment of the two translation version of the two different translators are comapred by the researcher. F. Research Procedure The research design is meant to create an effective direction in conducting this research. These following statements are the design of this research: 1. Determining the novel as the object of this research.
50 The researcher decided to take The Oldman and The Sea novel and its two translation versions as the source of data. 2. Deciding the topic of research. Having read the English novel, the researcher decided to take the translation of selective nominal demonstrative as the topic of this research. 3. Collecting the data. The data are the selective nominal demonstrative references in The Oldman and The Sea novel by Ernest Hamingway and its two translated versions by Yuni Kristianingsih Pramudhaningrat and Dian Vita Ellyati. 4. Writing the collected data on laptop. The data are documented into comparison table. Thus, the translation difference in those two translation versions can be clearly seen. 5. Encoding the data Example: Datum 001/ST.010/Spa.1/TTa.008/TTb.004 001 : the datum number ST.010 : the source language of selective nominal demonstrative referenece in the novel is on page 15 Spa.1 : Spatial proximity, the category of selective nominal demonstrative reference
51 TTa.008 : the first version of the selective nominal demonstrative reference s translation (Lelaki Tua dan Laut) is on page 14 TTb.004 : the second version of the selective nominal demonstrative reference s translation (The Oldman and The Sea) is on page 9 6. Analyzing the type of reference The researcher analyzed and compared the type of reference in the novel and the two translation versions by using Sun-Young Oh Theory. 7. Preparing the questionnaires The researcher prepared the questionnaires about the accuracy and acceptability to the raters and the questionnaires about the readibility to the respondents chosen. 8. Choosing the informants (the raters and respondents) The informants consisted of three raters and five respondents with particular criterias. The informants are asked to give score and to give comments in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readibility levels of selective nominal demonstarative translation. 9. Delivering the questionnaires to the raters. 10. Distributing the questionnaires to the raters. The questionnaires for the raters aim to examine about the accuracy and the acceptability of the translations.
52 11. Distributing the questionnaires to the respondents. The questionnaires for the respondents aim to examine the readability of the translations. 12. Interviewing the raters in order to get further explanation about their assessment of the accuracy and acceptability levels given. 13. Interviewing the respondents in order to get deeper information about the score given to the selective nominal demonstratives. 14. Analyzing the data of translation quality obtained from the raters and respondents. 15. Drawing conclusion of the type of selective nominal demonstrative references found and the translation quality in the two translation versions.