Modern Languages Babbitt Academic Annex, Room 108 PO Box 6004, Flagstaff, A2 86011-6004 602-523-2361 Faculty Nicholas Meyerhofer, Department Chair: Anna-Marie Aidaz, Teresa Chapa, Bernd Conrad. Patricia Frederick, Barbara Gantt, Gerald Giauque, Richard Helt, Edward Hood, Robert Johnston, Bryan McBride, Ekkehart Malotki, Melissa Marcus, Evangeline Parsons, Florence Riegelhaupt, Karen Schairer, Irene Silentman, Anne Slobodchikoff, Marilya Veteto- Conrad, Lucy Vigil, Virginia Vigil, Karl Webb Introduction NAU's Department of Modern Languages offers communicative competence and cultural awareness in eight modern languages - French, German. Spanish, Navajo, Hopi. Chinese, Japanese, and Russian - as well as Latin. These language programs offer you the opportunity to hone your oral and written linguistic skills and to gain greater exposure to the language and literature of another culture. In addition, these programs sharpen your critical thinking and analysis skills, as well as your understanding of your native language. In addition, all of our offerings enhance your preparation for graduate school and a wide variety of careers. In this section, we describe our major programs in French, German, and Spanish as well as programs that prepare you to teach these languages in primary or secondary school. Next, we describe our minors in French, German, Navajo, and Spanish. Finally, we explain our Spanish immersion program, an intensive, one-semester, proficiency-based program that includes a study tour in Cuernavaca, Mexico. This program provides a unique experience not found at other Arizona colleges and universities. Degrees Offered You may pursue the following degrees in the Department of Modern Languages: B.A. in French, German, or Spanish B.S.Ed, in French, German, or Spanish In addition, you may pursue an extended language major by studying two languages. In this case, you take a total of 53 hours of major requirements, with at least 30 hours in the primary language and 20 in the secondary one. Placement Exams For information about College Level Examination Program exams, see the General Academic Requirements chapter of this catalog. If you are enrolled in a language course when you take a CLEP exam for a preceding level, you must do so before the midterm. For information about challenge exams, consult with our department. 246
Rules about Lower-Division Courses Please be aware that you may not count language courses numbered 101 and 102 toward your major. You also can't count such courses for liberal studies credit in the language that is your major or minor. In addition, you may only take lower-division courses if you have not had advanced coursework in a particular language. In other words, after you complete a course at the 200 level or above, you may not take courses at the 100 level; after you complete a course at the 300 level or above, you may not take courses at the 100 or 200 level. You may only take a course at a level below that suggested by your placement test with the permission of an instructor in the Department of Modern Languages. B.A. in French To earn this degree, you must complete the three components described in the following paragraphs. No minor is required for this degree. Total 35 hours 43 hours 47 hours 125* hours *Be aware that some courses required for your degree may have prerequisites that you must also take. Check all course descriptions to find out. Also be aware that you must earn a grade of C or better in any course you wish to apply toward the major in French. You must complete the following 35 hours, including at least one writing-intensive course, with a minimum of 18 hours taken at NAU: FRE 201, 202. 303, 304, 403, and 404 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any or all of them) FRE 321 or 322, 405, and 406 (You may substitute FRE 421 and 422 for 405 and 406 with your adviser's permission.) 6 elective hours in French See the General Academic Requirements chapter of this catalog for information about the 43 hours of liberal studies credit that we require. You may take the remaining 47 hours from any area you choose to total 125 hours. B.A. in German To earn this degree, you must complete the three components described in the following paragraphs. No minor is required for this degree. Total 35 hours 43 hours 47 hours 125* hours *Be aware that some courses required for your degree may have prerequisites that you must also take. Check all course descriptions to find out. Also be aware that you must earn a grade of C or better in any course you wish to apply toward the major in German. In addition, you must pass the Zertifikat Deutsch ah Fremdsprache examination, given on campus at regular intervals, with a score of gut or better before completing your undergraduate degree. You must complete the following 35 hours, including at least one writing-intensive course, with a minimum of 18 hours taken at NAU: GER 201, 202. 303, 304, 403, and 404 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any or all of them) GER 321 and 3 courses from GER 409. 410, 411, and 412 one course from GER 405 or 406 or HIS 360 See the General Academic Requirements chapter of this catalog for information about the 43 hours of liberal studies credit that we require. You may take the remaining 47 hours from any area you choose to total 125 hours. B.A. in Spanish To earn this degree, you must complete the three components described in the following paragraphs. No minor is required for this degree. Total 38 hours 43 hours 44 hours 125* hours *Be aware that some courses required for your degree may have prerequisites that you must also take. Check all course descriptions to find out. Also be aware that you must earn a grade of C or better in any course you wish to apply toward the major in Spanish. Modern Languages 247
Academic Programs 248 You must complete the following 38 hours, with at least 18 hours taken at NAU. Of those, at least 30 hours must be at the 300 level or above; 15 must be at the 400 level or above; and one course must be a writing-intensive course. The required courses are: SPA 303, 304, 403, and 404 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any or all of them) SPA 321,405, and 406 two of SPA 3 31,35 Land 352 one of SPA 410, 451.452, and 480 8 elective hours in Spanish See the General Academic Requirements chapter of this catalog for information about the 43 hours of liberal studies credit that we require. You may take the remaining 44 hours from any area you choose to total 125 hours. B.S.Ed, in French, German, or Spanish To earn any of these degrees, you must complete the four components described in the following paragraphs: Minor Education and Certification Courses Total 35 hours 18-24 hours 43 hours 35 hours 131-137* hours *Be aware that some courses required for your degree may have prerequisites that you must also take. Check all course descriptions to find out. Also be aware that we will not recommend you for student teaching if you score a grade below a B in any required language course. The requirements for the major vary by language, as we explain in the following paragraphs. French and Spanish. You must complete the following 35 hours, with at least one writingintensive course. FRE or SPA 201, 202. 303, 304, 403, and 404 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any of them) FRE or SPA 321, 405, 406, and 430 and LAN 435 (For the French teaching major, you may substitute FRE 421 and 422 for FRE 405 and 406 with your adviser's permission.) German. You must complete the following 35 hours, with at least one writing-intensive course. GER 201, 202, 303, 304, 403, and 404 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any of them) GER 321 and 430 and LAN 435 one course from GER 409, 410, 411, and 412 one course from GER 405 or 406 or HIS 360 In addition, you must pass the Zertifikat Deutsch als Fremdsprache examination, given on campus at regular intervals, with a score of gut or better before completing your undergraduate degree. Minor For information about the requirements for your minor, see the Certification in Secondary Education heading (within Instructional Leadership) in the Education section of this chapter. See the General Academic Requirements chapter of this catalog for information about the 43 hours of liberal studies credit that we require. Education and Certification Courses For information about these requirements, see the heading Certification in Secondary Education (in Instructional Leadership) in the Education section of this chapter. Minors Offered You may pursue the following minors in the Department of Modern Languages: minor in French, German, Navajo, and Spanish minor in teaching French, German, Navajo, and Spanish Please note that you may count coursework in Chinese and Japanese toward the interdisciplinary Asian studies minor and Russian coursework toward the interdisciplinary Russian studies minor. See the heading Interdisciplinary Minor Programs near the end of this chapter for more information. Also be aware that you may not count language courses numbered 101 and 102 toward your minor. *Be aware that some courses required for your minor may have prerequisites that you must also take. Check all course descriptions to find out. Minor in French or German You must complete 20 hours from FRE or GER 201, 202, 303, 304, 403, and 404 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any of them) or from other course offerings.
You must have at least 6 classroom hours in French or German; you can't satisfy all minor requirements with credits from CLEP exams. You must also earn a grade of C or better in any course you wish to apply for credit toward your minor program. For the minor in German, you must also pass the Zertifikat Deutsch als Fremdsprache examination, given on campus at regular intervals, with a score of befriedigend or better before completing your undergraduate minor. Minor in Navajo You must complete the following 20 hours: NAV 201, 202, 303, and 304 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any of them) or other course offerings NAV 405 one course from NAV 497,499, 501, and 502 You must have at least 6 classroom hours in Navajo; you can't satisfy all minor requirements with credits from CLEP exams. You must also earn a grade of C or better in any course you wish to apply for credit toward your minor program. Minor in Spanish You must complete 20 hours in Spanish courses at the 200 level or above, including at least 12 hours at the 300 level or above. You must have at least 6 classroom hours in Spanish; you can't satisfy all minor requirements with credits from CLEP exams. You must also earn a grade of C or better in any course you wish to apply for credit toward your minor program. Minor in Teaching French, German, or Spanish For these minors, you must complete the following 20 hours: FRE, GER, or SPA 201, 202, 303, 304, 403, or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any of them) and 430. You may also be required to take FRE, GER, or SPA 404 if your language skills are insufficient. You must have at least 6 classroom hours in the minor language; you can't satisfy all minor requirements with credits from CLEP exams. In addition, we will not recommend you for student teaching if you earn a grade below a B in any required language course. For the German teaching minor, you must also pass the Zertifikat Deutsch als Fremdsprache examination, given on campus at regular intervals, with a score of befriedigend or better. Minor in Teaching Navajo For this minor, you must complete the following 20 hours: NAV 201, 202, 303, and 304 or equivalent courses (or credit by examination for any of them) and other course offerings. You may be required to substitute NAV 485 for 430; you must also take at least one other class in the Department of Modern Languages. You must have at least 6 classroom hours in Navajo; you can't satisfy all minor requirements with credits from CLEP exams. In addition, we will not recommend you for student teaching if you earn a grade below a B in any required language courses. Spanish Immersion Program We offer a one-semester immersion program in Spanish to a maximum of 24 students each spring semester. This program provides you with an opportunity to survive linguistically and to function socially in a Spanish-speaking environment. You earn 20 hours of credit (for SPA 121, 122, 221, 222, and 223), of which 4 credits are earned during a study tour in Cuernavaca, Mexico. (Be aware that SPA 121 and 122 do not count toward the major or minor in Spanish.) Because of the intensive nature of this immersion program, we have established the following minimum conditions as admission standards: You must have at least second-semester, first-year standing. If you have a grade point average below 2.5, you will only be considered by dint of special petition. You must have taken either one year of high school Spanish or one semester of college Spanish or be at the intermediate level of fluency in another foreign language. If you have recently completed three or four semesters of college Spanish or are currently enrolled in a 202-level class or above, you may not be admitted to the program. To apply for the Spanish immersion program, contact the Department of Modern Languages. We admit qualified applicants on a first-come, first-served basis, and we accept applications at the beginning of the fall semester preceding the program. We also offer a summer immersion program in Spanish for 12 hours of credit. For this program, you must enroll for both five-week summer sessions. Modem Languages 249
Academic Programs 250 Language Courses (LAN) LAN 410 Language for Research Reading (3). Specific language announced in Class Schedule. May be taken for more than one language. LAN 430 Language Teaching Methods (3). This course is crosslisted under FRE 430, GER 430, and SPA 430. For teaching majors and minors only. LAN 435 Second Language Testing (3). Designed to teach the testing of second language acquisition, stressing the oral proficiency interview (OPI) technique. Taught in English. For teaching majors and minors only. Prerequisite: LAN 430 or advanced OPI rating. Chinese Courses (CHI) CHI 101:102 First-Year Chinese (Mandarin) (5:5). Characters, grammar, syntax, reading, conversation. Significant laboratory drill work. Fee required. CHI 201:202 Second-Year Chinese (5:5). Designed to consolidate and increase basic skills: characters and writing, fundamentals of grammar, listening, speaking, reading. Laboratory drill work. Prerequisite: CHI 102 or the equivalent. Fee required. French Courses (FRE) FRE 101:102 First-Year French (4:4). Introduction to the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Fundamentals of grammar, basic vocabulary, conversation, and culture, through a variety of approaches. FRE 102 is a continuation of 101. Fee required. FRE 201:202 Second-Year French (4:4). Designed to consolidate and increase the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Expansion of vocabulary and cultural awareness. The class is conducted entirely in French. Prerequisite: FRE 102. FRE 202 is a continuation of 201. Fee required. FRE 223 French Study Abroad (3-6). Students spend time in a French-speaking country, living with a local family, and attending intensive classes at an institute or working as an intern. FRE 303:304 Intermediate Stylistics and Oral Expression (3:3). An intensive review of grammar and practice in written and spoken French, with a cultural component. Writing-intensive course. Prerequisite: FRE 202. FRE 321 Survey of French Literature: Middle Ages to 18th Century (3). Introduction to masterpieces of French prose, poetry, and drama. Presentation of explication de texte method and overview of different periods of literature Prerequisite: FRE 202 with a grade of B or better or permission of instructor. FRE 322 Survey of French Literature: 19th and 20th Centuries (3). Introduction to the masterpieces of French prose, poetry, and drama. Presentation of explication de texte method and overview of different periods of literature Prerequisite: FRE 321 or permission of instructor. FRE 401:402 French for Special Purposes (1-3:1-3). Designed to prepare students for special types of careers. Varies from commercial French to international relations, translation and interpretation, and other professionally specific topics. Prerequisite: FRE 303. May be taken more than once if content varies. FRE 403:404 Advanced Stylistics and Oral Expression (3:3). Emphasis on refinement of oral expression and intensive advanced practice in writing French, with a cultural component. Writing-intensive course. Prerequisite: FRE 304 or permission of instructor. FRE 405:406 French Civilization (3:3). First semester covers up to French Revolution. Second semester covers French Revolution to present. Prerequisite: FRE 304. FRE 409 Masterpieces of French Drama (3). Plays from at least two centuries are studied. Selections vary but may include such authors as Racine, Corneille, Moliere, Rostand, Montherlant, Giraudoux, and others. Prerequisite: FRE 321. FRE 410 Masterpieces of French Poetry (3). Lyric and narrative poetry from at least two centuries are studied. Selections vary but may include such poets as Ronsard, Malherbe, Lamartine, Musset, Prevert, and others. Prerequisite: FRE 321. FRE 411:412 Masterpieces of French Prose (3:3). Novels, short stories, and/or essays from at least two centuries are studied. Selections vary but may include such authors as Rabelais, Montaigne, Voltaire, Balzac, Flaubert, Proust, and others. Prerequisite: FRE 321. FRE 421:422 Topics in French Literature (3:3). A thematic approach to special topics in French and Francophone literature. Prerequisite: FRE 322 with a grade of B or better or permission of instructor. FRE 430 Language Teaching Methods (3). An exploration and practice of various methods, techniques, and approaches in effective foreign-language teaching. For teaching majors and minors only. Prerequisite: FRE 403-404 proficiency level, with proficiency to be determined by Department of Modern Languages. German Courses (GER)
GER 101:102 First-Year German (4:4). Introduction to the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Fundamentals of grammar, basic vocabulary, conversation, and culture, through a variety of approaches. GER 102 is a continuation of 101. Fee required. GER 201:202 Second-Year German (4:4). Designed to consolidate and increase basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Expansion of vocabulary and cultural awareness. The class is conducted entirely in German. Prerequisite: GER 102. GER 202 is a continuation of 201. Fee required. GER 223 German Study Abroad (3-6). Students spend time in a German-speaking country, living with a local family, and attending intensive classes at an institute or working as an intern. GER 303:304 Intermediate Grammar and Composition (3:3). A thorough review of grammar (303) and intensive practice in writing German. Writing-intensive course. Prerequisite: GER 202. GER 321 Introduction to German Literature (3). Foundation course in the evolution of German literature and the acquisition of basic concepts of literary study. Prerequisite: GER 303 or permission of instructor. GER 401:402 German for Special Purposes (3:3). Designed to prepare students for special types of careers. Varies from commercial German to international relations, translation and interpretation, and other professionally specific topics. Prerequisite: GER 303. May be taken more than once if content varies. GER 403:404 Advanced Composition and Stylistics (3:3). Emphasis on vocabulary building, analysis of textual and spoken German, and intensive advanced writing practice. Writing-intensive course. Prerequisite: GER 304 or permission of instructor. GER 405:406 German Civilization (3:3). First semester covers up to Frederick the Great. Second semester covers Frederick the Great to present. Prerequisite: GER 304. GER 409:410 German Literature of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (3:3). An overview of representative works and thought of the two centuries, including the Enlightenment, Classicism, and Realism. Prerequisite: GER 321. GER 411:412 German Literature of the Twentieth Century (3:3). An exploration of selected works and movements from the late nineteenth century to the present, including Naturalism, Expressionism, Exile, and Contemporary literature. Prerequisite: GER 321. GER 430 Language Teaching Methods (3). An exploration and practice of various methods, techniques, and approaches in effective foreign language teaching. For teaching majors and minors only. Prerequisite: GER 403 proficiency level, with proficiency to be determined by the Department of Modern Languages. Italian Courses (ITA) ITA 101:102 First-Year Italian (4:4). Introduction to the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Fundamentals of grammar, basic vocabulary, conversation, and culture, through a variety of approaches. ITA 102 is a continuation of 101. Fee required. ITA 201:202 Second-Year Italian (4:4). Designed to consolidate and increase basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Expansion of vocabulary and cultural awareness. Prerequisite: ITA 102. ITA 202 is a continuation of 201. Fee required. Japanese Courses (JPN) JPN 101:102 First-Year Japanese (5:5). Characters, grammar, syntax, reading, conversation. Significant laboratory drill work. Fee required. JPN 201:202 Second-Year Japanese (5:5). Designed to consolidate and increase basic skills: characters and writing, fundamentals of grammar, listening, speaking, reading. Laboratory drill work. Prerequisite: JPN 102 or equivalent. Fee required. Latin Courses (LAT) Check with the department for current information about when specific courses LAT 101:102 First-Year Latin (4:4). Introduction to grammar, vocabulary, reading, and translation, including cultural appreciation of the Roman world. LAT 102 is a continuation of 101. Fee required. LAT 201:202 Second-Year Latin (4:4). Designed to build and expand on basic comprehension and grammar skills acquired in first-year Latin. Prerequisite: LAT 102. LAT 202 is a continuation of 201. Fee required. Navajo Courses (NAV) NAV 101:102 First-Year Navajo (4:4). Speaking, reading, and writing of basic conversational Navajo. Fee required. Modem Languages 251
Academic Programs 252 NAV 201:202 Second-Year Navajo (4:4). Review of grammar and phonetics. Development of speaking, reading, and writing skills. Prerequisite: NAV 102. Fee required. NAV 211:212 Navajo for Native Speakers (4:4). To meet the needs of the fluent Navajo speaker. Emphases on formal and "standard" Navajo, reading and writing, and fundamental grammatical terminology and concepts. NAV 303 Intermediate Conversation (3). Introduction to variations in language use throughout the Navajo reservation. Emphasis on oral proficiency. Prerequisite: NAV 202 or 212. NAV 304 Intermediate Reading and Composition (3). Emphasis is on developing competency in descriptive and narrative writing and reading. Writing-intensive course. Prerequisite: NAV 303 or equivalent. NAV 405 Navajo Culture and Civilization (3). A semester-long exploration of important issues in the culture, history, social institutions, and belief system of the Navajo people. Navajo Graduate Courses NAV 501 Navajo Language and Culture (3). NAV 502 Navajo Linguistics (3). Russian Courses (BUS) RUS 101:102 First-Year Russian (4:4). Introduction to the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Fundamentals of grammar, basic vocabulary, conversation, and culture. Fee required. RLS 201:202 Second-Year Russian (4:4). A continuation of RUS 101:102. Developing basic skills of speaking, comprehension, reading, and writing. Speaking is heavily emphasized. Prerequisite: RUS 102 or equivalent. Fee required. RUS 303:304 Intermediate Oral Expression and Stylistics (3:3). Speaking, reading, writing, and comprehension are emphasized in the context of daily activities and cultural exposure. Reading prepares students for the study of literature and civilization. Prerequisite: RUS 202. Spanish Courses (SPA) SPA 101:102 First-Year Spanish (4:4). Introduction to the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Fundamentals of grammar, basic vocabulary, conversation. and culture through a variety of approaches. SPA 102 is continuation of 101. Fee required. SPA 121:122 Spanish Immersion I and II (4:4). These are the first two courses in the Spanish immersion sequence. Introduction to basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Fundamentals of grammar basic vocabulary, conversation, and culture through a variety of approaches. Take concurrently with SPA 221:222 and 223. Fee required. SPA 201:202 Second-Year Spanish (4:4). Designed to consolidate and increase basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Expansion of vocabulary and cultural awareness. The class is conducted entirely in Spanish. Prerequisite: SPA 102. Fee required. SPA 221:222 Intermediate Spanish Immersion I and II (4:4). These are the third and fourth courses in the Spanish immersion sequence. Designed to consolidate and increase the basic skills: comprehension, speaking, reading and writing. Expansion of vocabulary and cultural awareness. The class is conducted entirely in Spanish. Take concurrently with SPA 121:122 and 223. Fee required. SPA 223 Spanish Study Abroad (3-6). Students spend time in a Spanish-speaking country, living with a local family, and attending intensive classes at an institute or working as an intern. Fee required. SPA 303 Intermediate Oral Communication (3). This course is designed to improve students' oral proficiency in Spanish through speaking, writing, reading, and listening activities. Students whose competence exceeds the scope of this course receive credit by exam. Prerequisite: SPA 202. SPA 304 Spanish Stylistics: Intermediate Composition (3). A writing-intensive course at the intermediate level, stressing clarity and accuracy of written expression through grammar review and practice. Prerequisite: SPA 202. SPA 311:312 Spanish Composition for Native Speakers (3:3). "Standard" Spanish as a second dialect; grammatical terminology and concepts, spelling, reading, and composition. Prerequisite: Placement by examination, permission of instructor. SPA 321 Introduction to Literature in Spanish (3). Modern Hispanic works (short stories, novels, poetry, and drama) are analyzed to introduce students to the techniques of critical evaluation of literature. Prerequisite: SPA 303 or 304. SPA 331 Chicano Literature (3). An in-depth study of several genres of Chicano literature in the United States from 1970 to present. The language of instruction is Spanish. Prerequisite: SPA 303 or permission of instructor. SPA 351 Survey of Peninsular Spanish Literature (3). Selected works of peninsular Spanish literature from its origins to the present. Prerequisite: SPA 321 or equivalent. SPA 352 Survey of Spanish-American Literature (3). A study of selected works of Spanish-American literature from its origins to the present. Prerequisite: SPA 321 or equivalent. SPA 403 Advanced Oral Communication (3). This course is designed to improve students' oral proficiency in Spanish at the advanced level through speaking, writing, listening, and reading activities. Students whose
competence exceeds the scope of this course receive credit by examination. Prerequisite: SPA 303. SPA 404 Spanish Stvlistics: Advanced Composition (3). A writing-intensive course at the advanced level, including creative expression and development of research skills. Prerequisite: SPA 304. SPA 405:406 Hispanic Civilization (3:3) First semester covers culture and civilization of Spain. Second semester covers culture and civilization of Spanish America. First semester not prerequisite to the second. Prerequisite: SPA 404 or 400-level proficiency. SPA 410 Commercial Spanish (3). The terminology, forms, and procedures used in Spanish in business, commerce, economics, and business organizations. Prerequisite: SPA 404 or 400-level proficiency. SPA 430 Language Teaching Methods (3). An exploration and practice of various methods, techniques, and approaches in effective foreign-language teaching. For teaching majors and minors only. Prerequisite: 403:404 proficiency level, with proficiency to be determined by the Department of Modern Languages. SPA 451 Topics in Peninsular Spanish Literature (3). An in-depth study of an important period, genre, or theme in peninsular Spanish literature. May be repeated for credit, 6 hours maximum. Prerequisite: SPA 351 or 352 or equivalent. SPA 452 Topics in Spanish-American Literature (3). An in-depth study of an important period, genre, or theme in Spanish-American literature. May be repeated for credit, 6 hours maximum. Prerequisite: SPA 351 or 352 or equivalent. SPA 480 Theory and Practice of Translation (3). Introduction to theory and practice of translation through practical drills and translation of texts. Prerequisite: SPA 404 or 400-level proficiency. Modem Languages Spanish Graduate Courses SPA 501 History of Spanish American Literature (3). SPA 506 Cervantes (3). SPA 623 World Influences on Hispanic Literatures (3). 253