Encoding Storage Retrieval Forgetting
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Fraction of red lights missed 0.08 Encoding 0.06 Getting information into memory 0.04 0.02 0 No cell phone With cell phone Divided Attention and Driving Performance
Structural Phonemic Semantic Encoding Would the word fit in the Does the word sentence: He met a rhyme with weight? on the street? Yes Yes
Visual imagery Elaboration Self-referent encoding Motivation to remember
Maintaining Information in Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory
Short-term Rehearsal Memory (111) 555-1234 9 12 (111) 555-1234 (111) 555-1234 (111) 555-1234 3 Sensory Memory 6
Chunking FBI FBINBCCIAIBM CIA IBM
Long-term Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Unlimited capacity store
Let s play a game I will share a list of words with you. Your job is to recall all of them as best you can. Please have a blank sheet of paper and a pen or pencil ready for after the demonstration.
Here are the words
SOUR SUGAR TOFFEE NICE TASTE CANDY BITTER CAKE HONEY CHOCOLATE TOOTH TART
Those are the words. On that blank sheet of paper, write your name, full address, and your phone number (this is what s called a distractor activity).
Now write the words you can recall in any order.
How many of you remembered the word aardvark?
How many of you remembered the word sweet?
Retrieval
Retrieval Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Isolation effect
Retrieval Cues Word Definition Favoritism shown or patronage granted by persons in high office to relatives or close friends Retrieval Cue 1: Begins with N Retrieval Cue 2: Ends in ism Retrieval Cue 3: First syllable rhymes with pep
Context Cues
The misinformation effect and eyewitness testimony
Reality Monitoring The process of deciding whether memories are based on external or internal sources
Source Monitoring The process of making inferences about the origins of memories
Retention (%) Retention of Nonsense Syllables 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Nonsense Syllables Forgetting BAF XOF is Adaptive CLP MEQ Hermann Ebbinghaus AYI VIR 20 min 60 min 9 hours 1 day 2 days 5 days 31 days Retention Interval
Two Measures of Retention: Recall Measure Recognition Measure
The Difficulty of a Recognition Test Can Vary Which is the correct answer? The fourth president of the United States was: a. Thomas Jimmy Carter Jefferson b. James John F. Monroe Kennedy c. John Harry Quincy TrumanAdams d. James Madison
Ineffective Encoding Memories never stored due to lack of attention
Mean Number of Test Items Recalled 5 4 3 2 1 0 Synonyms Antonyms Unrelated Adjectives Nonsense Syllables Numbers None Decreasing Interference Type of Interfering Material
Encoding Specificity Principle Value of a cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code formed during encoding
Repressed Memory Sigmund Freud
Skeptics Supporters of of Repressed Memory Theory Do Abuse not is think more individuals common are than lying we think on purpose Therapists Repression may is a natural ask leading response questions to trauma until the Lab patient research inadvertently on implanting creates memories a false cannot memory be Countless compared studies to emotional show events that it is like easy sexual to create abuse false No direct memories and empirical evidence Some court cases discredit existence of repressed memories Misinformation effect, source monitoring, and other researched areas show us that memory is not as reliable as many of us think
Retrograde Amnesia Memory Loss Onset of Amnesia Time Anterograde Amnesia Memory Loss
Prefrontal Cortex Cerebral Cortex Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebellum
Memory Loss Memory Loss
Declarative Memory System (Factual Information) Memory Nondeclarative Memory System (Actions, Perceptual Motor Skills, Conditioned Reflexes, Emotional Memories) Example: Riding a bike Handle Bars Pedals Spokes
Declarative Memory System (Factual Information) Memory Semantic Memory System (General Knowledge, Stored Undated) Example: Lincoln Gave Gettysburg Address Episodic Memory System (Dated Recollections of Personal Experiences) Example: First Kiss
Retrospective Memory Prospective Memory Past Future The Present
Improving Everyday Memory Engage in adequate rehearsal Schedule distributed practice Engage in deep processing Organize information Use mnemonic devices
Mnemonics
Mnemonics Fill in the blank
Mnemonics Study the pictures on the next slide
Mnemonics
Mnemonics Now write down as many things as you can remember from the previous slide. Let s check your responses How many did you remember?
Mnemonics Study the pictures on the next slide. This time, while you are looking at the pictures, make up a story that has all those things in it. If you were looking at the pictures in the last game, you might make up a story about a cat named Charlie (which begins with C) who was riding a bicycle and chasing a dog. Just then, the cat stopped for coffee and... You get the idea. If the story is silly, that's just fine. Try to imagine the story as you tell it to yourself, picturing the cat on the bicycle and the dog running away.
Mnemonics Study the pictures on the next slide
Mnemonics Now write down as many things as you can remember from the previous slide. Let s check your responses Now how many did you remember?
Mnemonics Google New York Times ancient proven memorization. Click on the first link, read the article, then Give it a try.