Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin, PhD 22 Feb 2017 / UTM Kuala Lumpur

Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin, PhD 22 Feb 2017 / UTM Kuala Lumpur

DISCLAIMER:

What is literature review? Why literature review? Common misconception on literature review Producing a good literature review

Scholarly journal articles The Literature Proceedings - conference - meetings - symposium Academic books Theses & dissertations A collection of scholarly writings on the topic Reports - Research - Annual - statistics

To demonstrate author s knowledge about a particular field of study including defining key terms, definitions, vocabulary, theories, key variables and phenomena and its methods and history. To inform you about influential researchers and research groups in that particular field. With some modification, the literature review could be transformed into a legitimate and publishable scholarly document review papers/articles

To establish a theoretical framework for your topic / subject area. To identify studies, models, case studies etc. which supporting your topic. To define / establish your area of study, i.e. your own research topic but first, you need to find what previous research says before setting up new research (to maintain originality/contribution hence avoiding duplication of work).

Ideas about which approaches are likely to work, and which are the best If you find something similar, you can get Ideas for how to implement your deliverable Ideas for how to evaluate your deliverable The best ways to do things (lesson learned) To support/justify the approach that you are taking/considering taking

Knowledge of what everyone else has done so that you don t exactly replicate it Without a literature review you risk reinventing the wheel If you find something similar you may have to slightly change what you are doing to make it novel, or build upon what you found

High tendency of using your own opinions/thinking/limited observation, without strong backup from facts, no matter how strongly you believe them (it does not count!) because you are nobody. Discussing irrelevant literature lost or drown in a sea of information + failure to prioritise your keywords and failure of mental mapping Short literature reviews Have not demonstrated the literature review skill Have not shown that you understand the context of your work Not targeting the review at an appropriate audience

Literature did not fit into overall research/report failure to establish linkages between chapters Including poor reference sources without comment Did not answer RQs and relevant ROs Missing an important reference (not include key papers or previous research by a prominent figure in that particular field ) Your work is seriously undermined if you write about something as though you are the first, but someone else has already published on the subject

Merely an annotated bibliography Merely a description in writing Still narrow and shallow in reporting Often confused and not direct to the point Inconsistency, various quality of writing Synthesis of available research Showing critical evaluation Show appropriate breadth and depth Clear when read and concise in reporting High consistency in the style of writing

Information seeking a. To critically scan available lit, b. To identify and utilize relevant lit (via summary, interpretation, classification, comparison, evaluation) c. To identify relevant theories/concepts, LR Critical Appraisal a. To map relationships to connect current Bok to what is missing, b. To identify areas of controversy /contradiction c. To establish FRAMEWORK for research.

The literature review process should help/guide you to shape: what you do, and (what sub area within the researched topic) how you do it (gather all relevant information to feed that sub area) You should be open-minded and able to change your mind or alter your approach prior to your LR findings Early write up on the literature review otherwise you may forget what you have read + always updating your draft (don t opt for a last minute works) The finished review should also shape how others perceive the quality/value of your work

STAGE 1 SEARCH INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF RAW BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA ANALYSE ABSTRACTS

STAGE 2 DECONSTRUCT ANALYSE CONTENT: Scholarly audience? Adequate Lit Review? Theories? Objective viewpoints? Facts? Research design? EVALUATE FINDINGS: Themes? Similarities? Differences? Contradictions? Unknown?

STAGE 3 RECONSTRUCTION ORGANIZE by Composing into a whole via categorizing, rearranging, combining, integrating SYNTHESIZE by highlighting issues, comparing & contrasting, highlighting consensus

INTO OUTLINE FORMAT: IN CHAPTER WRITING.. I. Home-school Communication II. III. IV. Academic Achievement Parent Involvement A. Barriers to parent involvement Volunteerism A. Barriers to volunteerism

INTRODUCTION advance organizers : Inform aims, scope, structures and themes to be covered Make topic generalizations: background, general trends, definitions of key terms, concepts Remind objectives of study BODY Survey of past and present sources (chronologically/thematically/methodologically) Summarize individual sources Discuss significance & relevance Review methodologies (instruments, analysis) Point out similarities, contradictions, strengths, flaws Indicate gaps CONCLUSION summarize the gist present insights that emerge Announce present research framework

Use APA style & format Have your work proofread before submitting Follow all format guidelines Must be a thorough review, reflected by the depth of the discussion Should begin prior to the implementation of the study

Plagiarism is passing off somebody else s work as your own In a literature review you are discussing other people s work so must clearly reference it In this module you must NEVER copy an entire phrase or sentence even if it is in quotes and properly referenced If you cannot describe something in your own words then you must not include it in your literature review. If you paraphrase other people s ideas you still need to reference them

You MUST reference your work This means giving the author name and publication date for all ideas and facts you have used (Harvard format) List the sources at the end (Harvard format) Failure to reference your work is Plagiarism and is an automatic fail.

You must follow the university Harvard reference style http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/level5.asp?usertype=6&le vel5=3165 (OR Google Harvard site:wlv.ac.uk) Smith (1999) says that C++ is faster than Java. C++ is faster than Java (Smith 1999). SMITH, T. (1999) Programming. Programming Journal, 21(5), pp. 61-73. Do not use numbers in brackets [1] this is not Harvard.

Structure to present an argument, discussing similar papers together Do not list the papers and write separate reviews Explain the useful information that each paper gives and compare and contrast to other similar papers Build an argument that will support the main aim of your thesis What you are doing/how you are going to do it/why you are doing it Show how what you are doing is different to what has been done before