M-2 Ethical & Social Issues in Medicine FALL 2000 SYLLABUS AND READINGS These materials are protected by federal copyright. It may be a violation of law to photocopy these materials without permission of the copyright holders.
ECU School of Medicine Course Syllabus for M-2 Ethical and Social Issues in Medicine Fall 2000 Instructors, Section A: Joel Shuman, Ph.D., P. T. Rooms, and Wednesday Lorraine Basnight, M.D. Days Room: Brody 2E69 Section B: Wednesday Room: Section C: Wednesday Room: Kenneth De Ville, Ph.D., J.D. Edward Newton, M.D. Brody 2N55 Loretta M. Kopelman, Ph.D. Ronald Perkin, M.D. Brody 2S11 Section D: Joel Shuman, Ph.D., P. T. Thursday D. Dean Patton, M.D. Room: Brody 2E69 Section E: Thursday Room: Section F Thursday Room: Kenneth De Ville, Ph.D., J.D. David Hannon, M.D. Brody 2N55 John Moskop, Ph.D. Nicholas Benson, M.D., M.B.A. Brody 2S11 The three sections meeting on each Wednesday or Thursday will first gather in Brody 2S-04 for a short lecture, then go to discussion sessions. Offices and Phones (Office Hours by Appointment): Lorraine Basnight, M.D. Department of Pediatrics /Brody 3E-137 816-2535 Nicholas Benson, M.D., M.B.A. Department of Emergency Medicine, PCMH, 816-4757 Kenneth De Ville, Ph.D., J.D. Medical Humanities/Brody 2S-17 816-2797 David Hannon, M.D. Department of Pediatrics/Cardiology 816-5601 Loretta M. Kopelman, Ph.D. Medical Humanities/Brody 2S-17 816-2621 John Moskop, Ph.D. Medical Humanities/Brody 2S-17 816-2361 Edward Newton, M.D. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology 816-5695 D. Dean Patton, M.D. Department of Family Medicine, Brody 4N-84 816-2600 Ronald Perkin, M.D. Department of Pediatrics /Brody 3E-142 816-2540 Joel Shuman, Ph.D., P. T. Medical Humanities/Brody 2E67 816-2361 2
M-2 Small Group Assignments Fall 2000 Section A Section D Instructors: Joel Shuman, Ph.D., P.T. Instructors: Joel Shuman, Ph.D., P.T. Lorraine Basnight, M.D. D. Dean Patton, M.D. Room: Brody 2E69 Room: Brody 2E69 Christina Bowen Lauren Ale Stephanie Bradley Tomeka Gatling Monica Chheda John Gibbs Marc Cribbs Molly Heinzen Michael Davis William Johnson Francesann Ford Wesley Jones Charles Dunham Susan Keen Taneka Hill Christopher Mann Paayal Mehta Deidra McCants Yaqoob Mohyuddin Samara Mitchell Patrick O'Malley Frederick Teribury Scott Wait Michael Warren Section B Section E Instructors: Kenneth De Ville, Ph.D., J.D. Instructors: Kenneth De Ville, Ph.D., J.D. Edward Newton, M.D. David Hannon, M.D. Room: Brody 2N55 Room: Brody 2N55 LaSean Bost Amy Broach Paul Brezina Elizabeth Cleland Rebecca Calhoun Leigh Ellis Christy Chen Lee Gause Jason Goebel Richard Herring Travis Howell Mark Hill Rakhshi Khan Lynn Hughes Silkstone Elizabeth LoCascio Clifford Lindsey Christopher Lochmuller Ayaz Pathan Jose Ramirez-del Toro ViJay Rathinam Christopher Scott Marti Russell Timothy Smith Jason Van Eyk Section C Section F Instructors: Loretta Kopelman, Ph.D. Instructors: John Moskop, Ph.D. Ron Perkin, M.D. Nicholas Benson, M.D., M.B.A. Room: Brody 2S11 Room: Brody 2S11 James Barwick Medhanie Berhane Brad Butler Badie Clark Lisa Doherty Henry Edmundson Michelle Fields Andrea Evenski Steven Gilchrist Charles Hammonds Anthony Hayes Kamlyn Jones Ginja Massey James Kelly Aaron Morrow Parker McConville Johnnie Moultrie Erin Moreland Martin Palmeri Robert Oxford Taran Singh Emily Rogers Jody Tucker Mayisha White 3
East Carolina University School of Medicine Course Syllabus for M-2 Ethical and Social Issues in Medicine Fall 2000 Objectives: In this course, students will: 1. Review central moral, philosophical, and social problems in medicine and health policy including: a. those that arise at the beginning and at the end of life; b. those that arise from the rapid expansion of knowledge and technology; c. those that arise from conflicts of interest inherent in organizational arrangements for the practice of medicine; and d. the impact on patient care and on medical professionalism of the various approaches to organizing, financing, and delivering health care. 2. Reflect on the physician's responsibilities in helping to develop and implement social policies regarding health care delivery including: a. professional duties to serve as patient advocates and to utilize resources for the patient's best interest; b. physicians' duties to serve the interests of their patients over their own; and c. professional duty to advocate for access to health care for members of underserved populations. 3. Develop critical skills for evaluating and articulating moral and philosophical claims, arguments, and goals frequently found in practice and medical literature including: a. knowledge of the theories and principles or considerations that govern ethical decision making; b. the ability to evaluate critically medical literature and apply it to clinical practice and policy debates; and c. the ability to evaluate and incorporate cost and patient wishes into clinical decision making. 4. Formulate, present, and defend a particular position on a moral or policy issue in health care and to be able to communicate these ideas and conclusions effectively, both orally and in writing, to patients, patients' families, colleagues and other decision makers in society. 5. Reflect on the relationships among moral, professional, and legal obligations of physicians, including those involving honesty, and respect for patient well-being, autonomy, dignity and confidentiality. (Drawn from: Medical School Objectives Project. Learning Objectives for Medical Student Education: Guidelines for Medical Schools. Wash. D.C.: American Association of Medical Colleges, 1998.) 4
Requirements: 1. Completion of reading assignments. 2. Attendance and class participation. The class participation grade for the course will be based on attendance at lectures and discussion sessions and on informed participation in class discussions. Any student who misses more than 20% of the class sessions, that is, four or more absences (unexcused or excused), will fail the course. The faculty of the Department of Medical Humanities may, upon student request, allow a student who has missed four or more class sessions to pass the course by taking and passing a comprehensive examination on the course readings, in addition to completing the other course requirements. 3. Two papers, each about four double-spaced pages in length. Your first paper, due Thursday, October 5, 2000, should address an issue relating to the issues discussed in the first five sessions of the course. In that paper, you may develop further or criticize an argument from the readings or examine in greater detail a moral or social policy issue discussed in the readings from the first five sessions of the course. Though some restatement of an argument or issue from an article may be needed, your paper will not fulfill course requirements if it is a mere summary of an article. Your second paper, due Monday. November 20.2000, should address a moral or social policy issue in health care of your choice, but should be related to one of the course readings. Although your paper must be your own work, you may discuss topics and ideas with instructors or other students. Instructors will offer advice and suggestions but will not review written drafts of papers prior to submission. Papers are graded anonymously, so put identification other than your name or social security number on them. Turn them in directly to the Department of Medical Humanities office (Brody 2S-17) before 5 PM on the due date. Submission of your paper Print out your paper in whatever word processing format you are using. In addition, please turn in a computer diskette copy of your paper in ASCII (text only) format. Please save your entire paper in one file. This should be the only file on the diskette. You should write your name on the diskette label. If you have any questions about how to save your paper in this format, please ask your instructor or the support personnel in Audiovisuals/Informatics (AVID) on the second floor of the Health Science Library. Criteria for Grading Papers: In your papers, we ask you to state and defend a position on a significant moral or policy issue in health care. Be sure to title your paper and clearly state the thesis you are defending. Your paper will be graded not on the position you defend, but on the following standard criteria: developing a clear and original thesis, identifying an issue, defending a position, stating alternative positions of importance, documenting factual claims, acknowledging major weaknesses of your position, and explaining key terms. Please note: footnote any sources you use and put direct quotes in quotation marks; plagiarism results in automatic failure of the course (see plagiarism policy below). Generally a successful paper will: 6
1. state a position; 2. defend it; and 3. raise the most pertinent objection(s) to the position defended Your paper will suffer if you omit a good criticism of your position. Late Paper Policy: Papers are due in the Humanities Office by 5 :00 PM on the announced date. Papers received within two days of that time will be penalized one step (i.e. A to A-, A- to B+, etc.). Papers received between two and four days after the due date will be penalized two steps, and so forth. Weekend days will be counted in this policy. Required M-2 Ethical and Social Issues in Medicine readings booklet. Grading Procedure Each student paper is graded anonymously by two faculty members. The procedure is as follows: 1. Secretarial staff distribute papers to faculty members without student names attached. 2. Two faculty independently grade each paper, then meet, discuss the paper, and assign it a grade. 3. Only after grades are assigned and comments placed on papers will the secretarial staff un-blind the process and place student names on the papers. Appealing Paper Grades The procedure for appealing paper grades is as follows: 1. Discuss paper and grade with instructor or chair of department. 2. If student is still not satisfied, he or she should submit a written request to the Course Director to have the paper re-graded. The request should explain why the student believes a mistake was made in assigning a grade to the paper. The student should also include a fresh copy of the paper without name, comments or grades. 3. A faculty member who has not yet read the paper will be provided the essay to read and to assign the grade. The two faculty who originally read the paper will also re-read the paper. 4. The three faculty members will meet to discuss the appropriate grade for the paper. 5. Because the grading process is no longer fully blinded and because the student's paper is not being considered in relation to the other students' papers, grades will not be changed unless a third faculty reader, as well as the two original readers, of the student paper are convinced that there is clear evidence of a mistake in the original grade assigned the essay. 17
Grading Policy Paper I 40% Paper II 40% Class Participation 20% The formula is as follows: Let X and Y equal the grades on the two papers and Z the grade in class participation. The grade is calculated as 2 (X + Y) + Z = Final Grade. Grading Scale: Final Grade A+ 100 A 95 A above 467 A- 92 A- 450-466 B+ 88 B+ 432-449 B 85 B 417-431 B- 82 B- 400-416 C+ 78 C+ 382-399 C 75 C 367-381 C- 72 C- 350-366 D+ 68 F below 350 D 65 D- 62 F below 62 Plagiarism Policy Plagiarism is a kind of academic dishonesty which you must be careful to avoid. Submission of an assignment that includes plagiarism will result in failure of the course. It is important to recognize that directly quoting or paraphrasing another source without footnotes or citation in context constitutes plagiarism, even if that source is included in a bibliography. If a direct quotation is used, it must be enclosed in quotation marks as well. To avoid potential misunderstanding about what constitutes plagiarism, read carefully the following passage taken from the ECU School of Medicine Code of Student Conduct: The term 'plagiarism' includes, but is not limited to, the use, by paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work or thoughts of another person without full and clear acknowledgment and passing it as oneds own work. It also includes the unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or other academic materials. If you have questions about this policy or about what constitutes plagiarism, please address them to your instructor. 8
M-2 ETHICAL & SOCIAL ISSUES IN MEDICINE FALL 2000 SCHEDULE [Page numbers in brackets refer to pages in this booklet]. (All sessions begin with a short lecture in the M-2 lecture room. Then students and instructors will break into small groups.) (Faculty member's name in parentheses will present lecture for that session). A. The Physician-Patient Relationship in a Changing Health Care System 1. August 9,10/W,TH 10:00-11:20 The Reconfiguration of U.S. Medicine (Dr. De Ville) A. Jerome Kassirer, "Managed care and the morality of the marketplace," New England Journal of Medicine, 1995; 333:50-52. [pp.13-15] B. C.R. Crawshaw, et al., "Patient-physician covenant," JAMA 1995; 273 (19): 1553. [p. 16] C. K.A. De Ville, "Free Trade in Medicine? New Challenges for the Profession," Carolina Medical Journal, 1996, Vol. 57(2): 74-76. [pp.17-19] 2. August 16,17/W,TH 10:00-11:20 The Anatomy of Managed Care (Dr. De Ville) A. M. Gregg Bloche, "Fidelity and Deceit at the Bedside," JAMA 2000; 283 (14): 1881-1884. Note: This reading is required but not in your course materials. You may find it at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v283n14. B. William Carlos Williams, "The Paid Nurse," in The Doctor Stories (New York: New Directions, 1984), pp. 92-98. [pp.20-23] 3. August 23,24/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Ethical Issues in Managed Care (Dr. Resnik) A. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association, Ethical Issues in Managed Care JAMA 1995;273:330-335. [pp.24-29] B. J. Andre, "The alleged incompatibility of business and medical ethics," HEC Forum 1999; 11 (4): 288-292. [pp.30-32] 9
4. August 30,31/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Managed Care & Society (Dr. Moskop) Reading: A. L. Burton, "Why liberals should embrace managed care," Journal of Health Politics. Policy and Law 1999; 24 (5):911-919. [pp.33-37] B. R.H. Fletcher, "Who is responsible for the common good in a competitive market," JAMA 1999; 281 (12): 1127-1128. Note: This reading is required but not in your course materials. You may find it at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v281n12 C. Proposed Regulations Aimed at Managed Care Organizations. [pp.38-40] 5. September 6,7/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Justice, Access, and Health Care Svstems (Dr. Kopelman) A. R. Kuttner, "The American Health Care System-Health Insurance Coverage," N Engl J Med, 340 (2), 1999: 163-168. [pp. 41-46] B. Loretta Kopelman, "Children: Health Care and Research Issues," in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, Vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1995) pp. 363-368. [pp.47-52] 6. September 13,14/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Race and Access to Health Care (Dr. De Ville) A. K. A. DeVille, "Defending Diversity: Affirmative Action and Medical Education," American Journal of Public Health 1999; 89(8): 1256-1261. [pp.53-58] B. "Racial & Ethnic Differences in Access to Medical Care, A Synthesis of the Literature," from Henry Kaiser Family Foundation, October 1999. [pp.59-71] 7. September 20,21/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Domestic Violence (Dr. Goodman) A. Goodman, PE, "Not in my practice. A look at the pervasive consequences of domestic violence," North Carolina Medical Journal, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 310-314 (1997). [pp. 72-76] B. Bryant WG, Panico S, "Physician's legal responsibilities to victims of domestic violence," North Carolina Medical Journal, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 418-421 (1994). [pp.77-80] C. Grenmillion DH, "Should physicians be required to report domestic violence," North Carolina Medical Journal, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 320-322 (1997). [pp.81-83] 10
8. September 27,28/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Maternal-Fetal Dyad (Dr. De Ville) A. De Ville KA, and Kopelman LM, "Wisconsin's 1998 Fetal Protection Law: An Immodest Proposal," American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Medicine and Philosophy, vol. 98, no. 1,99-103. [pp.84-88] B. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Patient Choice: Maternal-Fetal Conflict," ACOG, Committee Opinion, Number 55, October 1987. [pp. 89-90] FIRST PAPER DUE THURSDAY, OCTOBER 5, 5 PM B. ISSUES IN HEALTH POLICY, LAW, AND ETHICS 9. October 4,5/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Law and the treatment of Newborns (Dr. Kopelman) Reading: A. Loretta M. Kopelman, Arthur Kopelman, and Thomas Irons, "Neonatologists Judge the 'Baby Doe' Regulations,"N EJM, 318 (1988): 677-683. [pp.91-97] 10. October 11,12/ W,TH 10:00-11:20 Genetics (Dr. Resnik) Reading: A. John C. Fletcher and Mark I. Evans, "Ethical Issues in Reproductive Genetics," Seminars in Perinatology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 189-197. [pp.98-106] B. Cases [distributed by instructors] 11. October 18, 19/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Children & Health Care (Dr. Kopelman) Reading: A. Loretta Kopelman, "Children: Health Care and Research Issues," in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Revised Edition, Vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1995) pp. 357-361. [pp. 107-111] B. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics, "Informed Consent, Parental Permission, and Assent in Pediatric Practice," Pediatrics, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 314-317 (1995). [pp. 112-115] C. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics, "Religious Objections to Medical Care," Pediatrics, vol. 99, no. 2, 279-281 (1997). [pp. 116-118] 11
C. ISSUES IN HEALTH POLICY, LAW, AND ETHICS 12. October 25, 26/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Law, Medicine & Ethics (Dr. De Ville) A. Kenneth De Ville, "'What Does the Law Say?" Law, Ethics, and Medical Decision Making," Western Journal of Medicine 160 (1994), 478-480. [pp. 119-121] B. De Ville: Law of Medical Malpractice Outline. [pp. 122-123] 13. November 1,2/W,TH 10:00-11:20 The Question of Futility (Dr. Moskop) A. Robert D. Truog, Allan S. Brett, and Joel Frader, The Problem with Futility New England Journal of Medicine 326 (1992),1560-1564. [pp. 124-128] B. AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Medical futility in end-of-1ife care: Report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs," JAMA, vol. 281, no. 10, pp. 937-941 (1999). Note: This reading is required but not in your course materials. You may find it at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v281n10. 14. November 8,9/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Do-Not Resuscitate Orders: Ethical and Practical Issues (Dr. Moskop) A. "Ethical Considerations in Resuscitation," JAMA 1992; 268 (16): 2282-2288. [pp.129-135] B. Pitt County Memorial Hospital, "Do Not Resuscitate Orders (DNR)," Patient Care Services Manual (C58-8). [pp. 136-145] C. Pitt County Memorial Hospital, "Determination of Death; Neurological Criteria," Patient Care Services Manual (P76-1D) [pp. 146-147] D. Pitt County Memorial Hospital, "Authority for Autopsy," Patient Care Services Manual (P 75-1). [pp. 148-158] SKIM SECOND PAPER DUE MONDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 5 PM 15. November 15,16/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Ethical Issues in Organ Donation (Dr. Moskop) Reading: A. John C. Moskop, "Current ethical aspects of organ procurement and transplantation in North America," Balliere's Clinical Anaesthesiology, vol.13, no. 2, pp. 195-210 (1999). [pp. 159-167] 12
16. November 29,30/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Research: History and Background (Dr. Kopelman) A. "The Nuremberg Code," Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Nuremberg, 1946-1949. [p. 168] B. World Medical Association, "Declaration of Helsinki," (June 1964-0ctober 1996). [pp. 169-172] C. Excerpts from the Belmont Report, pp. 1-9. [po 173-181] 17. December 6,7/W,TH 10:00-11:20 Research: Practice and Rel!ulation (Dr. Resnik) A. R.A. Charo, "Human subjects have it worse than guinea pigs," Chronicle of Higher Education 1999; 45 (42): A64. [p.182-185] B. Kass, N.E., J. Sugarman, R. Faden, M. Schoch-Spana, "Trust the fragile foundation of contemporary biomedical research," Hastings Center Regort 1996; 26 (5): 25-29. [pp. 186-189] C. Research Regulations Outline [pp. 190-191] D. Cases [distributed by instructors] 13