A. READING: Students read to comprehend, interpret, analyze, evaluate, and appreciate literary and expository texts by using a variety of strategies. They connect essential ideas, evaluate arguments, and analyze the various perspectives and ideas presented in a variety of literary and expository texts. A1 Interconnected Elements: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Alphabetics, Fluency Students read and evaluate texts, within a grade appropriate span of text complexity, by applying their knowledge and strategies of comprehension, vocabulary, alphabetics, and fluency. a. Use a flexible range of before, during, and after reading strategies to deepen understanding of the author s message. b. Demonstrate ownership of appropriate vocabulary effectively using a word in different contexts and for different purposes. c. Determine the meaning of unknown words by analyzing the context in which they are used, using reference sources, and applying knowledge of word parts and their meanings. d. Pronounce and recognize foreign words, tier 3 words across all content areas, and specific literary terms to enhance comprehension of complex texts. e. Fluently and accurately read text using appropriate pacing, phrasing, intonation, and expression. f. Demonstrate comprehension by evaluating texts using established criteria. SE/TE: Author's purpose, 101, 105, 109, 111, 118, 121, 125, 129, 135, 143, 144, 149; Main idea, identify/determine, 441, 448, 453, 458, 461, 490, 453, 461, 465, 470, 475, 481, 487; Paraphrase, 693, 702, 707, 709, 711, 712, 715, 721, 729, 737, 861, 891; Summarize, 801, 809, 811, 816, 820, 824, 831, 833, 839, 844, 853, 859, 861, 864, 868, 873, 875, 877, 881, 882, 884, 886, 888, 891, 893, 901, 903, 911, 913, 919, 922, 927, 931, 936, 975; Draw conclusions, 967, 971, 974, 975, 978 SE/TE: Word choice, 95, 933; Language, use active, 308; Vivid words, choose, 687; Word choice, revise to vary, 1006; Review word choice, 1140; also see: Vocabulary Workshop: activity, 183, 413, 593, 767, 1017, 1245 SE/TE: Explain context cues, 237, 253; Context Clues, 592 SE/TE: Vocabulary Workshop: Borrowed and Foreign Words, 1016 1017 SE/TE: Read fluently, 617, 621, 623, 629, 634, 639, 649, 651, 659, 665 SE/TE: Peer review, use, 176, 406, 586, 760, 1006, 1238; also see: Writing Applications: Critique, 71, Writing Workshop: Response to Literature, 756 763, Comparing Literary Works: Contemporary Interpretations, 1126, 1137 1
A2 Literary Texts Students read text, within a grade appropriate span of text complexity, and present analyses of fiction, nonfiction, drama, and poetry, using excerpts from the text to defend their assertions. a. Analyze the characters external and internal conflicts. b. Analyze the difference between firstperson and third-person narration and the effect of point of view on a reader s interpretation of a text. c. Determine the effects of common literary devices on the style and tone of a text. d. Evaluate the theme or themes, whether explicitly stated or implied, in a literary text. e. Identify, compare, and analyze recurring themes across works. f. Analyze how meaning is conveyed in poetry through diction, figurative language, repetition, and rhyme. SE/TE: Conflict, internal/external, 194, 198, 211, 213, 216, 218, 222, 223, 225, 226, 228, 232, 235, 237, 245, 246, 249, 251, 252, 253, 307, 359, 410, 782 SE/TE: Point of view: first/third person, 80, 83, 87, 89, omniscient/limited, 84, 85, chart for comparing, 93 SE/TE: Tone, 428, 430, 439, 441, 445, 453, 461; Style, 445, 446, 449, 457, 458, 460, 461; also see: Foreshadowing, short story, 43, 48, 51, 53, 57, 64, 69; Hyperbole, 572, 581, 1216; Figurative language, 608, 610, 617, 625, 627, 629, 633, 637, 639, 693; Imagery, 612, 614, 678, 679, 680, 676, 683, 684, 685; Personification, 615; Simile, 687; Flashback, 1041, 1048, 1079, 1082 SE/TE: Theme, 6, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 170, 199, 200, 610, 782; Comparing Themes, 160, 171; Comparing Archetypal Themes, 944, 959; Universal themes in the oral tradition, 1032; Forms that express universal themes, 1033; Model Selection (themes), 1034 1039 SE/TE: Comparing Themes, 160, 171; Comparing Archetypal Themes, 944, 959; for related activities, also see: Universal themes in the oral tradition, 1032; Forms that express universal themes, 1033; Model Selection (themes), 1034 1039 SE/TE: Elements of poetry, 608 609; Figurative language, 617, 625, 627, 629, 633, 637, 639, 693; Imagery, 678, 679, 680, 676, 683, 684, 685; Rhyme, types, 719, 729, 737; Rhyme and meter, 725, 726, 732, 735; Comparing Forms of Lyric poetry, 748, 750, 751, 753, 755 g. Compare types of poetry. SE/TE: What is Poetry?, 606 607; Elements of poetry, 608 609; Comparing Forms of Lyric poetry, 748, 750, 751, 753, 755 2
h. Evaluate the effective use of a genre of literature related to its intended purpose and audience. SE/TE: Genre Introduction with definitions of literary terms: Characteristics of Fiction, 6, Characteristics of Nonfiction, 7, What is a Short story?, 196 197, What is Nonfiction?, 426 427, Exploring types of nonfiction, 428 429, What is Poetry?, 606 607, Elements of poetry, 608 609, What is Drama, 780 781, Elements of Drama 782 783, What are Leadership and Heroism?, 1030 1031, Universal Themes in the Oral Tradition, 1032 1033; also see: Writing to Compare Literary Works, 93, 171, 305, 401, 511, 581, 685, 755, 959, 1001, 1137, 1233; Writing Workshop: Response to Literature, 756 763; Writing Applications: Critique, 71, Comparing Literary Works: Contemporary Interpretations, 1126, 1137 A3 Informational Texts Students evaluate the validity, truthfulness, and usefulness of ideas presented in informational texts, within a grade appropriate span of text complexity, noting how the text features and text structures affect the information presented. a. Evaluate the extent to which the author s conclusions can be logically drawn from the provided evidence. b. Evaluate the data contained in tables, charts, graphics, etc. for accuracy, credibility, and relevancy. c. Evaluate the effect(s) of rhetorical devices on the interpretation of information. SE/TE: Main idea, identify/determine (and supporting details), 441, 448, 453, 458, 461, 465, 470, 475, 481, 487, 490; Persuasive Essay, 519, 523, 525, 527, 531, 535; Evaluate persuasive techniques, 539, 546, 549, 554, 561; Informational Texts: evaluate credibility (and argument), 566 571; Propaganda, evaluate, 934 SE/TE: Informational Texts (with pictures and symbols): analyze text structure, features, format, 154 159; critique logic of functional documents (text features, graphics), 284 289; generate relevant questions, 492-497; follow technical directions, 670-675; analyze text information, logic, sequence, 938 943; evaluate sources, 980 985; identify characteristics of various types of texts, 1120-1125 SE/TE: Literary Analysis: Persuasive Essay (language & techniques), 519, 523, 525, 527, 531, 535; Evaluate persuasive techniques, 539, 546, 549, 554, 561; Informational Texts: evaluate credibility (and argument), 566 571; Propaganda, evaluate, 934; for related activities, also see: Bias, 428 3
d. Evaluate the effective use, purposes, and intended audiences of various types of informational texts. SE/TE: Informational Texts: read to perform task (sequence), 74 79, analyze text structure, features, format, 154 159, critique logic of functional documents ( text features, graphics), 284 289, analyze text structure, features, format, 376 381, questions, generate relevant (use background knowledge), 492 497, evaluate credibility (and argument), 566 571, follow technical directions (analyze structure, features, format), 670 675, paraphrase, find main idea, 742 747, analyze text information, logic, sequence, 938 943, evaluate sources, 980 985, texts, identify characteristics of types of (primary and secondary sources), 1120 1125, primary sources, analyze, 1210 1215; also see: Critical Thinking: Respond (nonfiction), 439, 452, 460, 474, 486, 507, 510, 526, 534, 548, 560, 576, 580; Expository Essay (organizational structures), 465, 471, 472, 475, 479, 480, 483, 485, 487; Persuasive Essay, 519, 523, 525, 527, 531, 535; Persuasive Speech, 539, 543, 544, 545, 546, 549, 555, 556, 559, 561 A4 Persuasive Texts Students evaluate the validity, truthfulness, and usefulness of ideas presented in persuasive texts, within a grade appropriate span of text complexity, noting how the structural features and rhetorical devices affect the information and argument(s) presented. a. Evaluate the logic of persuasive texts, noting instances of unsupported inferences and fallacious reasoning. b. Recognize and explain the use and misuse of forms of nuance such as ambiguity, contradiction, irony, and over-orunderstatement in persuasive texts. c. Identify and describe the effect of figurative language and other rhetorical devices; explain why they do or do not contribute to the overall effectiveness of the argument. SE/TE: Literary Analysis: Persuasive Essay (language & techniques), 519, 523, 525, 527, 531, 535; Evaluate persuasive techniques, 539, 546, 549, 554, 561; Informational Texts: evaluate credibility (and argument), 566 571; Propaganda, evaluate, 934; for related activities, also see: Bias, 428 SE/TE: Persuasive Essay (language & techniques), 519, 523, 525, 527, 531, 535; Evaluate persuasive techniques, 539, 546, 549, 554, 561 SE/TE: Author s Style (nonfiction), 441, 445, 446, 449, 453, 457, 458, 460, 461; Analogy (in persuasive text), 539, 543, 549, 561; Evaluate persuasive techniques, 539, 546, 554; Hyperbole (in humorous writing), 572, 581 4
d. Analyze the purpose(s) of a persuasive text; describe the intended audience, and assess the overall effectiveness of text. SE/TE: Persuasive Essay, 519, 523, 525, 527, 531, 535; Persuasive Speech, 539, 543, 544, 545, 546, 549, 555, 556, 559, 561; Informational Texts: evaluate credibility (and argument), 566 571; Propaganda, evaluate, 934; for related activities, also see: Bias, 428 B. WRITING: Students write to express their ideas and emotions, to describe their experiences, to communicate information, and to present or analyze an argument. B1 Interconnected Elements Students use a writing process to develop an appropriate genre, exhibiting an explicit organizational structure, perspective, and style to communicate with target audiences for specific purposes. a. Locate, summarize, and synthesize information from primary and secondary sources, as necessary. b. Apply aspects of various genres for rhetorical effect, strong diction, and distinctive voice. c. Revise drafts to improve synthesis of information from sources, ensuring that the organizational structure, perspective, and style are effective for the targeted audience and purpose. d. Edit for correct grammar, usage, and mechanics. SE/TE: Informational Texts: evaluate sources, 980 985, texts, identify characteristics of types of (primary and secondary sources), 1120 1125, primary sources, analyze, 1210 1215; Find appropriate sources, 1003, Question sources, 1004, Make direct references to sources, 1005, also see: Research and Technology: Brochure, informative, 345, Report, prepare, 615, Research report, 935, 977, 1008, Communication Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018 SE/TE: Word choice, 95, 933; Language, use active, 308; Vivid words, choose, 687; Word choice, revise to vary, 1006; Review word choice, 1140 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Revising, 96, 177, 308, 406, 514, 596, 688, 761, 962, 1006, 1140, 1238; Writer s Toolbox: Revising, 97, 177, 309, 407, 587, 689, 963, 1009, 1141 SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Editing and Proofreading, 99, 179, 311, 409, 517, 589, 691, 763, 965, 1013, 1143, 1241; also see: Grammar, 40, 70, 97, 97, 122, 150, 177, 182, 217, 254, 280, 309, 322, 342, 344, 372, 406, 407, 462, 488, 514, 515, 536, 562, 587, 592, 640, 666, 689, 716, 738, 760, 761, 831, 932, 963, 976, 1009, 1016, 1084, 1116, 1141, 1190, 1206, 1239, 1241, 1244, 1252 5
e. Create legible final drafts. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Publishing, 99, 179, 311, 409, 517, 589, 691, 763, 965, 1013, 1143, 1241; also see: Timed Writing, 79, 159, 289, 381, 497, 571, 675, 943, 985, 1125, 1215 B2 Narrative Students embed narrative writing in a written text when appropriate to the audience and purpose. a. Use diction, syntax, imagery, and tone to create a distinctive voice. b. Organize ideas in a logical sequence with effective transitions. SE/TE: Voice, Tone, create, 513; Voice, highlight, 514; Rhetorical questions, 933; Writer s Toolbox: Revising to Vary Sentence Patterns, 689, Revising to Combine Sentences with Phrases, 963, Revising to Combine Sentences Using Adverb Clauses, 1009, Revising to Correct Fragments and Run-ons, 1141, Varying Sentence Structure and Length, 1239; also see: Word choice, 95, 933; Language, use active, 308; Vivid words, choose, 687; Word choice, revise to vary, 1006; Review word choice, 1140 SE/TE: Sequence of events, maintain effective, 308 ; Cause-and-effect chart, 403 ; Chronological order, use, 404 ; Organizational pattern, establish, 582 ; Ideas, organize, 758 ; Information, organize, 962 ; Cause-effect sequences, add, 1085 ; Instructions, organize, 1140 B3 Argument/Analysis Students write academic essays that structure ideas and arguments in a sustained and logical fashion. a. Explain and evaluate information from reading, listening, or viewing. b. Write thesis-driven essays that build a logical argument and support assertions with examples and evidence that are accurate, credible, and relevant. SE/TE: Writing Applications: Critique, 71, Writing Workshop: Response to Literature, 756 763, Comparing Literary Works: Contemporary Interpretations, 1126, 1137; also see: Writing to Compare Literary Works, 93, 171, 305, 401, 511, 581, 685, 755, 959, 1001, 1137, 1233 SE/TE: Thesis statement, write, 583; Outline, use, 584, 1005; Organization, choose, 688, 1236; Ideas, organize, 758; Thesis, underline, 760; Thesis statement, propose, 1005 6
B4 Persuasive Students write persuasive essays exhibiting logical reasoning and rhetorical techniques. a. Employ a variety of persuasive techniques including anticipating, addressing, and refuting potential counterclaims in a thesisdriven logical argument to influence the opinions, beliefs, or positions of others. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Editorial, 582 589, also see: Writing: Critique, 71, Abstract, 537, Proposal, 563, Editorial, 667, 933 B5 Practical Application Students write personal communication and pieces related to educational development, career issues, and civic participation. a. Complete college, job, licensing, and/or scholarship applications. SE/TE: Informational Texts: Dictionary, Employment Application, 376, 379 381 b. Write to request information. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Business Letter, 512 517, Writing Handbook: Writing Letters, R33 R34 c. Write editorials. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Editorial, 582 589, also see: Writing: Critique, 71, Editorial, 667, 933 C. RESEARCH: Students engage in inquiry by developing research questions, accessing and verifying a variety of sources, communicating findings, and applying the conventions of documentation. Students present findings orally, in writing, or using mixed media. C1 Research Students develop research questions and modify them as necessary to elicit, present, and critique evidence from a variety of primary and secondary sources following the conventions of documentation. a. Select and apply research methods that are appropriate for the purpose of the inquiry. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Research Report, 1002 1013, Communication Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018, also see: Research and Technology: Brochure, informative, 345, Report, prepare, 615, Research report, 935, 977, 1008 7
b. Make judgments about conflicting findings from different sources, incorporating findings from sources that are valid and refuting others. c. Synthesize information from varied sources and/or data gathered from fieldwork and interviews. d. Utilize media relevant to audience and purpose that extend and support oral, written, and visual communication. e. Create and present a coherent set of findings that integrates paraphrasing, quotations, and proper citation. Access and present information ethically and legally. SE/TE: Informational Texts: evaluate sources, 980 985, texts, identify characteristics of types of (primary and secondary sources), 1120 1125, primary sources, analyze, 1210 1215; Find appropriate sources, 1003, Question sources, 1004, Make direct references to sources, 1005, also see: Research and Technology: Brochure, informative, 345, Report, prepare, 615, Research report, 935, 977, 1008, Communication Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018 SE/TE: Find appropriate sources, 1003, Question sources, 1004, Make direct references to sources, 1005, also see: Research and Technology: Brochure, informative, 345, Report, prepare, 615, Research report, 935, 977, 1008, Communication Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018, Research and Technology: Introduction for Multimedia Presentation, 123, Comparative Chart, 537, Research Report Informational Chart, 977, Listening and Speaking: Oral Presentation, 255, Research the Author: Timeline, 439, Panel Discussion, 463, Illustrated Presentation, 667, Oral Report, 1191 SE/TE: Credit sources, 1005, 1006, Professional Model, 1007, Documenting sources, 1008, Student Model, 1010, Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R36 R37, also see: Sources, identify primary and secondary, 739, Find appropriate sources, 1003, Question sources, 1004, Make direct references to sources, 1005 8
D. LANGUAGE: Students write and speak using the conventions of Standard American English. They apply knowledge of grammar and usage when reading to aid comprehension. They know and apply rules of mechanics and spelling to enhance the effectiveness and clarity of communication. D1 Grammar and Usage Students apply rhetorical skills when reading, writing, and speaking through their understanding of Standard American English. a. Use appropriate diction, syntax, and figurative language to suit purpose, context, and audience. b. Use handbooks, style guides or other writing sources to confirm accuracy of Standard American English. SE/TE: Voice, Tone, create, 513; Voice, highlight, 514; Rhetorical questions, 933; Writer s Toolbox: Revising to Vary Sentence Patterns, 689, Revising to Combine Sentences with Phrases, 963, Revising to Combine Sentences Using Adverb Clauses, 1009, Revising to Correct Fragments and Run-ons, 1141, Varying Sentence Structure and Length, 1239; also see: Word choice, 95, 933; Language, use active, 308; Vivid words, choose, 687; Word choice, revise to vary, 1006; Review word choice, 1140 SE/TE: Writing Handbook: Writing Letters, R33 R34, Writing a Resume, R35, Citing Sources and Preparing Manuscript, R36 R37, Guide to Rubrics, R38 R41; Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics Handbook, R50 R54; also see: Vocabulary Workshop: Using a Dictionary and Thesaurus, 182 183 D2 Mechanics Students demonstrate the use of the structures and conventions of Standard American English in their communication. a. Use appropriate punctuation, spelling, and sentence and paragraph structure to suit purpose, situation, and audience. SE/TE: Writing Workshop: Editing and Proofreading, 99, 179, 311, 409, 517, 589, 691, 763, 965, 1013, 1143, 1241; also see: Grammar, 40, 70, 97, 97, 122, 150, 177, 182, 217, 254, 280, 309, 322, 342, 344, 372, 406, 407, 462, 488, 514, 515, 536, 562, 587, 592, 640, 666, 689, 716, 738, 760, 761, 831, 932, 963, 976, 1009, 1016, 1084, 1116, 1141, 1190, 1206, 1239, 1241, 1244, 1252 9
E. LISTENING AND SPEAKING: Students listen to comprehend and speak to communicate effectively. E1 Listening Students adjust listening strategies for formal and informal discussion, debates or presentations, and then evaluate the information. a. Formulate clarifying questions. SE/TE: Listening and Speaking: Interview, 41, Debate, 1117, Panel Discussion, 463, 1207, Listen carefully, 41; also see: Critical Thinking: Discuss, 134, 148, 278, 358, 370, 452, 526, 736, 858, 910, 974, 1082, 1198, 1204 b. Examine and critique information presented. SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Evaluating a Speech, 414; Comparing Media Coverage, 1246; Listening and Speaking: Debate, 1117, Panel Discussion, 463, 1207, Listen carefully, 41; also see: Critical Thinking: Discuss, 134, 148, 278, 358, 370, 452, 526, 736, 858, 910, 974, 1082, 1198, 1204 c. Expand on ideas presented by others. SE/TE: Listening and Speaking: Debate, 1117, Panel Discussion, 463, 1207, Listen carefully, 41; also see: Critical Thinking: Discuss, 134, 148, 278, 358, 370, 452, 526, 736, 858, 910, 974, 1082, 1198, 1204 E2 Speaking Students determine speaking strategies for formal and informal discussions, debates, or presentations appropriate to the audience and purpose. a. Choose and present appropriate information logically and ethically. SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018, Research and Technology: Introduction for Multimedia Presentation, 123, Comparative Chart, 537, Research Report Informational Chart, 977, Listening and Speaking: Oral Presentation, 255, Research the Author: Timeline, 439, Panel Discussion, 463, Illustrated Presentation, 667, Oral Report, 1191 10
b. Apply conventions of Standard American English to suit audience and purpose. c. Analyze feedback and revise delivery to improve effectiveness of communication. d. Select appropriate media, relevant to audience and purpose, to extend and support oral, written, and visual communication. SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Delivering a Persuasive Speech, 594; Multimedia Presentation of a Research Project, 1018; Listening and Speaking: Debate, 281; Dialogue, 373, 717; Panel Discussion, 463, 739, 1207; Radio News Report, 563; Mock Trial, 934 SE/TE: Feedback, 641, 1018; Listen carefully, 41, 1117; Analyze Broadcast Media, 184; Evaluating a Speech, 414; Comparing Media Coverage, 1246; Quality, evaluate, 934 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018, Research and Technology: Introduction for Multimedia Presentation, 123, Comparative Chart, 537, Research Report Informational Chart, 977, Listening and Speaking: Oral Presentation, 255, Research the Author: Timeline, 439, Panel Discussion, 463, Illustrated Presentation, 667, Oral Report, 1191 F MEDIA: Students recognize and can explain the effects that both print and non-print sources have on listeners, viewers, and readers, in order to develop an awareness of the effects that the media have on forming opinions and making decisions. F1 Analysis of Media Students analyze the effectiveness of auditory, visual, and written information used to communicate in different forms of media. a. Explain how visual and sound effects influence messages in various media. b. Explain the similarities and differences between the messages conveyed by print and non-print sources. SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Analyzing Broadcast Media, 184, Comparing Media Coverage, 1246 SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Analyzing Broadcast Media, 184, Comparing Media Coverage, 1246; also see: Informational Texts: Web Article, 492, 495 497, News Article, 670, 673 675, News Article, Case study, 742, 745 747, Web Site, 980 982, 985, Commentary, Movie Review, 1120 1125, News Article, 1210 1212, 1215 11
c. Compare the role of print and non-print sources, including advertising, in shaping public opinion and noting instances of unsupported inferences, or fallacious reasoning. d. Select appropriate media, relevant to audience and purpose that extend and support oral, written, and visual communication. SE/TE: Communication Workshop: Analyzing Broadcast Media, 184, Comparing Media Coverage, 1246; also see: Informational Texts: Web Article, 492, 495 497, News Article, 670, 673 675, News Article, Case study, 742, 745 747, Web Site, 980 982, 985, Commentary, Movie Review, 1120 1125, News Article, 1210 1212, 1215 SE/TE: Communications Workshop: Multimedia Presentation of a Research Report, 1018, Research and Technology: Introduction for Multimedia Presentation, 123, Comparative Chart, 537, Research Report Informational Chart, 977, Listening and Speaking: Oral Presentation, 255, Research the Author: Timeline, 439, Panel Discussion, 463, Illustrated Presentation, 667, Oral Report, 1191 12