ENGLISH Years 9 and 10 ARRANGING WORDS punctuation, word classes, sentence structure Workbook + Interactive Web based Learning Neil Riley 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 1
Introduction Neil Riley has taught English for 35 years and was Head of English at Southland Boys' High School. He is currently teaching English and French and is the CEO and general editor of Live-wire Learning. Live-wire Learning is New Zealand's most comprehensive on-line learning resource for secondary school students providing detailed teaching material and graded questions in English from Years 7-12. The goal of your teachers and school is that you become a self-directed life-long learner. Teachers will help you achieve this but you have to help yourself as well. Like any sport, computer game or cultural activity where practice makes perfect, you have to practise your English and literacy skills. This book and elivewire is designed to help you to practise. Our aim with this first book in the series is provide hard copy notes (which you can refer to in the years ahead) from our site and some easy exercises that you can complete in class, so that then you can practise this skill on line in your own time. Once you have mastered the easier Achieved-Only versions of a module on line, you can then challenge yourself with the harder Merit and Excellence level questions in the normal modules. As a students you can now go on line and use the elivewire programme to practise your knowledge and understanding of this material with Achieved level questions, gain success and confidence get instant feedback from the hundreds of online questions + explanations to accelerate your learning re-sit modules to improve your score out of 10 and your 'working at' level extend yourself track your record of learning and your place on the leader board (see our home page) refer to the relevant modules or Glossary to make notes on the Key Terms use the definitions modules to rehearse key terms We hope that this resource will motivate and equip you to succeed in this subject. For instructions to access the web site, turn to the inside back cover. All the best for your learning. No material in this publication may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the publishers. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 2010 Livewire Learning Invercargill, NEW ZEALAND For further information contact Neil Riley General Editor Live-wire Learning Ltd 3 Avenal Street Invercargill, NZ 9810 editor@livewirelearning.co.nz www.livewirelearning.co.nz 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 2
Table of Contents Topic Page Punctuation 1. Capital Letters and Full Stops 4 2. The Apostrophe 7 3. The Colon, Semicolon, Hyphen and Dash 10 4. The Comma 13 5. The Question, Exclamation and Quotation Mark 15 Word Classes 6. Nouns 17 7. Pronouns 22 8. Adjectives 25 9. Adverbs 26 10. Conjunctions and Prepositions 28 11. Verbs Part 1 29 12. Verbs Part 2 The Active and Passive Voice 31 Sentence Structure 13. Subjects and Objects, Phrases and Clauses 34 14. Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-complex 36 15. Minor, Exclamatory, Imperative, Rhetorical, Tag 39 16. Direct and Indirect Speech 40 Index of Terms andpage References 43 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 3
The Apostrophe In Summary 2. The Apostrophe Apostrophe ' '90s, I'll go, she's busy, a. The girl's cell phone = 1 girl b. The girls' cell phones = more than 1 girl c. The man's cell phone = 1 man d. The men's cell phones = 2+ men, vowel change for plural e. Henare and Anaru's race horse was doing very well. = joint owners f. Syd's and Anna's parents came to the wedding. = individual parents g. James's OR James' 1. Shows the removal of a number, a letter or letters from a word. 2. Shows possession, or ownership. The Apostrophe In Detail There are two totally different uses for the apostrophe: Use 1 Contractions are when the apostrophe replaces a missing letter. The apostrophe is used to show the removal of a number, a letter or letters from a word, for the purpose of shortening the word for easier and/or quicker speech. The existence of that letter must still be acknowledged, so that is why the apostrophe is inserted in the place of the missing letter. Worked example 1: I am = I'm You are = you re He is = he s The 1990s = the '90s Challenge yourself rewrite the following sentences using contractions. 1. We are going to town but I think we will get bored. 2. I would have done that job if you had asked me. 3. They will come to your party if they have been invited. Use 2 Possession is where the apostrophe shows possession, or ownership. In English, unlike other languages we can use apostrophes to show that someone or something owns something. We can write: the boy's shoes instead of the shoes of the boy. a. Possession with words that form their plural by adding s. Most nouns in English form their plural by adding -s or -es. Note the rule for these words when they own something. 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 4
Worked examples 2: The girl's cell phone is on the dresser. Who owns the cell phone? The girl (singular) does. We put the apostrophe after girl. The girls' cell phones are on the table. Who owns these cell phones? The girls (plural) do. We put the apostrophe after - girls. Notice the difference in the position of the apostrophe between the singular - girl s and the plural - girls'. b. Possession with words that form the plural differently. There are a number of words that form the plural by changing a vowel in the word eg man - men. Worked examples 3: The men's cell phones. Who own the cell phones? Men do. We put the apostrophe after the owners - men. Note these examples woman women the women's gloves ox oxen the oxen's hooves child children the children's shouts mouse mice the mice's droppings Note: apostrophes do NOT occur every time the plural form of a word is used. c. Possessives adjectives my, your, his, her, its, our, their do not require apostrophes. Nor do possessive pronouns words like mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs. Worked examples 4: The Bible was returned to its stand after the reading was finished. The dog reluctantly returned to its kennel. That book's hers. = That book is her book. Notice here that its is used in a possessive sense. Watch out for this irregularity as NO apostrophe is ever used with its to show possession. d. Joint ownership when two or more people own something. Worked example 5: Henare and Anaru's race horse was doing very well in the lead up to the Melbourne Cup. Who owns the race horse? Henare and Anaru do. We put the apostrophe after the last noun to show that they jointly own it. But Worked example 6: Syd's and Anna's parents came to the wedding. Whose parents came to the wedding? Syd's parents came and so did Anna's, so there were four parents there altogether. We put the apostrophe after both of the nouns to show that both Syd and Anna each have their own set of parents. e. Apostrophes showing possession when words end in -s, -x, -z. When a word ends in one of these letters, it can be hard deciding whether to add an 's' after the apostrophe. In words of one syllable, we usually add an 's'. 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 5
Worked example 7: a. James's folder or James' folder. Either is possible. b. The ox's ears.liz's bike. These are the most common forms. c. Jesus' teaching For others, like 'Jesus' or 'James', you go by the sound. If it sounds too hissy, leave the 's' out. 'Jesus' teaching' sounds better than 'Jesus's teaching'. Challenge yourself a. rewrite the following phrases according to the pattern. Follow this pattern: the golf club of the boy the boy's golf clubs a. the golf clubs of the ladies b. the hats of the men c. the horns of the ox d. the horns of the oxen e. the children of Maree and Eru f. the holiday home of the Rileys and Coles b. insert or delete apostrophes where appropriate 1. It is too soon to know whether the Prime Ministers speech has had the desired effect. Its impact ll be seen in next Fridays poll. 2. Brian and Helen Blacks, and Greg and Sarah Browns children were the only ones to turn up to the party. Our's wouldve gone but they had to go to another childs place. COMPUTER WORK - Log on to Live-wire Learning and test your understanding. MODULE Using the Apostrophe Achieved Only Using the Apostrophe First Attempt /10 Working at Second Attempt /10 Working at 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 6
14. Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-complex A. Sentences in Summary Clause: a group of words that has a subject and a verb. a. independent / The children caught the train main clause b. dependent / subordinate clause because they missed the bus. Clauses that can stand on their own are called independent or main clauses. Clauses that cannot stand on their own but need the main clause to help them are called dependent or subordinate clauses. They work under the main clause. Sentence: an independent clause that begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, an exclamation mark or a question mark and contains a subject and verb. simple sentence subject verb A simple sentence has one (an independent or main clause) The dog barks. independent or main clause - it can stand by itself and form a compound sentence complex sentence compound-complex sentence Independent clause + Independent clause The dog barks and strains at its leash. Independent clause + Dependent clause The dog barks because it is hungry and angry. Independent clauses + The dog barks and strains at its Dependent clause leash because it is hungry and angry. sentence. A compound sentence is two or more simple sentences (independent/main clauses) joined together by coordinating conjunctions like 'and', 'but', 'or'. A complex sentence has one independent/main clause and one or more dependent clauses. Sentences in Detail 1. Definition of a Sentence A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, an exclamation mark or a question mark and contains a subject and verb. It expresses a complete thought subject verb Worked example 1: The dog barks. A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. When we are writing, we have to write in complete sentences. However, it is important when writing to vary the sentence structures you use in order to help your writing flow better and to make it more interesting for your reader. Talking, though, is a different matter. In the examples here, some of the sentences do not have subjects and verbs eg 'Fantastic', 'Police check.' and we call them minor sentences. 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 7
B Main Sentence Types Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences are four of the major types of sentences. The minor sentence will be covered in another module. 1. The Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one independent/main clause - it can stand by itself and form a sentence. a. The simplest sentence just has - a subject / an agent - someone or something that does something. - a finite verb - an action that occurs. subject verb Worked example 2: The dog barks. b. A simple sentence can also be quite long and have an object, as well as adverbs and adjectives. phrase independent clause with subject + verb adjectival phrases Worked Example 3: Bending, he observed the crushed unit, deep teeth marks penetrating noun phrase delicate instruments and mashed amongst them, the crystalline wiring and comp circuits. This worked example only has one subject 'he' and a finite verb 'observed'. 2. The Compound Sentence A compound sentence is two or more simple sentences (main clauses) joined together by a conjunction such as 'and','or','but'. a. We use compound sentences to avoid too many short sentences. This is what too many short simple sentences look and sound like: Worked Example 4: I went to the pantry. I opened the door. I took out some biscuits. I ate only one. Notice how the writing is choppy and how 'I' is repeated. To avoid this we join sentences together using coordinating conjunctions such as 'and, but', or sometimes the comma or semicolon (;). Worked Example 5: I went to the pantry and opened the door. I took out a packet of biscuits but ate one. This now becomes two compound sentences. Each part of the sentence has a subject and verb and it can make sense on its own. We could also, of course, write it as: I went to the pantry, opened the door, took out a packet of biscuits and ate one. 3. Complex sentence A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. (They can be adverbial, adjectival or noun clauses.) 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 8
Worked Example 6: The cat was sick because she ate her fluffy toy. independent clause The cat was sick dependent clause - adverb clause of reason (explaining why the cat was sick. It cannot stand on its own; it needs the main clause to help it make sense.) because she ate her fluffy toy. Worked Example 7: It was the present that we'd given her for Christmas. independent clause dependent clause - adjectival clause (describing the present. It cannot stand on its own; it needs the main clause to help it make sense.) It was the present that we'd given her for Christmas. Worked Example 8: After the cat recovered, we threw the toy away. dependent clause - adverbial clause of time main clause (shows when it occurred. It cannot stand on its own; it 4. Compound-Complex needs the main clause Sentence to help it make sense. After A the compound-complex cat recovered, sentence has two or more main clauses we threw and one the toy or more away. subordinate clauses. Worked Example 9: I brought along the chicken dish and Dicken brought along the dessert, even though I had asked him earlier in the day not to. independent clauses dependent clause I brought along the chicken dish and Dicken brought along the dessert even though I had asked him earlier in the day not to. Challenge yourself - for each sentence identify the subject and verb; then indicate whether the clause is dependent or independent; finally identify the sentence type. 1. This is a complete sentence. 2. A new thing is happening in the coffin and burial business. 3. People can now buy coffins made from untreated timber which means that the environment is not harmed. 4. Can you go to the shop and purchase some food before afternoon tea, please. 5. For his initiation the new apprentice had to go to the hardware store where he was to ask for and purchase a left-handed screw driver. COMPUTER WORK Log on to Live-wire Learning and test your understanding. MODULE Sentence Structure 2: Simple, Compound, Complex First Attempt /10 Working at Second Attempt /10 Working at 2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 9
2011 Live-wire Learning. Photocopying Prohibited. ISBN 978-0-9922465-0-1 Page 10