Summary of the Year In, instructional time should focus on these critical areas: 1. Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.2. 2. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.3. 3. Multiply and divide multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. 4. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. 5. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. 6. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. 7. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. 8. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume. 9. Develop understanding of statistical variability. 10. Summarize and describe distributions. CCSSM Grade 6 Overview Major Emphasis Clusters Ratios and Proportional Reasoning Solve problems using ratio concepts and ratio reasoning. The Number System Divide fractions by fractions using previous understandings of multiplication and division. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Expressions and Equations Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. Required Fluency: 6.NS.2 Multi-digit division 6. NS.3 Multi-digit decimal operations Rogers Public Schools Page 1 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Quarterly Sequence 1 st Quarter: Exploring relationships among multiples, factors, divisors, and products; using fractions, decimals, ratios and percents to measure and compare quantities. Students continue to learn strategies for finding factors and multiples of whole numbers. They will work to apply these skills to solve real-life problems. Common factors and multiples are the building blocks for equivalent fractions, which in turn provide a foundation for operations with fractions and proportional reasoning. Students will deepen their understanding of equivalent fractions and build on this understanding as they explore ratios. They will become skillful at interpreting the different forms of a rational number, at knowing which form is the most appropriate for the solution of a given problem, and at writing and interpreting ratios. Prior to 6 th grade, students typically think additively. This quarter students will focus on proportional reasoning which will improve their multiplicative thinking. 2 nd Quarter: Using computational skills involving decimals, percents, and fractions when solving real-world problems. Students will focus on which operation(s) will be helpful to solve problems involving decimals and percents. They will use estimation strategies which provide ballpark estimates of exact computations. will be spent on performing exact calculations (using efficient methods) by means of a scientific calculator and/or applying the common algorithm. Students will work on computing fraction problems and generate strategies that make sense to them. These strategies are eventually formalized into an algorithm. These are practiced in order to develop skill and fluency. 3 rd Quarter: Writing, interpreting, and using expressions and equations; exploring two-dimensional measurement. Students will deepen their understanding to recognize, describe, and analyze two kinds of relationships between variables: 1) change in the value of a single variable over time; and 2) change in the value of a dependent variable as it responds to change in the value of a related independent variable. Students learn how to reason about those relationships using numeric, graphic, symbolic, and verbal representations. Students will explore these concepts using tables, graphs, and stories. Students will continue to develop the concept of equivalent expressions and use tables, graphs and symbolic reasoning to solve simple linear equations and inequalities. Students will focus on four different areas of measurement: perimeter, area, surface area and volume. Students use their understanding of area of rectangles to develop strategies for finding area of triangles, parallelograms, and other polygons. They extend this understanding to three-dimensional objects. They develop strategies and formulas for finding the volume of rectangular prisms and surface area of any three-dimensional figure that has triangular or rectangular surfaces. 4 th Quarter: Collecting, organizing, displaying and analyzing data. Building on their understanding of number, students begin to develop their ability to think statistically. They recognize that data distribution might not have a definite center and that different ways to measure center give different values. Students learn the different measures of center and that they are each used for different purposes. Students learn to recognize that a measure of variability (interquartile range or mean absolute deviation) can also may useful for summarizing data because two very different sets of data can have the same mean and median but be distinguished by their variability. Rogers Public Schools Page 2 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Standards for Mathematical Practice The Standards for Mathematical Practice describe ways that students should engage with the content standards. These practices are essential to understanding and implementing the mathematical subject material. Content standards that begin with the word understand are often especially good opportunities to connect the practices to content. (CCSSM p.6-8) Below you will find the Mathematical Practice Standards and a related student friendly I can statement. Mathematically Proficient Students 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. I can find ways to solve the problem and ask "Does this make sense?". 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. I can use numbers and words to help me make sense of problems. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. I can explain my thinking and consider the mathematical thinking of others. 4. Model with mathematics. I can recognize math in everyday life and use math I know to solve problems. 5. Use appropriate tools strategically. I can use math tools and know when to use them. 6. Attend to precision. I can work carefully, check my work, and be clear when I share my ideas. 7. Look for and make use of structure. I can see and understand how numbers and shapes are organized and put together as parts and wholes. 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. The practices have been arranged in pairs to show which may naturally appear together when students are engaged in certain types of tasks or with certain mathematics content. SMP 1 6 are overarching in the sense that if students are truly engaged in solving tasks that are problems to them, they will need to make sense of problems and have perseverance, and refine their thinking and their ability to communicate about the mathematics, which is part of attending to precision. I can notice when calculations are repeated. Then, I can find more efficient ways to solve the problem. Visit the Mathematical Practices Resources Page for additional classroom resources, explanations, examples, and videos of the practices in action. Rogers Public Schools Page 3 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Content Emphases by Cluster The content emphases in the standards at the cluster level are provided because curriculum, instruction, and assessment at each grade must reflect the focus and emphasis of the standards. Not all of the content in a given grade is emphasized equally in the standards. The list of content standards for each grade is not a flat, one-dimensional checklist. Some clusters require greater emphasis than the others based on the depth of the ideas, the time that they take to master, and/or their importance to future mathematics or the demands of college and career readiness. Intense focus on the most critical material at each grade allows depth in learning, which is carried out through the Standards for Mathematical Practice. Assessments will strongly focus where the standards strongly focus. Therefore, to make the emphases in the standards more transparent and useful, the clusters have been designated as Major, Supporting and Additional. Some clusters that are not major emphases in themselves are designed to support and strengthen areas of major emphasis, while other clusters that may not connect tightly or explicitly to the major work of the grade are called additional. achievethecore.org pg. 7 Major Clusters Areas of intensive focus, where students need fluent understanding and application of the core concepts Supporting Clusters Rethinking and linking; areas where material is being covered, but in a way that applies to core understandings Additional Clusters Expose students to other subjects, though at a distinct level of depth and intensity (approximately 70% of instructional time) Ratios and Proportional Reasoning Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. The Number System Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Expressions and Equations Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. (approximately 20% of instructional time) Geometry Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume. (approximately 10% of instructional time) The Number System Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. Statistics and Probability Develop understanding of statistical variability. Summarize and describe distributions. For further information regarding the content emphases by cluster visit: www.engageny.org/resource/math-content-emphases/ Rogers Public Schools Page 4 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. 6.RP.1. Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 6.RP.2 Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. 6.RP.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations. a. Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole-number measurements, find missing values in the tables, and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane. Use tables to compare ratios. b. Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed. For example, if it took 7 hours to mow 4 lawns, then at that rate, how many lawns could be mowed in 35 hours? At what rate were lawns being mowed? c. Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 (e.g., 30% of a quantity means 30/100 times the quantity); solve problems involving finding the whole, given a part and the percent. d. Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units; manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities. Rogers Public Schools Page 5 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
The Number System Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions. 6.NS.1. Interpret and compute quotients of fractions, and solve word problems involving division of fractions by fractions, e.g., by using visual fraction models and equations to represent the problem. Apply and extend previous understanding of numbers to the system of rational numbers. 6.NS.5. Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. 6.NS.6. Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates. a. Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line; recognize that the opposite of the opposite of a number is the number itself, e.g., ( 3) = 3, and that 0 is its own opposite. b. Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane; recognize that when two ordered pairs differ only by signs, the locations of the points are Rogers Public Schools Page 6 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
related by reflections across one or both axes. c. Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram; find and position pairs of integers and other rational numbers on a coordinate plane. 6.NS.7 Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers. a. Interpret statements of inequality as statements about the relative position of two numbers on a number line diagram. b. Write, interpret, and explain statements of order for rational numbers in real-world contexts. c. Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from 0 on the number line; interpret absolute value as magnitude for a positive or negative quantity in a real-world situation. Distinguish comparisons of absolute value from statements about order. 6.NS.8. Solve real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane. Include use of coordinates and absolute value to find distances between points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. 6.NS.2 Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm. 6.NS.3. Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using the standard algorithm for each operation. 6.NS.4 Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100 and the least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12. Use the distributive property to express a sum of two whole numbers 1 100 with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole numbers with no common factor. Fluency Standard Fluency Standard Rogers Public Schools Page 7 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Expressions and Equations (continued) Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. 6.EE.1 Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents. 6.EE.2 Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. a. Write expressions that record operations with numbers and with letters standing for numbers. b. Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms (sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient); view one or more parts of an expression as a single entity. c. Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables. Include expressions that arise from formulas used in real-world problems. Perform arithmetic operations, including those involving wholenumber exponents, in the conventional order when there are no parentheses to specify a particular order (Order of Operations). 6.EE.3.Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. For example, apply the distributive property to the expression 3 (2 + x) to produce the equivalent expression 6 + 3x; apply the distributive property to the expression 24x + 18y to produce the equivalent expression 6 (4x + 3y); apply properties of operations to y + y + y to produce the equivalent expression 3y. 6.EE.4. Identify when two expressions are equivalent (i.e., when the two expressions name the same number regardless of which value is substituted into them). Rogers Public Schools Page 8 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Expressions and Equations (continued) Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. 6.EE.5. Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering a question: which values from a specified set, if any, make the equation or inequality true? Use substitution to determine whether a given number in a specified set makes an equation or inequality true. 6.EE.6 Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set 6.EE.7 Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers. 6.EE.8 Write an inequality of the form x > c or x < c to represent a constraint or condition in a real-world or mathematical problem. Recognize that inequalities of the form x > c or x < c have infinitely many solutions; represent solutions of such inequalities on number line diagrams. Rogers Public Schools Page 9 of 12 Revised 4-14-16
Expressions and Equations (continued) Represent and analyze quantative relationships between dependent and independent variables. 6.EE.9. Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. For example, in a problem involving motion at constant speed, list and graph ordered pairs of distances and times, and write the equation d = 65t to represent the relationship between distance and time. Rogers Public Schools Page 10 of 12 Revised 4-14- 16
Statistics and Probability Develop understanding of statistical variability. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area and volume. 6.SP.1. Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers 6.SP.2 Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape. 6.SP.3 Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary with a single number. Summarize and describe distributions. 6.SP.4 Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots. 6.SP.5 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by: a. Reporting the number of observations. b. Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement. c. Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability (interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation), as well as describing any overall pattern and any striking deviations from the overall pattern with reference to the context in which the data were gathered. d. Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution and the context in which the data were gathered. Rogers Public Schools Page 11 of 12 Revised 4-14- 16
Geometry Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area and volume. 6.G.1. Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and other shapes; apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems. 6.G.2 Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths by packing it with unit cubes of the appropriate unit fraction edge lengths, and show that the volume is the same as would be found by multiplying the edge lengths of the prism. Apply the formulas V = l w h and V = b h to find volumes of right rectangular prisms with fractional edge lengths in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems. 6.G.3 Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices; use coordinates to find the length of a side joining points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate. Apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems. 6.G.4 Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures. Apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems. Rogers Public Schools Page 12 of 12 Revised 4-14- 16