Atlas and Anatomy of PET/MRI, PET/CT and SPECT/CT

Atlas and Anatomy of PET/MRI, PET/CT and SPECT/CT

Atlas and Anatomy of PET/MRI, PET/CT and SPECT/CT E. Edmund Kim, MD, MS Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Hyung-Jun Im, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Dong Soo Lee, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Keon Wook Kang, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

E. Edmund Kim, MD, MS Department of Radiological Sciences School of Medicine University of California at Irvine Irvine, CA, USA Dong Soo Lee, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Seoul National University Hyung-Jun Im, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine Seoul National University Keon Wook Kang, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Cancer Research Institute Seoul National University ISBN 978-3-319-28650-1 ISBN 978-3-319-28652-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28652-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016935407 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Preface Since we published Sectional Anatomy: PET/CT and SPECT/CT in 2007, there has been a significant increase in the use of hybrid imaging in clinical practice and also reports of higher sensitivity and specificity than those of the single imaging modality, thus making the integrated approach a more accurate imaging test. The precise lesion localization within the anatomic context, which frequently is critical, may not be possible in PET or SPECT. It is not easy to consider three dimensions in our mind s eye and view the relationship of the pathology with surrounding normal organs in axial, coronal, and sagittal imaging. With gradual improvement of instruments as well as software for attenuation corrections, we have used new PET/CT and SPECT/CT images and also added PET/MRI images. In all hybrid imaging, a good workflow is paramount for cost-effectiveness in clinical practice. Since data acquisition on emission systems can only be dynamic or static, the major variations of imaging protocols are on the anatomic imaging side. This atlas intends to provide educational information on sectional anatomy and illustrate common pathologies for trainees and practitioners in the fields of nuclear medicine, radiology, oncology, neurology, cardiology, and general medicine. E. Edmund Kim, MD, MS Hyung-Jun Im, MD, PhD Dong Soo Lee, MD, PhD Keon Wook Kang, MD, PhD v

Acknowledgments We express our gratitude to all our colleagues at the Seoul National University Hospital as well as the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, and also sincere thanks to our wives and children who support our works. We appreciate Mr. Lee Klein and his assistants at Springer who helped in the creation of this book. vii

Contents 1 Atlas and Anatomy of PET/MR... 1 1.1 Brain... 1 1.1.1 Case 1... 1 1.1.2 Case 2... 1 1.2 Head and Neck... 22 1.2.1 Case 1... 22 1.2.2 Case 2... 28 1.3 Chest... 32 1.3.1 Case 1... 32 1.3.2 Case 2... 49 1.4 Abdomen... 54 1.4.1 Case 1... 54 1.4.2 Case 2... 58 1.4.3 Case 3... 73 1.4.4 Case 4... 73 1.4.5 Case 5... 93 1.4.6 Case 6... 101 1.4.7 Case 7... 101 1.4.8 Case 8... 108 1.5 Pelvis... 115 1.5.1 Case 1... 115 1.5.2 Case 2... 135 1.5.3 Case 3... 135 1.6 Musculoskeletal System... 164 1.6.1 Case 1... 164 1.6.2 Case 2... 164 1.6.3 Case 3... 182 References... 196 2 Atlas and Anatomy of PET/CT... 199 2.1 FDG... 199 2.1.1 Brain/Head and Neck... 199 2.1.2 Chest... 230 2.1.3 Abdomen... 266 2.1.4 Others... 330 2.2 Non-FDG... 359 2.2.1 11C-Acetate... 359 ix

x Contents 2.2.2 11C-methionine... 371 2.2.3 11C-PIB... 385 2.2.4 18F-FP-CIT... 400 2.2.5 18F-Flumazenil... 416 2.2.6 66Ga-Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid (RGD)... 422 2.2.7 68Ga-DOTA-TOC... 432 References... 440 3 Atlas and Anatomy of SPECT/CT... 443 3.1 Tumors... 443 3.1.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma... 443 3.1.2 Liver Metastases... 444 3.1.3 Neuroendocrine Tumor... 445 3.1.4 Neuroblastoma... 468 3.1.5 Paraganglioma... 468 3.1.6 Thyroid Cancer... 470 3.1.7 Parathyroid Adenoma... 492 3.1.8 Mesothelioma... 506 3.1.9 Bone Tumor... 507 3.1.10 Bone Metastases... 510 3.2 Bone... 520 3.2.1 Trauma... 520 3.2.2 Degenerative Disease... 531 3.2.3 Avascular Necrosis (AVN)... 538 3.3 Others... 550 3.3.1 Gastrointestinal Bleeding... 550 3.3.2 Abscess... 560 3.3.3 Ectopic Thyroid... 561 3.3.4 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)... 561 3.3.5 Central Venous Line Obstruction... 563 3.3.6 Lymph Node... 564 3.3.7 Lung (V/Q)... 570 3.3.8 Accessory Spleen... 571 3.3.9 Adrenal Hyperplasia... 583 References... 585 Index... 589

Contributors J amilla Gomez, MD National Kidney and Transplant Institute, Quezon City, Philippines H yung-jun Im, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University, K eon Wook Kang, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, E. Edmund Kim, MD, MS Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Y ong-il Kim, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, D ong Soo Lee, MD, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea S ohyun Park, MD Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, M in Young Yoo, MD Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, xi