Reading 12: Linguisics 1103/2103 Phil Branigan Direcory able of onens Begin Aricle opyrigh c 2000 Las Revision Dae: November 26, 2008
1. Synax II ransformaions 1.1. ross-linguisic variaion able of onens
able of onens (con.) 3 ariaion in ransformaions across languages similar ransformaional effecs are found in many languages languages differ in wheher or no hey use ransformaions in paricular synacic conexs languages differ in some of he deails of how paricular ransformaions are applied French word order French word order is he same as English word order in mos respecs. he basic phrase srucure rules appear o be he same. (1) Jean a di que Marcel a mis la bière dans le frigo. Jead has said ha Marcel has pu he beer in he fridge French is head-iniial hroughou he phrasal caegories French is specifier-iniial French uses he same synacic caegories as English Adverb posiion in French (2) Georges voi souven ses amis. Georges sees ofen his friends George ofen sees his friends. adverb appears beween he verb and he direc objec (which is impossible in English) A bad explanaion Georges voi AdvP souven ses amis souven plays he same semanic role in French as ofen does in English, so boh adverbs should occupy he same synacic posiion
able of onens (con.) 4 A beer soluion in French, as in English, ense informaion is locaed in, alhough i mus end up as a suffix o he verb and mus be conneced ransformaionally in French, he affix-hopping ransformaion is no used insead, he verb undergoes head movemen, and raises up o o join wih he ense suffix Georges voi AdvP souven ses amis souven occupies a modifier posiion in, jus as ofen does in English Negaive senences in French (3) Paul aime pas la chimie. Paul likes no he chemisry Paul doesn like chemisry he verb precedes he negaive word pas Paul Neg aime pas la chimie
able of onens (con.) 5 -o- ineracion wih -o- French uses he -o- head-movemen ransformaion wih roo quesions in which he subjec is a single pronoun. (4) Avez-vous have-you acheé la bière? bough he beer (5) Quel livre a--elle choisi? which book has-she chosen he orhography is no significan; word order is he -- beween a and elle is myserious quel livre which book a has elle she choisi chosen Wih simple enses, he principal verb paricipaes in he invered word order. (6) Lira--elle ce livre? read-fu-she his book Will she read his book? wih no auxiliary presen, mus raise o afer raises o, subsequen -o- movemen places he verb in
able of onens (con.) 6 lira will read elle she ce livre his book Auxiliary and principal verbs: be in English (7) Josephine is no seeing anyone a presen. be is auxiliary, occupying he posiion seeing is principal verb, occupying he posiion (8) Josephine is no fond of urnips. be is principal verb (and he only verb), so i mus be he head of bu, be appears o he lef of no, like auxiliary verbs in More -like properies of principal be (9) Is [ Josephine seeing anyone a presen ]? auxiliary be raises o in -o- head-movemen (10) Is [ Josephine fond of urnips ]? so does be as a principal verb -o- wih principal be
able of onens (con.) 7 Josephine is Neg no AP fond of urnips is Josephine AP fond of urnips Principal verb have in Briish English (11) Penelope doesn have any ambiion. (sandard Norh American) (12) Penelope hasn any ambiion. (Briish) has precedes he negaive cliic n (13) Has Penelope any sisers? -o- head-movemen raises has o onclusion -o- occurs in English, oo in English, -o- occurs only wih be and (someimes) have oher verbs have ense suffixes aached o hem only by affix-hopping
able of onens (con.) 8 An improved heory of aspecual auxiliaries have and be (14) onie-marie may no have been joking abou he blizzard. (15) onie-marie has no been joking abou he blizzard. (16) onie-marie is no joking abou he blizzard. aspecual have and be make he same semanic conribuion in any senence: have indicaes perfecive aspec, ogeher wih a perfecive pariciple be indicaes progressive aspec, ogeher wih a progressive pariciple aspecual have and be occupy differen posiions in differen senences, depending on wha oher auxiliary verbs are presen onie-marie may Neg no AspP Asp Asp have AspP Asp Asp been joking abou he weaher
able of onens (con.) 9 onie-marie has Neg no AspP Asp Asp AspP Asp Asp been joking abou he weaher onie-marie is Neg no AspP Asp Asp joking abou he weaher onclusions principal verbs originae as he head of aspecual auxiliaries originae as he head of AspP oher auxiliaries originae as -o- (or Asp-o-) head movemen raises have and be upwards o when necessary ariaion in head movemen ransformaions
Secion 1: Synax II ransformaions 10 he general opion of a head-movemen ransformaion is available o grammars of differen languages languages exploi his opion in differen ways 1. Synax II ransformaions 1.1. ross-linguisic variaion Review Differen languages may make use of he same ransformaions, wih small variaions. French and English boh use he -o- and -o- ransformaions. In French, -o- movemen akes place only when he subjec is a pronoun In English, -o- movemen akes place only when he verb is have or be. Review: wh-movemen Properies of wh-movemen in English: affecs phrases in which conain a wh-word moves he wh-phrases ou o Merge wih (forming ) affecs only one wh-phrase in muliple wh-quesions Why hese properies? (speculaive) only wh-phrases will mark a clause as inerrogaive has a specifier posiion available only one specifier is allowed in ariaion (Japanese): languages which lack wh-movemen (17) Kumiko-ga jidoosha-wo kaa. Kumiko-nom car-acc bough Kumiko bough a car.
Secion 1: Synax II ransformaions 11 Kumiko-ga Kumiko jidoosha-wo car -a (pas) (18) Kumiko-ga nani-wo kaa no? kumiko-nom wha-acc bough? Wha did Kumiko buy? no? Kumiko-ga Kumiko nani-wo wha kabuy kabuy -a (pas) ariaion (Bulgarian): languages wih more wh-movemen (19) Pjor e vidjal Kaiju. Pjor is seen Kaiju Pjor saw Kaiju English-like word order: objec follows verb (20) Kogo Pjor e vidal? who-acc Pjor is seen Whom did Pjor see? wh-movemen occurs, bu -o- does no
Secion 1: Synax II ransformaions 12 kogo whom Pjor e is vidal seen (21) Koj kogo e vidjal? who who-acc is seen Who saw whom? koj kogo e vidal in Bulgarian allows muliple specifiers ariaion (Swedish): languages wih wh-movemen of oher phrases (22) Jag arbeer på dagarna. I work in he days I work in he dayime. (23) Helga läser boken. Helga reads he book Helga is reading he book. English-like basic word order: subjec - verb - objec - modifiers
Secion 1: Synax II ransformaions 13 (24) På in dagarna arbear jag. he days work I (25) Boken läser Helga he book reads Helga impossible word order in English: modifier/objec verb subjec, excep wih wh-phrases and auxiliary verbs Swedish allows wh-movemen for non-wh-phrases (and -o- accompanies he wh-movemen) PP på dagarna in dayime arbear jag (26) a Helga ine läser boken. ha Helga no reads he book Helga isn reading he book. he negaor ine precedes he verb Helga (27) Boken läser Helga ine. he book reads Helga no Neg ine no läser boken reads he book
Secion 1: Synax II ransformaions 14 he negaor follows he subjec afer he verb boken he book läser reads Helga Neg ine no ross-linguisic variaion in wh-movemen Properies of wh-movemen: roo mus be a quesion rue for English, French, Japanese, Bulgarian falso for Swedish (and German, Duch, Norwegian, Yiddish, ec only wh-phrases can be specifiers for rue in English; false in Swedish (and Duch, German, Yiddish, Danish, Icelandic, ec.) only wh-phrases will mark a clause as inerrogaive rue in English; false in Japanese (and Mandarin hinese, Korean, ec.) only one specifier is allowed in rue in English; false in Bulgarian (and several oher Slavic languages: zech, Polish, ec.) A hough experimen Wha would a language look like which combined properies of Bulgarian and Swedish? muliple specifiers allowed (and required) in non-wh-phrases allowed as specifiers for