English as a Second Language in the Mainstream: Teaching, Learning and Identity Edited by BERNARD MOHAN CONSTANT LEUNG CHRIS DAVISON An imprint of Pearson Education Harlow, England London New York Reading, Massachusetts San Francisco Toronto Don Mills, Ontario Sydney Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Taipei Cape Town Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan
Contents Contributors Abbreviations Publisher's Acknowledgements xiii xv Introduction 1 English as a second language in school education 1 ESL and the education of language minorities in English-speaking countries 2 ESL as a socially constructed practice 5 PART I: AUSTRALIA 9 1 ESL in Australian schools: from the margins to the mainstream 11 Introduction ' 11 The Australian sociopolitical and educational context 11 ESL education as 'assimilation' 13 ESL education as 'integration' 15 ESL education as 'multiculturalism' 18 ESL education as 'mainstreaming' 22 ESL and the National Curriculum 26 Conclusions 29 2 Current policies, programs and practices in school ESL 30 Introduction 30 Current program provision 31 Teacher qualifications and professional development 36 Curriculum and assessment frameworks 39 vn
viii Contents Pedagogic practice 44 Conclusions 49 3 Integrating language and content: unresolved issues 51 and Alan Williams Introduction 51 Language and content integration: rationale 51 Integrated language and content curriculum: problems of definition 54 Language and content integration: towards a descriptive framework 57 Conclusions " 69 4 Identity and ideology: the problem of defining and defending ESL-ness 71 Introduction 71 Problems of identity 72 New challenges for the ESL profession: beyond a pragmatic response 79 Defining and redefining professionalism 80 Defining and redefining professional development 83 Conclusions 88 PART II: CANADA 91 5 ESL in British Columbia 93 Mary Ashworth Immigration 93 Changing social context 95 " (Lack of) language policies 96 Programs 99 Pedagogy 103 Empowerment 104 Looking ahead 105 6 The second language as a medium of learning 107 Bernard Mohan Introduction 107 Language as a medium of learning 107 The Knowledge Framework 109 Knowledge structures 114 Activities 120 Conclusion 125
Contents ix 7 Knowledge Framework and classroom action 127 Gloria Tang Introduction 127 Use of the approach at the intermediate level 129 Use of the approach at the secondary level 133 Discussion and conclusion 136 8 Implementation of the Vancouver School Board's ESL initiatives 138 Margaret Early and Hugh Hooper Introduction 138 Context 139 Phase I (1987-90): the language and content project 139 Phase II: The ESL Pilot Project 144 Phase III: Current context for ESL support and service initiatives 147 Reflections: insights and understandings 149 Conclusion 150 PART III: ENGLAND 151 9 England: ESL in the early days 153 The 1950s and 1960s 153 Nature of the educational response: numbers and resources 155 Early ESL: a ready-made pedagogy? 156 1970s: a widening perspective 157 1980s: mainstreaming - refocusing and relocating pedagogy 160 ESL as an agency of social and educational change 162 1990s: in the mainstream - different priorities and different questions? 163 10 Mainstreaming: ESL as a diffused curriculum concern 165 Introduction 165 Mainstreaming: a specific interpretation 166 Partnership Teaching 167 Professional recognition 169 Liaison time 169 Teaching purpose 170 Classroom learning processes 172 ESL pedagogy 174 Pupil-sensitive ESL response 174
x Contents 11 Evaluation of content-language learning in the mainstream classroom 177 Constant Leung Introduction 177 Key aspects of pedagogy in the mainstream classroom: some evaluative questions 177 Language socialisation 195 12 Curriculum identity and professional development: system-wide questions 199 Introduction 199 Conceptualisation of the learner 199 Conceptualisation of ESL as a discipline 201 Curriculum development 203 Teacher education and professional development 205 Assessment 207 The nature of funding and provision 211 Future developments 212 Conclusion 215 References 221 Name Index 242 General Index 245