The internationalization of Universities Can it foster new factors for development and growth at local and global scales?
Students enrolled outside their home country: long term growth
Driving force: Large differences in societal engament! 0,5 Ratio of total students enrolled at Tertiary Education by 20-29 year-old population (2004) 0,45 0,4 0,45 0,41 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0,06 0 US Sweden Finland New Zealand US (2006) Norway Russia Russia (2006) Greece Australia Iceland Denmark Poland UK Source: OECD and Eurostat (w/ approximations of population) Belgium Canada Israel Ireland UK (2006) Spain Netherlands Italy Hungary France Portugal Japan EU-25 Germany Germany (2006) Chile Austria Japan (2006) Czech Republic Slovak Republic Turkey Mexico Brazil Korea China (2006) China India India (2006) Switzerland
Trends in share of all international students: 2000-2009
Stay rate of international students (2009)
a new hypothesis: The internationalization of universities should be understood as a key element in a new era of international affairs, where governments and industry increasingly intervene through knowledge, requiring the creation of conditions able to: Strengthen institutions beyond the national systems ; Train people for diversified and inclusive global societies. Foster employment of young graduates worldwide
An evolving experiment: institutional partnerships 1963: Harvard Business School IESE Business School (University of Navarra) ( ) 1998: The Singapore - MIT Alliance 1999: The Cambridge - MIT Institute (CMI) 2000: Malaysia - MIT Biotechnology Partnership Programme 2002: CMU, Carnegie Mellon - Athens Information Networking Institute 2005: MIT - Zaragoza International Logistics Program 2005: CMU, Carnegie Mellon CyLab Japan Inf. Technology Information Security Program 2006: MIT - Portugal Program Engineering Systems CMU - Portugal Program Information and CommunicationTechnologies Institute UT Austin Portugal Program CoLab on Emerging Technologies Harvard Medical School Portugal translational research and Information
International Consortia Main rational Example Creation of campuses abroad Research collaboration and offering of degrees in association Collaboration and mobility in R&D programs Sino-Danish Center for Educ. & Res., Beijing European University Centre at Peking Univ. British University of Dubai, Utrecht Network, Portugal-US universities IARU Alliance, Worldwide Universities Network, Matariki Network of Universities, British Universities Iraq Consortium, Bilateral agreements among institutions joint degrees Universitas 21
Argument -1: a new narrative in the relation between universities, governments and industry is emerging based on three interrelated themes: Beyond national systems of innovation The complexity of an increasingly dynamic and globally distributed geography of innovation The emerging perception of the academic divide at world level
Trends in the share of R&D expenditure under foreign control business sector
The new paradigms in international academic cooperation consider the affiliation of private companies to academic and research programs, which can be used to foster the access of those companies to new markets and skills, contributing to economic development.
Argument -2: The university, even in mass higher-education systems and under new international contexts, continues to fulfil two basic functions that depend on it being a relatively stable institution: 1. It remains the most important incubator of the next generation of people: Researchers, and this do require effective University-Science relationships the need to secure and explore University-Industry relationships: Among the most precious and valuable roles of the universities, is the supply and training of talented young people. 2. generating and promoting cultural norms, in both substantive and procedural terms No other institution is so well equipped to undertake these tasks in modern societies!
The Painters Academy (1615), Pietro Francesco Alberti (1584-1638)
the issue is: HOW people learn?
design studios are important to provide adequate forms of interaction of users with adequate research environments
HOW, HOW, HOW? The emergence of human centered systems : the local context embeds a set of social capabilities that define the context under which knowledge and knowledge networks evolve
The new paradigms in international academic cooperation do not appear to match the usual model for exporting services and although they provide new forms of expansion for institutions in developed countries, they clearly challenge their own traditional competences and agendas.
Summary: New paradigms in international academic cooperation seem to emerge, including: Diversified forms of capacity building; Modernization of education and learning across partners; The coaching and steering of research programs and collaborative research in developing countries; The development of test beds for interdisciplinary studies; New industrial strategies and policies. The new paradigms require the collective action of institutions and a system approach to tertiary education
Towards a new narrative to foster the internationalization of universities... 1. PEOPLE: improved funding and equity for enlarged participation rates and learning; 1. KNOWLEDGE & IDEAS: strengthening knowledge exploration and exploitation through inclusive knowledge networks; 1. LINKAGES & BOUNDARIES: strengthening linkages at local and global levels, together with institutional integrity. a policy mix facilitating systems linkages to strengthen societal trust for growth
No esperen nada del siglo XXI, pues es el siglo XXI que espera todo de ustedes. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, UNESCO/BID, Paris, 1999
Regional origins of international students
% of international Students
The Future of Science, Technology & Innovation? Is there room for a common vision of the future of S,T&I? Such a future would require to: Multiply global R&D and HE networks Better understanding of policy mix : Exploration and exploitation Extended BERD across small, medium and large companies The key role of local productive arrangements for global markets Develop international R&D organisations and programmes Invent jointly new economic drivers Diversify and combine funding sources Promote the transatlantic debate for new research agendas