How to increase the quality and quantity of research in Indonesia David Elek Global Director for Emerging Markets Jakarta 23 June 2011
The Research Cycle and the Role of the Scientist Scientist as creator of scientific information Scientist as user of scientific information Develop research idea Registration, Access to content precondition dissemination, Awareness certification and archival of scientific research Literature review Publish research results Funding Conduct research 2 Not redoing existing research
Scientists spend almost 12 hours per week on information tasks 11.7 Median hours per wee ek 5.4 6.3 Analyzing and applying information Gathering, looking for or pulling information together 3 Source: Outsell Information markets & Users Database; N=2,070 Faculty, Graduate Students and R&D/Science professionals
Costs of the global research system: publishing accounts for less than 4% of total costs Less than 4% of total costs incur by publishing and dissemination of research results Library costs excl. subscriptions The bulk (66% of total costs) is spent on conducting the research Another 29% of total costs is incurred in the researchers time for searching and reading research results 4 Source: Activities, costs and funding flows in the scholarly communications system in the UK, Summary Report, RIN May 2008
University budgets: Less than 1% is spent on scientific information US University and Library Spend 2008 Other 14% Other 59% Staff 46% Library 1.8% Research 10% Instruction 30% Books 13% Journals 27% Scientific information = 0.7% of total costs (1.8%*40%) University Library 5 Source: US National Center for Education Statistics
The Return of Investment (ROI) of Academic Libraries The Lib-Value Project: Background Institute of Museum and Library Services-funded grant headed by Professor Carol Tenopir Phase 1: Pilot project with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne in the US to develop a quantitative measure of the library s return on investment (ROI) by tying faculty s use of library materials to the generation of grant income Phase 2: Extension of Phase 1 to nine Universities worldwide Phase 3: Research on additional areas where libraries provide value: teaching / learning, research, and the social, professional, and public engagement functions of the library (to be completed 2012) Results of Faculty Survey (Phase 2) Survey respondents report that they spend at least 3.5 hours per week finding and accessing articles, and at least 9.8 hours reading articles Nearly all faculty state that is important, very important, or essential to cite references to journal articles or books in their grant proposals Most respondents access at least half of the articles and books they cite in grant proposals, reports, and publications from their institutional library e-resource collections ROI of Academic Libraries (Phase 2) For every Dollar invested in the library, the universities received a ROI of up to 16 Dollar in research grant income; with exception of two Universities the ROI was positive If the portion of the library budget that is just related to e-collections is used, the ROI rates range from 6 to 155 In two North American universities, regression analysis using 10 years of data shows that an increase in the library budget is correlated with an increase in grant funding 6 Source: Carol Tenopir - University Investment in the Library, Phase II: An International Study of the Library's Value to the Grants Process 2010
Increase in R&D expenditures leads to more researchers and more publications R&D Expenditures Number of Researchers Article Output Higher education expenditure on Research & Development CAGR: 4.5% Total researchers in full-time equivalent CAGR: 3.9% Journal Article Output CAGR: 3.5% 1995 2004 2008 1995 2004 2008 1995 2004 2008 Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators 1/2010; ThomsonReuters Journal Citations Reports Science Edition 1995-2008 7
UK study: Journal use and expenditure strongly correlate with research outcomes The evidence provided suggests a tentative link between e-journal consumption and research outcomes. 8 Source: E-journals: their use, value and impact; CIBER (commissioned by RIN); April 2009
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Some numbers on the scientific publishing market Journals: 18,000 to 20,000 English-language journals 2,000+ journals publishers 1.2 million journal articles per year 1.5 million different authors per year Books: 50,000 new English-language academic/scholarly books per year 10 1,000+ academic/scholarly book publishers
Example: International Journal Publishing in Mathematics 11
Example: International Journal Publishing in Mathematics In Ulrichs Serial database, 776 titles are listed in Mathematics (includes non-journal periodicals) Number of reseach titles = approx. 600 English as medium of international publications Top 6 publishers publish about 250 titles (~42% of the total) Springer(114), Elsevier(65), Wiley(21), World Scientific(20), 12 AMS (16), Cambridge University Press(14)
Total Mathematics Market - Citations 13
Mathematics Output by Region 3,022 4,081 4,399 5,500 932 2,272 666 1,246 448 245 302 104 302 253 60 82 14
Mathematics article output by country 1996-2009 (Asia) Country Documents Citable documents Citations Self-Citations Citations per Document H index 1 China 72.850 72.314 281.120 175.754 5,61 100 2 Japan 41.018 40.677 209.586 71.963 6,13 103 3 South Korea 22.916 22.764 81.473 24.374 5,53 76 4 India 17.621 17.476 89.723 25.639 6,18 79 5 Taiwan 14.490 14.344 81.308 26.102 7,43 76 6 Hong Kong 9.074 8.975 66.551 13.021 9,17 78 7 Singapore 5.545 5.467 37.742 7.095 8,49 65 8 Malaysia 1.423 1.411 3.010 929 3,77 18 9 Viet Nam 1.152 1.143 4.322 1.573 4,84 25 10 Pakistan 1.151 1.135 4.158 1.880 5,43 26 11 Thailand 1.141 1.129 2.986 679 5,17 21 12 Uzbekistan 434 433 1.078 447 2,71 16 13 Kazakhstan 306 306 591 145 2,33 12 14 Indonesia 252 249 671 96 5,19 9 15 Philippines 237 235 676 183 3,32 13 16 Bangladesh 236 232 668 162 4,05 11 17 Sri Lanka 94 92 581 59 8,19 10 18 Tajikistan 93 92 47 29 0,43 3 19 Macao 92 92 278 15 7,12 7 Retrieved from: http://www.scimagojr.com. 15
Number of Springer authors in Mathematics by country Source: Author Mapper database. www.authormapper.com (Free!) United States (55311) Germany (25882) Russia (25297) China (17806) France (14495) Italy (11103) United Kingdom (9850) Canada (8898) Japan (6679) Ukraine (5197) India (4968) Israel (4720) Spain (4416) Hungary (4021) Poland (3781) Switzerland (3411) Australia (3380) Then a big gap until: Singapore (595) Taiwan (529) Vietnam (421) Thailand (147) Malaysia (104) Philippines (44) Bangladesh (20) Indonesia (19) Papua New Guinea (10) Myanmar (6) 16
Question Why are there so few authors from the Philippines (44), Indonesia (19), etc. yet many more from Ukraine (5197), Spain (4416), even Vietnam (421) for example? 17
Answer There is a direct relationship between the number of articles downloaded by a researcher or institution and the number of articles published. I.e. Access to high-quality content leads to more and better research output. Low amount of content available = low amount of papers being produced. 18
Agriculture & Biological Sciences article output by country 1996-2009 (Asia) Country Documents Citable documents Citations Self-Citations Citations per Document H index 1 Japan 95.130 94.026 891.649 306.312 9,84 159 2 China 75.800 75.137 360.742 174.653 7,6 101 3 India 53.832 53.021 255.573 98.085 5,12 99 4 South Korea 18.600 18.421 146.674 36.080 10,48 91 5 Taiwan 13.213 13.074 111.376 29.146 9,84 81 6 Thailand 7.481 7.419 51.654 11.789 9,59 57 7 Pakistan 5.262 5.238 19.437 6.461 4,99 38 8 Malaysia 4.514 4.462 28.423 5.858 8,15 49 9 Hong Kong 4.393 4.317 52.869 10.723 12,87 73 10 Philippines 3.438 3.398 37.772 5.909 11,22 69 11 Indonesia 2.919 2.890 25.749 2.832 9,88 55 12 Singapore 2.896 2.837 34.192 4.902 13,57 68 13 Bangladesh 2.349 2.330 9.967 1.814 4,94 34 14 Viet Nam 1.662 1.642 10.854 1.451 8,18 36 15 Sri Lanka 1.186 1.169 8.012 1.016 7,65 33 16 Nepal 660 649 4.719 867 8,25 29 17 Uzbekistan 263 258 1.478 164 5,94 18 18 Kazakhstan 261 257 1.654 272 6,98 19 Retrieved from: http://www.scimagojr.com. 19
Number of Springer authors in Biomedicine by country 20 Source: Author Mapper database. www.authormapper.com (Free!) United States (77559) Germany (63377) United Kingdom (24438) Then a big gap until: Japan (16594) France (14509) Malaysia (365) Russia (12315) Pakistan (276) Italy (11792) Indonesia (140) Canada (11030) Vietnam (94) Switzerland (8701) Philippines (71) Netherlands (8286) Bangladesh (68) Sweden (8241) Burkina Faso (64) Australia (7655) Azerbaijan (61) Austria (6571) Uzbekistan (60) China (5735) Spain (5573)
Environmental Science article output by country 1996-2009 (Asia) Country Documents Citable documents Citations Self-Citations Citations per Document H index 1 China 45.512 45.048 250.894 131.829 9,37 102 2 Japan 31.729 31.165 317.422 97.200 11,1 117 3 India 23.993 23.399 127.639 47.190 6,38 86 4 South Korea 9.703 9.575 86.679 19.215 11,84 83 5 Taiwan 9.124 8.987 85.283 22.192 11,31 74 6 Hong Kong 4.648 4.526 63.561 12.783 15,35 78 7 Thailand 2.359 2.318 19.762 2.937 10,64 51 8 Singapore 2.345 2.267 25.651 3.966 13,09 56 9 Malaysia 1.927 1.883 15.093 3.107 11,38 46 10 Indonesia 1.049 1.018 12.183 1.433 13,56 46 11 Pakistan 997 976 5.640 1.537 7,53 31 12 Bangladesh 885 841 6.578 1.486 9,2 36 13 Philippines 732 708 8.827 1.007 13,52 41 14 Sri Lanka 640 618 4.726 621 8,26 31 15 Viet Nam 529 516 4.773 692 13,33 29 16 Nepal 364 357 2.591 281 9,59 25 17 Kazakhstan 153 152 1.214 167 8,86 18 18 Mongolia 114 113 1.061 160 11,5 16 19 Uzbekistan 113 113 502 54 4,45 13 Retrieved from: http://www.scimagojr.com. 21
Number of Springer authors in Environmental Science by country Source: Author Mapper database. www.authormapper.com (Free!) United States (22843) 22 Germany (5893) Canada (5472) United Kingdom (4265) India (3613) China (2821) Japan (2794) Italy (2709) Australia (2638) Spain (2245) France (2005) Sweden (1844) Netherlands (1739) Switzerland (1169) Belgium (1081) Then a big gap until: Thailand (415) Taiwan (339) Malaysia (279) Iran (272) Philippines (249) Pakistan (241) Indonesia (161) Bangladesh (160) Estonia (137) Vietnam (111) Lithuania (93)
Computer Science article output by country 1996-2009 (Asia) Country Documents Citable documents Citations Self-Citations Citations per Document H index 1 China 97.853 97.164 267.283 164.610 4,29 112 2 Japan 54.938 54.236 231.546 74.399 4,71 119 3 South Korea 31.667 31.190 125.479 29.866 5,46 91 4 Taiwan 26.724 26.330 153.778 49.310 7,18 98 5 India 14.634 14.396 80.489 13.843 7,53 86 6 Hong Kong 13.460 13.172 110.221 17.033 9,3 99 7 Singapore 10.851 10.651 75.939 12.090 7,99 83 8 Malaysia 2.037 2.010 5.587 925 4,89 30 9 Thailand 1.722 1.703 6.590 949 4,34 29 10 Pakistan 705 692 1.808 422 4,9 18 11 Bangladesh 319 314 757 178 3,79 12 12 Viet Nam 301 300 892 165 4,17 15 13 Indonesia 228 224 844 52 4,78 11 14 Macao 211 210 585 40 5,29 10 15 Philippines 147 142 576 43 4,38 12 16 Sri Lanka 83 83 536 12 7,36 8 17 Kazakhstan 59 58 39 15 1 4 18 Uzbekistan 42 42 95 45 2,23 6 19 Nepal 16 16 8 1 0,64 2 Retrieved from: http://www.scimagojr.com. 23
Number of Springer authors in Computer Science by country Source: Author Mapper database. www.authormapper.com (Free!) United States (74766) 24 Germany (42389) United Kingdom (30065) China (30019) France (25663) Japan (19614) Italy (18657) Spain (16963) Canada (15011) South Korea (14776) Australia (11538) Netherlands (8766) Switzerland (7075) Poland (6817) India (6643) Then a big gap until: Malaysia (1000) Thailand (673) Pakistan (430) Vietnam (197) Bangladesh (128) Indonesia (119) Macao (111) Philippines (106) Azerbaijan (63)
Why publish? Scientific research and the publishing of this research: raises the national profile, encourages international collaboration, boosts innovation and business, keeps you ahead of the competition, stops the Brain-Drain. 25
26 The Google Generation
Springer now world s largest publisher Journals: Over 2000 active titles 27 Books: Over 6000 new titles per year, 4000 in English Databases: Springer Protocols Springer Images Springer Materials Locations: 60 publishing houses in 20 countries throughout Europe, Asia, US
Journals First journal published in 1850 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata Followed by: Plant Systematics and Evolution in 1851 De Economist in 1852 Journal of Ornithology in 1853 Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology in 1854 All of these are still being published 28
Journals key subject areas Medicine Health Psychiatry Psychology Life Sciences Food Science Environ. Science Chemistry Biology Physics Mathematics Astronomy Engineering Computer science Geosciences Social Sciences Agriculture Economics Business Management Philosophy Linguistics Education Law Humanities and, and, and... 29 Many of Springer s journals are ranked in ISI with high Impact Factors (IF).
Journals 80% of Springer journals are in English. 21% of all Nobel Prize winners are Springer authors. 30
Springer publishing choices You can choose (books / journals) (print / electronic) (traditional / open access) 31
Summary: The Four Pillars of Springer s offer 1. Products - content, content, content. 32
The four pillars.. 2. Publishing improving research, raising the national profile 33
The four pillars.. 3. Partnership Springer can train your authors to write more and better articles 34
The four pillars.. 4. Price we offer country-specific big discounts 35
Springer your one-stop-shop to improve academic output and support your national research infrastructure 36
37 THANK YOU Heidelberg with Venus April 15 2007