SAUNA 1 ACTIVITY REPORT MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

SAUNA 1 ACTIVITY REPORT MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

Description of the faculties of medicine and pharmacy Background The scientific domain of medicine and pharmacy consists of two faculties and 13 departments. There is however only one faculty board and the faculties are defined by the faculty staff and by departments. Three departments are considered within the Faculty of Pharmacy whereas the other ten are considered within the Faculty of Medicine. From an administrative point of view the domain may be regarded as one faculty but there are subcommittees, which are specific for the two faculties. There are two committees to handle undergraduate teaching - one for the three pharmaceutical programmes and one for the five programmes within the Faculty of Medicine. Also there are two subcommittees with the specific aim to act as fora for the respective faculties. Although there are marked differences in scientific interests between the two faculties, the variation within in each faculty is at least as large as between them, and in the following the domain will largely be treated as one undivided unit. Starting in year 2001, the budget for science and graduate teaching will be homogenous throughout the domain so that all departments are treated the same way regardless of their faculty affiliation. It should however be noted that the faculty board emphasize that the two faculties should be maintained to guarantee that the different perspectives are present and to allow faculty specific partners a continuing relation. The Faculty of Pharmacy has been the only Swedish faculty giving study programmes for pharmacists and the major centre of research within pharmaceutical areas. The responsibility to examine pharmacists and PhDs and to act as one of the major partners to the pharmaceutical industry has characterised the faculty. It has been forced to concentrate on examination and to strongly interact with industry. As a whole this aim has been successful but the start of pharmaceutical education in other parts of Sweden has increased the degrees of freedom. Almost all of the undergraduate teaching is given within eight study programmes. Seven of the programmes are directed towards a certain profession such as pharmacist, physician, nurse and so forth and the programmes therefore are quite diversified as to subjects within the domain. This results in fairly centralised decision making and central admittance of students. Each department therefore influence the undergraduate teaching mainly by developing teaching methods, sending proposals to the board and discussing the study programmes on an interdepartmental level. Through two organisational reforms, for pharmacy in 1994 and medicine in 1998, a great number of small, usually one-subject departments, were merged into 13 rather large departments. The idea behind the reform was to give the departments the freedom, the financial power and the responsibility to act strategically. The Faculty Board believes that if the right incentives for development are given a department is often the best judge of what research is likely to succeed. Funding for research is therefore largely based on activity and production and not on staff, premises and so forth. This constitutes a problem in the SAUNA-context. As to the savings there are comparably few defined budget items to remove from the budget and the activity report can only to a certain extent inform on a more detailed level than the department. Research groups are the actual working units in research and the faculty board has urged the departments to formally define these to facilitate easier intra departmental budgets and follow up. The best description of ongoing research will therefore be found in the research group database which will be published on the SAUNA website. A database containing the published papers will also be published there.

Departments As noted above, one of the ideas behind the merger of departments was to achieve financially strong departments. The driving force was however the wish to establish new constellations of ideas and thus create more creative environments. The resulting departments are therefore in many cases not the administratively ideal. Departments can be grouped into four categories - pharmacy, preclinical, clinical and mixed clinical-preclinical. Pharmacy consists of the departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Chemistry and pharmacy have no counterparts in the faculty of medicine, while bioscience to a rather large extent includes subjects that are found in medicine (i.e. pharmacology, physiology, microbiology and biochemistry). The pharmacy departments are located at the Biomedical Centre (BMC). Preclinical departments are Physiology, Medical Cell Biology and Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. They are located at BMC. The mixed departments include both purely experimental (preclinical) parts and clinical parts associated with hospital clinics. These are the departments of Neuroscience, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology (ORKI) and Public Health and Caring Science. Administratively there are big differences between clinical and preclinical departments and the mixed departments are therefore troublesome to govern. It is however believed that the possibilities for translational research as well as a more creative undergraduate teaching compensates for other problems. IGP is located at the Rudbeck Laboratory where also ORKI is located although this department also resides at the hospital. Neuroscience is widespread and located at BMC and hospital while Public health is located mainly between the Rudbeck laboratory and BMC in the Uppsala Science Park and the nursing school. Clinical departments are Medical Sciences, Surgical Sciences and Women and Children Health. They are located at the university hospital. Funding The total funding to the faculties is a little over one billion SEK. Some 30% of the income is used for undergraduate education and the rest for research and graduate teaching. A special government grant, the "ALF" grant, is given to the faculty of medicine but regulated to be transferred to the County to pay for extra costs resulting from education and research in the university hospital. The grant thus passes the faculty but can only to a certain extent be used in accordance with the decisions by the board. The money can for example not be used to pay teachers and researchers salaries but it is used to pay the rent for university departments within the hospital. The ALF-grant is rather large, 190 million SEK, and therefore of great importance. Due to the regulations and the fact that its use is decided by the hospital the grant is less "productive" than other sources of income. For purposes of benchmarking and statistics the ALF-grant is hard to correctly take into consideration. There is no valid follow up on its use in the hospital and it is not used in the same way as other funding. When comparisons are made between faculties ALF is sometimes included and sometimes not. When comparing the departments within the domain it is however important to remember that the clinical departments can use resources emanating from the ALF grant, while preclinical and pharmaceutical departments does not have access to these resources. The domain has been rather successful in attracting external funding but has been less successful when trying to increase the government grants for research. The grant to medicine has been approximately unchanged the last 20 years and all expansion has been paid by external grants. The

grant for pharmacy has increased some 20% resulting in a very small total increase - by far the smallest amongst the domains in the university. External funding comprises some 70% of the research funding excluding the ALF-grant. The overwhelming majority of external contracts have an individual researcher or research group and a foundation, council or corporation as contractors In 1997 only 15% of the total funding for the Faculty of Medicine was to be used for undergraduate education whereas the corresponding figure for the Faculty of Pharmacy was 43%. In 1998 the School of nursing was transferred from the county to the university, which resulted in an almost doubled funding for undergraduate education to the faculty of medicine. Undergraduate teaching has during the 90s increased sharply in terms of students. Also the grants have increased but to a lesser degree resulting in smaller grant per full time student. Income to the faculties of medicine and pharmacy ALF teaching ALF research Other Government teaching External teaching External research Government research Table 1 External funding for research in MSEK Swedish research councils 73 Corporations 60 Small foundations 53 Swedish Cancer foundation 41 Government agencies 27 International 21 The Wallenberg foundation 19 Other large foundations 19 Swedish foundation for strategic research 13 EU 7 External funding to the Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy differs from the other domains in the university. The funding from corporations is comparatively large as is the importance of small foundations.

Personnel The academic staff within the domain is hard to extract from the university's administrative systems due to the close co-operation with the university hospital. The clinical professors thus hold combined positions where approximately one third of their time is spent on clinical work. In terms of research and education they should therefore not be regarded as full time equivalents. On the other hand the clinical departments associate a number of physicians, who carry out research and teach medical students. These associated researchers hold a doctorate and usually a "docent"-ship and are thus highly qualified. Peculiar for the domain is also that a large part of the PhD students do not hold a PhD-student position. The major reason for this is that most of the physicians that are graduate students do it on a part time basis while holding a position at the hospital. Another reason is the shortage of faculty funding for graduate financing, which results in that positions as "doktorand" only can be offered for the last two years of study. Within the Faculty of Medicine there has been a tradition of appointing professors rather than associate professors. The percentage of professors of the faculty staff is therefore large but can on the other hand be expected to take an active part in undergraduate teaching. The age distribution among faculty reflects the normal western world demographics with an ageing population of professors. The situation is however not alarming except for the fact that in a number of clinical specialities it is very hard to find competent replacements. Premises BMC The Biomedical Centre houses departments from three faculties of Uppsala University (Medicine, Pharmacy and Science and Technology), as well as departments from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the National Veterinary Institute and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. These departments cover many of the important areas of biomedical research. They are also educational centres for basic training of students in disciplines such as medicine, pharmacy, biology and biotechnology. Rudbeck laboratory Is a newly built laboratory connected to the older pathology building. Approximately half of the space is used by the hospital and the other half by university. In the new building a GMP-laboratory is built to advance translational research and to act as a service to the biomedical industry in Uppsala and elsewhere. School of Nursing and Uppsala Science Park These buildings lie between Rudbeck Laboratory and BMC and are thus situated in the middle of the campus area. There are no laboratory facilities and the premises are used mainly by the social science oriented parts of the domain. University hospital The University Hospital is large with a budget of 3,4 billion SEK and approximately 1500 physicians employed. It is a complex of buildings concentrated close to the Rudbeck Laboratory. Some clinics are however housed a fair distance from the main complex and those parts of

university departments that are associated with these clinics will also be situated outside the campus. External partners and external relations As noted above the Faculty of Pharmacy, being the only such faculty in the country, has shouldered a large part of the government's responsibility towards pharmaceutical industry and pharmacists. The relations to these groups are therefore intense and fruitful. There is a special committee with representatives from the pharmaceutical field and from the faculty that discusses the development of education and research. Another important partner is ULLA, which was founded in 1990 as a European Consortium for (Post Graduate) training in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The founding members were The Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Uppsala, the School of Pharmacy, University of London, the Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden and the Amsterdam Free University. Since that date two new members have joined the consortium. In 1996, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy of Copenhagen, joined and in 1997 The University of Paris-Sud, became a member. The main partner for the medical faculty is of course the University Hospital but the faculty has extended its cooperation to other counties and have been setting up small "Centres for Clinical Research" in association with two medium sized hospitals. The faculty has a long tradition of cooperation with pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry and some of Pharmacias best selling drugs emanates from research within the faculty. The changes in biotechnological and pharmaceutical industry Budget The primary tool for governing a faculty is the distribution of funds as is evident from the need for a SAUNA-project. The Faculty Board of Medicine and Pharmacy favours a view where one basic strategy is to assure that productive research gets a reasonable share of government funds and where funds are available to finance new ideas. The funding of undergraduate education is however cost oriented, and departments are funded according to the expected cost of education. The research budget is divided into a structural part (28% of budget) to ensure diversity within the domain, an activity based part (50%) and one part that pays commitments and strategic ventures. The balance between these parts is not fixed but rather the subject of continuous debate. The structure-based allocations, are related to the number of full professors in each department, but as of year 2001 not directly related to salaries. The change of system is caused by the new possibility to be promoted to full professor and leaves the departments with a choice of how to finance their professors. The activity-based allocations are calculated using an algorithm that incorporates the number of Ph.D. degrees granted, the number and impact factor of published papers, the number of new docent (associate professor) qualifications, and the size of external funding. The residual part of the grant is used by the Domain s Faculty Board to pay the costs for imperative commitments (e.g., those imposed by the State or the University), a number of other commitments previously fixed by the Faculty Board, and strategic ventures, including time-limited grants for new chairs. Approximately half of this part (20 MSEK) is used for strategic ventures.

The budgetary system in its present form has been used by the Faculty of Medicine prior to the establishment of the domain and it is possible analyze its effects over a four year period. In terms of renewal or at least redistribution of funds the system seems adequate with an annual reallocation of funds between departments of 2,5%. The systems effect on the research performance is however unclear. Distribution of funds for undergraduate teaching is built on a system where all study programs are divided into courses. For each of these courses an "intensity factor" is identified from the schedule and from discussions in the governing committees. The intensity factor is then multiplied with the number of students and the course length to achieve a measure of the work needed for the course. This measure is the used to distribute the funds. Publication The printed output from the domain is extensive both in the form of articles published in international scientific journals and of text published in other forms. The database contains some 1500 books and chapters in books and 900 articles in Swedish professional journals or newspapers. The construction of the budget system necessitates the use of a database over refereed articles where it is possible to identify the department of each author working within the domain and, since the data is of importance for funding, this information is fairly correct. Data on articles published in 1995 is however of lower quality due to the fact that this is the first year in the database. The following account will therefore only include the years 1996-1999 The number of articles authored only by staff and students in one single department is small (average 20% see table x). 35% of the articles are coauthored within the scientific domain and the rest (45%) coauthored outside. The extensive coauthorship between departments within the domain greatly exaggerates the number of articles if the publication lists of all departments are added and the total figure for the domain is correctly 1015 articles per year and not the 1560 given in Table 2. There is a fairly large variation in cooperation as indicated by publishing between the departments. Notably the intradomain cooperation is important for especially Surgical Sciences, Cell Biology, Physiology, ORKI, Women and Children Health and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, where more than 40% of the papers are coauthored with departments within the domain. Table 2 also shows the percentage of articles where either or both first and last author belongs to the department. This gives a hint of to what extent a department have been responsible for the research resulting in an article. Included is also the number of articles produced per million SEK of research funding excluding ALF. Of course this measure should be regarded cautiously but it clearly shows the difference between clinical and nonclinical departments. The clinical departments include papers written by physicians employed by the hospital but associated to the university.

Table 2 Published papers in refereed journals. Department Number of articles / y % with all authors within department % intradomain coauthorship % extradomain coauthorship % of No of articles articles per with first or MSEK res last author funding Pharmacy 46 20 34 46 89 8 Ph Bioscien. 53 18 27 55 79 9 Ph Chemistry 34 22 41 37 87 4 Genetics & Pathology 164 16 20 64 62 11 Biochem & Microbiol 78 13 25 62 66 6 Cell Biol. 64 27 48 25 89 8 Publ healt & Caring Sci 150 30 23 47 75 18 Med Sci 292 20 32 48 74 18 Neuroscience 165 22 35 43 76 15 Oncol, Radiol & Clin Imm 165 15 42 44 62 22 Physiology 37 28 46 27 83 6 Surg Sci 220 20 49 32 73 41 Wom & Child Health 94 17 43 40 69 19 1560 20 35 45 73 14 In the research budget some weight is given to the impact factor of the journals where articles are published. To some extent this procedure will treat subjects where the best journals have a comparatively low impact unfairly but of probably greater importance is the publishing policy. The percentage of articles in very low impact journals (<0,5) thus varies from 3 to 47% (Table 3). Table 3 Percentage of published articles according to the journals impact factor Department <=0,5 0,5-3,5 3,5-6,5 6,5-9,5 9,5-12,5 >12,5 Pharmacy 10 51 25 12 0 1 Ph Bioscien. 15 31 37 11 1 5 Ph Chemistry 3 37 46 13 1 0 Genetics & Pathology 15 22 34 10 4 8 Biochem & Microbiol 20 12 18 21 9 16 Cell Biol. 12 34 29 15 6 3 Publ healt & Caring Sci 47 30 16 5 0 0 Med Sci 24 38 22 12 1 1 Neuroscience 26 33 27 9 2 2 Oncol, Radiol & Clin Imm 14 49 24 8 1 2 Physiology 27 34 16 17 4 2 Surg Sci 31 43 16 8 1 1 Wom & Child Health 39 42 16 2 0 0

From the publishing data it is also possible to discern which departments cooperate, which may be of importance when judging proposals for new research. As been shown above the cooperation within the domain is extensive and the overall impression is that clusters of cooperating departments exists but are comparatively weak. The pharmacy departments does however cooperate more with each other than expected from a random distribution although the number of articles coauthored with preclinical, mixed or clinical departments is larger. Table 4 Number of coauthored papers per year between departments Surg Sci Physiology Oncol, Radiol & Clin Imm Neuroscience Med Sci Publ healt & Caring Sci Cell Biol. Biochem & Microbiol Genetics & Pathology Ph Chemistry Ph Bioscien. Pharmacy Ph Bioscien. 3 Ph Chemistry 2 3 Genetics & Pathology 6 2 3 Biochem & Microbiol 4 4 2 7 Cell Biol. 3 2 1 6 3 Publ healt & Caring Sci 4 3 2 4 6 3 Med Sci 9 9 5 26 9 16 19 Neuroscience 4 5 7 18 9 7 9 24 Oncol, Radiol & Clin Imm 4 4 3 13 7 7 7 31 13 Physiology 2 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 4 6 Surg Sci 5 5 6 21 11 10 9 51 20 41 3 Wom & Child Health 3 3 3 9 4 5 7 16 6 5 3 17

Department of Medicinal Chemistry Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Pharmacognosy Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 41,2 19,5 9,2 6,1 % cost 100 47 22 15 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 17,5 40,6 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 15,0 34,7 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 2,2 5,0 Non-government funds for research 5,1 11,8 University funds and foundations 0,0 0,1 Sales 3,3 7,7 Total 43,1 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer Teacher, clinical assistant Scientist 3,0 0 33 33 0 33 Senior lecturer 8,0 0 25 25 25 25 Professor 4,0 0 0 50 50 0 Administrator 4,5 0 0 0 89 11 Technician 5,4 0 0 37 44 19

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 36,5 35,7 38,1 38,4 38,7 37,5 Missing 0,7 0,0 0,2 0,2 0,0 0,2 Special education assistance 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Other 11,4 6,8 4,3 6,4 10,5 7,9 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 6 5 7 3 8 5,8 30-39 1 1 1 3 1 1,4 40-0 0 2 0 1 0,6 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 9 11 10 3 12 9,0 Gross time of study (years) 9,9 8,3 16,1 12,5 5,5 10,5 Net time of study (years) 4,6 3,5 9,1 6,2 3,5 5,4 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 273,3 249,2 296,1 315,8 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Degree Program for Pharmacy 178,20 205,42 0,87 Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Science 39,60 56,98 0,70 University Diploma in Pharmacy, 0,45 0,00 supplementary course University Diploma in Pharmacy 32,85 33,00 1,00 Other 17,45 20,42 0,85 Total 268,55 315,82 0,85

Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Biological Research on Drug Dependence Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Pharmaceutical Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Microbiology Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy Toxicology Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 47,4 21,6 10,3 8,0 % cost 100 46 22 17 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 21,5 43,5 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate education 18,1 36,7 Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 3,5 7,0 Non-government funds for research 3,1 6,4 University funds and foundations 0,0 0,1 Sales 3,1 6,3 Total 49,4 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer Teacher, clinical assistant Scientist 6,0 17 67 0 17 0 Senior lecturer 8,5 0 0 65 35 0 Professor 7,0 0 0 14 86 0 Administrator 5,2 0 19 42 39 0 Technician 13,0 2 8 36 47 8

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 29,7 30,8 28,0 34,0 27,7 30,0 Missing 9,0 1,0 1,8 1,6 0,0 2,7 Special education assistance 0,0 1,3 5,5 5,5 5,8 3,6 Other 21,4 23,6 14,3 9,1 14,3 16,5 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 4 4 2 4 7 4,2 30-39 5 1 1 0 0 1,4 40-2 0 0 2 0 0,8 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 7 1 6 6 6 5,2 Gross time of study (years) 7,0 5,0 13,4 7,7 6,2 7,8 Net time of study (years) 6,3 4,2 5,2 6,2 4,1 5,2 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 255,4 313,6 356,0 340,2 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Degree Program for Pharmacy 132,73 142,23 0,93 Single subjects course 25,63 33,45 0,77 University Diploma in Pharmacy, 0,33 0,00 supplementary course University Diploma in Pharmacy 0,10 0,00 Other 130,95 164,52 0,80 Total 289,73 340,19 0,85

Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Services Research Physical and Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 64,3 33,7 9,1 8,2 % cost 100 52 14 13 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 23,8 35,6 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate education 20,3 30,5 Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 4,1 6,1 Non-government funds for research 10,0 15,0 University funds and foundations 0,2 0,4 Sales 8,3 12,5 Total 66,8 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 5,0 60 20 0 20 0 Teacher, clinical assistant 0,5 0 0 0 100 0 Scientist 2,7 0 63 37 0 0 Senior lecturer 17,0 0 38 50 12 0 Professor 7,0 0 14 71 14 0 Administrator 11,2 27 6 31 36 0 Technician 8,7 0 34 21 45 0

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 48,6 55,4 62,3 64,1 65,5 59,2 Missing 1,8 2,4 0,8 0,5 0,0 1,1 Special education assistance 0,0 0,8 1,5 2,7 6,5 2,3 Other 18,9 15,2 11,4 11,0 11,7 13,6 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 9 10 6 10 11 9,2 30-39 1 3 1 4 1 2,0 40-0 0 0 0 1 0,2 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 5 12 6 9 10 8,4 Gross time of study (years) 7,0 14,9 10,3 5,8 11,6 9,9 Net time of study (years) 3,8 9,8 6,3 3,4 4,2 5,5 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 417,9 376,5 366,5 394,4 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Degree Program for Pharmacy 99,05 103,25 0,96 Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Science 22,80 24,95 0,91 Single subjects course 1,50 1,15 1,30 University Diploma in Pharmacy, 5,40 5,00 1,08 supplementary course University Diploma in Pharmacy 106,21 97,70 1,09 Other 111,98 162,38 0,69 Total 346,94 394,43 0,88

Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Family Medicine Biomedical ethics Geriatrics Health Services Research Clinical Epidemilogy Clinical Nutrition Research Social Medicine Caring Sciences Nursing School WHO Collaborating Centre for the Classification of Diseases in the Nordic Countries Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 88,4 55,1 13,2 7,6 % cost 100 62 15 9 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 5,4 7,3 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 10,3 13,7 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 6,6 8,8 Non-government funds for research 15,9 21,3 University funds and foundations 0,1 0,1 Sales 36,5 48,8 Total 74,8 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 26,6 0 0 17 75 8 Teacher, clinical assistant 5,9 0 59 41 0 0 Scientist 12,8 0 25 49 11 16 Senior lecturer 10,5 0 0 29 71 0 Professor 5,0 0 0 20 60 20 Administrator 25,0 0 18 32 48 2 Technician 14,4 5 28 35 26 7

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 22,2 13,8 23,7 18,1 18,8 19,3 Missing 12,0 11,8 0,0 0,6 0,1 4,9 Special education assistance 1,6 2,3 0,6 1,1 0,3 1,2 Other 24,0 25,4 35,6 46,0 42,6 34,7 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 2 2 2 2 3 2,2 30-39 0 4 3 2 3 2,4 40-4 3 9 5 8 5,8 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 5 4 6 5 8 5,6 Gross time of study (years) 6,0 5,8 5,8 6,8 12,9 7,4 Net time of study (years) 3,4 2,0 3,7 3,9 7,3 4,1 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 316,9 535,5 748,4 705,2 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Single subject course 53,48 55,33 0,97 Combined courses 19,50 28,15 0,69 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 61,61 57,78 1,07 Programme in Nursing, 120 p 362,00 444,99 0,81 Specialist training for Nurses 25,88 25,61 1,01 Other 123,01 93,36 1,32 Total 645,48 705,20 0,92

Department of Physiology Physiology Comparative Medicine Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 31,2 15,7 6,0 2,6 % cost 100 50 19 8 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 5,8 20,1 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 13,1 45,2 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 2,4 8,4 Non-government funds for research 7,5 25,8 University funds and foundations 0,0 0,1 Sales 0,1 0,3 Total 28,9 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 1,0 0 0 100 0 0 Teacher, clinical assistant 0,8 50 50 0 0 0 Scientist 7,0 0 43 57 0 0 Senior lecturer 4,0 0 0 25 75 0 Professor 4,0 0 0 50 50 0 Administrator 2,0 0 0 0 100 0 Technician 11,5 0 0 28 72 0

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 10,0 12,0 16,3 12,0 8,3 11,7 Missing 0,6 1,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,4 Special education assistance 8,0 8,0 11,0 13,0 17,9 11,6 Other 1,6 0,0 1,0 2,5 4,0 1,8 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 2 4 1 1 3 2,2 30-39 0 1 3 2 4 2,0 40-0 0 1 0 1 0,4 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 3 0 6 1 4 2,8 Gross time of study (years) 7,0 0,0 13,2 1,0 4,5 5,1 Net time of study (years) 6,4 0,0 10,9 0,5 3,7 4,3 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 110,4 99,2 108,1 118,6 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Programme in Biomedicine, 160 p 11,70 16,85 0,69 Single subject course 16,38 24,53 0,67 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 63,93 68,55 0,93 Other 20,60 8,68 2,37 Total 112,60 118,60 0,95

Department of Genetics and Pathology Genetics and Pathology Beijer Laboratory of Genome Research Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 84,0 39,9 14,3 10,4 % cost 100 47 17 12 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 3,7 5,6 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate education 19,8 29,5 Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 13,5 20,1 Non-government funds for research 24,2 36,1 University funds and foundations 0,4 0,7 Sales 5,4 8,1 Total 67,1 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer Teacher, clinical assistant 1,0 0 100 0 0 0 Scientist 18,5 0 68 27 5 0 Senior lecturer 3,5 0 0 100 0 0 Professor 11,0 0 9 36 45 9 Administrator 8,5 0 21 12 68 0 Technician 34,5 16 30 20 23 10

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 30,7 30,5 28,0 27,6 26,8 28,7 Missing 8,3 2,6 0,3 0,0 0,0 2,2 Special education assistance 9,6 32,0 38,2 54,8 45,7 36,0 Other 29,0 26,5 25,1 31,9 44,7 31,4 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 9 10 8 15 10 10,4 30-39 6 4 1 8 3 4,4 40-2 2 4 0 1 1,8 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 15 17 6 13 12 12,6 Gross time of study (years) 8,2 5,6 4,3 5,5 7,9 6,3 Net time of study (years) 8,1 4,6 3,7 5,3 7,1 5,8 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 38,3 36,0 36,9 29,2 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Single subject course 2,00 0,49 4,08 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 26,28 27,33 0,96 Other 2,28 0,90 2,52 Total 30,55 28,72 1,06

Department of Surgical Sciences Specialist Education of Nurses Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Surgery Paediatric Surgery Thoracic Surgery Transplantation Surgery Urology Orthopaedics Plastic Surgery Forensic Medicine Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 44,0 24,2 4,9 4,6 % cost 100 55 11 10 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 6,6 18,6 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate education 10,5 29,5 Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 3,5 10,0 Non-government funds for research 6,9 19,3 University funds and foundations 0,6 1,6 Sales 7,5 21,1 Total 35,6 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 3,0 0 0 0 100 0 Teacher, clinical assistant 1,5 0 0 100 0 0 Scientist 4,5 22 44 33 0 0 Senior lecturer 1,0 0 0 100 0 0 Professor 16,0 0 0 6 69 25 Administrator 8,6 0 23 45 9 23 Technician 13,4 7 15 37 40 0

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 3,7 4,4 5,3 2,2 2,8 3,7 Missing 28,2 14,6 3,0 0,2 0,0 9,2 Special education assistance 0,0 0,0 0,8 0,2 0,0 0,2 Other 21,2 32,2 45,0 45,6 40,0 36,8 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 2 0 0 3 0 1,0 30-39 6 7 10 3 2 5,6 40-5 8 7 8 7 7,0 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 9 16 6 13 6 10,0 Gross time of study (years) 6,4 6,3 4,5 3,9 5,8 5,4 Net time of study (years) 2,4 2,5 1,5 1,6 2,2 2,0 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 92,5 100,7 98,9 133,2 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Programme in Biomedicine, 160 p 6,00 4,88 1,23 Single subject course 8,40 5,13 1,64 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 73,85 73,28 1,01 Programme in Physiotherapy, 120 p 5,00 4,95 1,01 Specialist training for Nurses 9,75 20,38 0,48 Other 5,25 24,59 0,21 Total 108,25 133,19 0,81

Department of Women's and Children's Health Obstetrics and Gynaecology Paediatrics International Maternal and Child Health Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 38,8 22,7 3,8 3,2 % cost 100 59 10 8 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 5,3 15,4 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate education 6,4 18,4 Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 6,7 19,5 Non-government funds for research 5,0 14,4 University funds and foundations 1,3 3,6 Sales 9,9 28,7 Total 34,5 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 2,8 0 0 29 36 36 Teacher, clinical assistant 1,0 0 0 100 0 0 Scientist 4,6 0 16 31 53 0 Senior lecturer 3,0 0 0 33 67 0 Professor 8,0 0 0 0 63 38 Administrator 16,1 0 12 12 66 9 Technician 5,8 0 0 14 86 0

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 3,2 2,2 6,1 5,4 9,6 5,3 Missing 7,8 6,4 2,3 0,5 0,0 3,4 Special education assistance 1,7 1,7 4,2 5,8 1,9 3,1 Other 18,7 24,5 34,3 34,7 40,2 30,5 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 0 1 2 1 1 1,0 30-39 6 4 5 1 3 3,8 40-1 8 6 4 5 4,8 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 7 4 6 3 11 6,2 Gross time of study (years) 7,0 5,0 7,5 8,0 6,8 6,9 Net time of study (years) 2,3 2,3 2,6 3,0 3,1 2,7 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 78,4 78,7 92,6 117,0 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Single subject course 20,40 26,35 0,77 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 89,00 70,40 1,26 Specialist training for Nurses 10,50 12,50 0,84 Other 6,73 7,78 0,86 Total 126,63 117,03 1,08

Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 72,9 40,5 11,6 6,8 % cost 100 56 16 9 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 7,2 10,7 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 25,8 38,1 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 7,6 11,3 Non-government funds for research 18,6 27,4 University funds and foundations 0,2 0,3 Sales 8,3 12,3 Total 67,8 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 7,3 0 0 25 62 14 Teacher, clinical assistant 13,0 0 62 38 0 0 Scientist 6,0 0 0 17 67 17 Senior lecturer 9,0 0 11 33 56 0 Professor 6,6 0 15 0 58 27 Administrator 29,7 3 7 31 54 4 Technician

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 31,3 27,5 25,6 33,2 50,6 33,6 Missing 1,2 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 Special education assistance 3,5 13,5 35,2 44,5 35,3 26,4 Other 21,2 25,0 20,8 18,9 6,7 18,5 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 6 8 14 7 5 8,0 30-39 0 4 1 1 2 1,6 40-0 2 1 0 0 0,6 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 7 7 6 7 9 7,2 Gross time of study (years) 4,4 6,4 4,5 6,3 6,4 5,6 Net time of study (years) 3,7 4,2 3,9 5,7 6,0 4,7 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 165,5 169,7 200,1 200,3 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Programme in Biomedicine, 160 p 16,25 19,70 0,82 Programme in Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 120 p 91,63 101,73 0,90 Single subject course 8,48 13,84 0,61 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 51,46 60,70 0,85 Other 4,90 4,38 1,12 Total 172,71 200,34 0,86

Department of Medical Cell Biology Physiology Comparative Medicine Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 39,4 19,3 6,5 3,5 % cost 100 49 16 9 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 9,1 22,8 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 15,6 39,1 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 6,0 14,9 Non-government funds for research 8,6 21,6 University funds and foundations 0,1 0,3 Sales 0,6 1,4 Total 39,9 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer Teacher, clinical assistant 2,0 50 50 0 0 0 Scientist 6,0 0 17 58 25 0 Senior lecturer 1,0 0 0 0 100 0 Professor 6,0 0 0 33 50 17 Administrator 4,0 0 0 0 100 0 Technician 19,3 0 16 15 67 3

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 14,9 19,2 22,5 16,7 17,3 18,1 Missing 3,9 2,0 1,6 0,0 0,0 1,5 Special education assistance 11,2 20,2 16,5 14,4 13,1 15,1 Other 13,5 17,2 14,3 15,9 21,7 16,5 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 4 5 1 8 6 4,8 30-39 4 2 0 0 1 1,4 40-2 2 0 0 0 0,8 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 4 3 5 8 7 5,4 Gross time of study (years) 8,0 5,7 4,8 6,2 9,0 6,7 Net time of study (years) 5,4 4,5 4,8 6,0 6,0 5,3 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 184,1 192,1 181,3 154,9 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Programme in Biomedicine, 160 p 0,25 0,00 Single subject course 17,38 25,12 0,69 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 75,48 86,80 0,87 Other 40,60 42,99 0,94 Total 133,70 154,91 0,86

Department of Medical Sciences Occupational and Environmental Medicine Biomedical Informatics and Systems Analysis Dermatology and Venereology Infectious Diseases Clinical Bacteriology Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Physiology Clinical Chemistry Clinical Virology Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Internal Medicine Nutrition Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 97,0 50,3 11,5 8,2 % cost 100 52 12 9 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 11,7 13,0 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate education 16,6 18,5 Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 13,2 14,7 Non-government funds for research 35,1 39,0 University funds and foundations 0,6 0,7 Sales 12,7 14,1 Total 89,9

Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 5,5 0 9 27 64 0 Teacher, clinical assistant 7,5 0 47 40 13 0 Scientist 20,9 0 34 49 17 0 Senior lecturer 8,9 0 0 22 55 22 Professor 17,0 0 0 18 71 12 Administrator 17,5 0 33 24 31 11 Technician 38,2 9 24 23 42 3 Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 21,1 20,7 19,6 12,9 11,2 17,1 Missing 11,9 11,7 0,2 0,3 1,5 5,1 Special education assistance 6,3 2,6 2,8 8,5 4,0 4,8 Other 73,3 80,3 102,8 115,8 107,5 95,9 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 4 8 7 8 3 6,0 30-39 6 19 18 5 6 10,8 40-2 6 8 9 9 6,8 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 15 19 13 9 22 15,6 Gross time of study (years) 8,5 8,4 7,7 4,7 7,6 7,4 Net time of study (years) 3,8 4,1 4,8 3,1 6,2 4,4 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) Distribution according to educational program in 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999 156,4 143,7 161,2 168,2 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Programme in Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 3,75 4,00 0,94 120 p; Single subject course 18,75 27,35 0,69 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 117,50 113,33 1,04 Programme in Physiotherapy, 120 p 24,60 21,88 1,12 Other 1,41 1,64 0,86 Total 166,01 168,19 0,99

Department of Neuroscience Neuro Anatomy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinical Neurophysiology Pharmacology Developmental Neuroscience Neurosurgery Neurology Ophthalmology Psychiatry, University Hospital Psychiatry, Ulleråker, University Hospital Rehabilitation Medicine Physiotherapy Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 87,2 41,8 14,3 13,9 % cost 100 48 16 16 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 9,5 12,5 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 18,8 24,9 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 11,6 15,4 Non-government funds for research 13,1 17,3 University funds and foundations 0,4 0,6 Sales 22,2 29,3 Total 75,7

Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 10,3 0 17 49 25 10 Teacher, clinical assistant 4,0 0 13 50 13 25 Scientist 10,7 0 37 28 35 0 Senior lecturer 5,6 0 0 0 73 27 Professor 15,0 0 0 27 47 27 Administrator 13,8 0 7 20 65 7 Technician 15,7 19 18 24 29 10 Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 22,1 22,3 24,9 24,8 19,2 22,6 Missing 8,7 4,1 0,0 0,2 0,0 2,6 Special education assistance 5,6 11,6 9,3 11,8 16,2 10,9 Other 30,0 29,3 44,2 45,4 37,4 37,3 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 9 6 8 6 1 6,0 30-39 4 8 3 2 4 4,2 40-5 3 6 2 0 3,2 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 6 9 5 5 15 8,0 Gross time of study (years) 7,0 5,3 2,6 5,5 7,3 5,5 Net time of study (years) 2,8 3,8 1,7 4,1 5,0 3,5 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) Distribution according to educational program in 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999 177,2 229,8 304,1 304,0 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Programme in Biomedicine, 160 p 4,25 4,50 0,94 Single subject course 34,13 48,07 0,71 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 74,07 56,32 1,32 Programme in Physiotherapy, 120 p 104,23 101,93 1,02 Specialist training for Nurses 0,00 5,53 0,00 Other 86,61 87,64 0,99 Total 303,29 303,98 1,00

Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology Biomedical Radiation Sciences Clinical Immunology Oncology Gynaecological oncology Hospital physics Radiology Department costs (million SEK, all achievements) Total Personnel Premises Overhead 51,6 24,3 8,1 8,4 % cost 100 47 16 16 % cost in average for Med&Pharm 100 52 16 12 Department income (million SEK) MSEK % Revenues for undergraduate education 1,4 3,7 Faculty appropriation for research and postgraduate 10,7 28,6 education Other budgetary allocations 0,0 0,0 Government funds for research 4,5 12,1 Non-government funds for research 15,1 40,4 University funds and foundations 0,2 0,6 Sales 5,4 14,6 Total 37,4 Personnel, full time employees (graduate students excluded) % within age class Number <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 >59 Junior lecturer 1,0 0 0 0 100 0 Teacher, clinical assistant 1,4 0 0 71 29 0 Scientist 9,5 0 77 13 11 0 Senior lecturer 3,0 0 0 67 33 0 Professor 9,0 0 0 0 89 11 Administrator 5,5 0 0 64 36 0 Technician 21,6 12 41 18 29 0

Distribution of registered active graduate students according to financing Postgraduate studentship 6,7 6,6 11,6 9,7 6,1 8,1 Missing 4,1 2,0 0,4 0,6 0,0 1,4 Special education assistance 0,0 2,4 10,5 11,9 9,0 6,8 Other 19,1 17,9 19,6 22,4 17,1 19,2 Distribution of graduate students according to age at admission -29 4 5 3 1 6 3,8 30-39 3 6 8 5 2 4,8 40-2 2 5 12 2 4,6 PhD and time of study Number of PhD degrees 7 4 6 7 3 5,4 Gross time of study (years) 2,0 1,8 2,2 3,1 4,3 2,7 Net time of study (years) 0,8 1,3 0,6 2,3 2,7 1,5 Registered in undergraduate education (full-year students) 1996 1997 1998 1999 3,7 4,0 5,3 14,0 Distribution according to educational program in 1999 Type of course FYA FYS FYA/FYS Single subject course 2,63 3,50 0,75 Programme in Medicine, 220 p 2,88 2,75 1,05 Specialist training for Nurses 4,20 6,38 0,66 Other 0,00 1,39 0,00 Total 9,70 14,01 0,69