KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

IFIP - The International Federation for Information Processing IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the First World Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. An umbrella organization for societies working in information processing, IFIP's aim is two-fold: to support information processing within its member countries and to encourage technology transfer to developing nations. As its mission statement clearly states, IFIP's mission is to be the leading, truly international, apolitical organization which encourages and assists in the development, exploitation and application of information technology for the benefit of all people. IFIP is a non-profitrnaking organization, run almost solely by 2500 volunteers. It operates through a number oftechnical committees, which organize events and publications. IFIP's events range from an international congress to local seminars, but the most important are: The IFIP World Computer Congress, held every second year; open conferences; working conferences. The flagship event is the IFIP World Computer Congress, at which both invited and contributed papers are presented. Contributed papers are rigorously refereed and the rejection rate is high. As with the Congress, participation in the open conferences is open to all and papers may be invited or submitted. Again, submitted papers are stringently refereed. The working conferences are structured differently. They are usually run by a working group and attendance is small and by invitation only. Their purpose is to create an atmosphere conducive to innovation and development. Refereeing is less rigorous and papers are subjected to extensive group discussion. Publications arising from IFIP events vary. The papers presented at the IFIP World Computer Congress and at open conferences are published as conference proceedings, while the results of the working conferences are often published as collections of selected and edited papers. Any national society whose primary activity is in information may apply to become a full member oflfip, although full membership is restricted to one society per country. Full members are entitled to vote at the annual General Assembly, National societies preferring a less committed involvement may apply for associate or corresponding membership. Associate members enjoy the same benefits as full members, but without voting rights. Corresponding members are not represented in IFIP bodies. Affiliated membership is open to non-national societies, and individual and honorary membership schemes are also offered.

KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN IFIP TC5 WG5.2 Third Workshop on Knowledge Intensive CAD December 1-4, 1998, Tokyo, japan Edited by Susan Finger Department of Civil Engineering Carnegie Mel/on University USA Telsuo Tomiyama Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE) The University of Tokyo Japan Martti Mantyla Laboratory of Information Processing Science Helsinki University of Technology Finland ~. " Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data IFIP TC5 WG5.2 Workshop on Knowledge Intensive CAD (3rd : 1998: Tokyo, Japan) Knowledge intensive computer aided design: IFIP TC5 WG5.2 Third Workshop on Know\edge Intensive CAD, December 1-4, 1998, Tokyo, Japan / edited by Susan Finger, Tetsuo Tomiyama, Martti MăntyIă. Inc\udes bibliographica\ references and index. ISBN 978-1-4757-5636-4 ISBN 978-0-387-35582-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-35582-5 1. Design, Industrial--Congresses. 2. Computer-aided design--congresses. 3. Expert systems (Computer science)--congresses. 4. Product life cycle--congresses. 1. Finger, Susan. II. Tomiyama, T. (Tetsuo), 1957-. III. Mlintylli, Martti, 1955-. IV. TitIe. TS171.AI139 1998 620'.0042'0285---dc21 99-048311 Copyright 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Origina\ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 AlI rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission ofthe publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed an acid-free paper.

Contents Preface IX PART ONE: REPORT ON WORKSHOP 1 1. Knowledge Intensive Computer Aided Design: Past, Present and Future3 TOMIYAMA, T. AND HEW, K.P. PART TWO: INVITED TALK 19 2. Supporting the Knowledge Life-Cycle 21 BLESSING, L. AND WALLACE, K. PART THREE: ONTOLOGY 39 3. Ontological Commitments in Knowledge-Based Design Software: A Progress Report 41 SALUSTRI, F.A. 4. Classification of Knowledge for Generating Engineering Models -A Case Study of Model Generation in Finite Element Analysis- 73 SEKIYA, T., TSUMAYA, A., AND TOMIYAMA, T. 5. Design History System: Data Models & Prototype Implementation 91 SHAH, 1.1., RANGASWAMY, S., QURESHI, S., AND URBAN, S.D.

VI Knowledge Intensive Computer Aided Design PART FOUR: KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE CAD (KIC) 115 6. Modeling of Product Life-cycle Knowledge and Data for an Intelligent Concurrent Design System 117 XUE,D. 7. Model Sharing among Agents in a Concurrent Product Development Team 143 OZAWA, M., CUTKOSKY, M.R., AND HOWLEY, B.I. 8. Design-to-Manufacture Information Transfer in the Context of Solid Freeform Fabrication Technologies 167 ROSEN,D.W. 9. An Application ofthe Knowledge Intensive Engineering Framework to Building Foundation Design 197 YOSHIOKA, M., SHAMOTO, Y., AND TOMIYAMA, T. PART FIVE: KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE DESIGN (KID) 213 10. Supporting Conceptual Design: A Model for Reflective-Interactive Design 215 CHAN, B. AND FINGER, S. 11. A Knowledge Based Engineering Application to Support Weight Distribution Analysis for IRL Cars 237 SUSCA, L., MANDORLI, F., RIZZI, c., AND CUGINI, U. 12. Lens Barrel Design Based On Distributed Knowledge-Base 255 BOK, K., MYUNG, S., AND HAN, S.-H. PART SIX: KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION FORKIC 273 13. Guiding Agent Learning in Design 275 GRECU, D.L. AND BROWN, D.C. 14. A KICAD Tool For Pro-Active Exploration Support To 'Design Synthesis For Multi-X' 295 BORG, J.C., YAN, X.-T., AND JUSTER, N.P.

Contents Author index Keyword index 323 325 VlI

Preface Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology plays a key role in today's advanced manufacturing environment. To reduce the time to market, achieve zero defect quality the at first production, and use available production and logistics resources effectively, product and design process knowledge covering the whole product life cycle must be used throughout product design. Once generated, this intensive design knowledge should be made available to later life cycle activities. Due to the increasing concern about global environmental issues and rapidly changing economical situation worldwide, design must exhibit high performance not only in quality and productivity, but also in life cycle issues, including extended producer's liability. This requires designers and engineers to use various kinds of design knowledge intensively during product design and to generate design information for use in later stages of the product life cycle such as production, distribution, operation, maintenance, reclamation, and recycling. Therefore, future CAD systems must incorporate product and design process knowledge, which is not explicitly dealt with in the current systems, in their design tools and design object models. Between 1987 and 1989, the [FIP Working Group 5.2 organized a series of three workshops on "Intelligent CAD," which were followed by a working conference on the same subject in 1991. This new series of workshops extends the concept of intelligent CAD to the concept of "knowledge intensive engineering." The concept advocates that intensive life cycle knowledge regarding products and design processes must be

x Knowledge Intensive Computer Aided Design incorporated in the center of the CAD architecture. The concept focuses on the systematization and sharing of knowledge across the life cycle stages and organizational boundaries. The first workshop was held at Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland in September 1995. The second workshop was held at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA, in September 1996. The aim of the workshops is to clarify and elaborate the concepts of knowledge intensive design and CAD by providing an international forum for mutual discussions and exchange of opinions of experts of the field. The first workshop focused on exploring the concept of knowledge intensive design as a part of knowledge intensive engineering activities. The second workshop examined architectures and methodologies for "knowledge intensive CAD" based on the results of the first workshop. The third workshop looked at implementations and applications of knowledge intensive CAD systems. The scope of the third workshop included: Ontology Knowledge intensive CAD (KIC) Knowledge intensive design (KID) Knowledge representation for KIC All in all, 17 papers were presented at the workshop, of which 13 were accepted for this volume after a review. The selected papers provide a vivid discussion to encapsulate particular aspects of the central themes. For example, Ontology and Knowledge Representation streams cover some of the fundamental issues associated with these subjects and the KIC and KID streams begin to introduce the applications. We included a keynote speaker paper to discuss the knowledge life cycle and a report about the past, present and future research directions of KIC. Together with the proceeding of the previous workshops, the volume presents an overview of an important novel area of research for researchers, graduate and postgraduate students, system developers of advanced computer-aided design and manufacturing systems, and engineers involved in industrial application of KIC. It discusses not only theoretical aspects but also practical systems and experiences gained from these, and aims to provide a multi-disciplinary view of the subject both from computer science and engineering research angles. The workshop was organized by the IFIP Working Group 5.2 and cosponsored by the following bodies. Japan Society of Precision Engineering.

Preface XI The "Modeling of Synthesis" Project, funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences' Program for Research for the Future, JSPS RFTF 96P0070 1. Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering, the University of Tokyo. As the co-chairs of the workshop and co-editors of this volume, we should like to thank all authors for contributions to the workshop and to the volume. We also thank the members ofintemational Program Committee for their reviews during the preparation of the workshop and the volume. Last but not least, a special thanks is due to Dr. Ken Ping Hew and Dr. Akira Tsumaya for their excellent organization of the workshop, the volume, its program, and special events. Susan Finger Tetsuo Tomiyama Martti Mantyla