INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY IN FINNISH EDUCATION

INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY IN FINNISH EDUCATION Trends and Developments in Tertiary and Secondary Education 2000-2004 OCCASIONAL PAPER 1 2006

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education International mobility in Finnish education Trends and developments in tertiary and secondary education 2000 2004 Pirjo Zirra OCCASIONAL PAPER 1/2006 Centre for International Mobility CIMO 1

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Centre for International Mobility CIMO ISBN 951-805-092-9 (printed) ISBN 951-805-093-7 (pdf) ISSN 1238-7061 2

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Contents Preface and Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 6 1. Foreign diploma students in tertiary education 7 2. Recipients of student financial aid in tertiary education 11 3. Inwards and outwards credit students in tertiary education 15 4. Mobility in programmes administered by CIMO 24 4.1. Socrates/Erasmus programme 24 4.2. Scholarship programmes 27 4.3. International trainee placements 31 5. Foreign diploma students in secondary education 38 6. Foreign recipients of student financial aid in secondary education 40 7. Mobility in vocational education and training 42 References 52 3

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Preface and Acknowledgements This publication, International mobility in Finnish education Trends and developments in tertiary and secondary education 2000 2004, addresses the state of art and latest developments of student mobility in higher and secondary education. The publication has a two-fold function. Firstly, it brings together in one volume the data on international mobility that could normally be obtained only from separate data sources such as Statistics Finland, the National Board of Education (NBE), Centre of International Mobility (CIMO) and the Social Insurance Institution (SII). Secondly, it seeks to provide a reliable instrument to measure progress towards the national targets set for international student mobility. The publication applies definitions and terminology that were developed in the EURODATA project 1 in which CIMO took part in 2004 2005. This project, funded by the European Commission and coordinated by the Academic Cooperation Association (ACA), aimed to improve the quality of mobility statistics provided by national and supra-national data collectors. We wish to express our gratitude to Mr Bernd Wächter, Director of ACA, and Professor Ulrich Teichler, Centre for Research on Higher Education and Work at the University of Kassel, for their support for every individual project partner and their outstanding knowledge of international education and mobility. The encouraging experience of the EURODATA project greatly inspired the author of this statistical overview to take the initiative to write it. This report comprises two sections. The first presents foreign and mobile diploma students, as well as credit students in tertiary education. In traditional mobility terminology, diploma students may be better known as degree students and credit students as exchange students. The second section gives an insight into foreign and credit students in upper secondary education. Regarding credit mobility, the criteria and methods of data collection differ notably between tertiary and secondary education. Although the data are only partly consistent between the two sectors of education, we found it reasonable to provide them in one volume. We wish to thank the National Board of Education and Statistics Finland for their provision of up-todate data. In particular, we recognise the support provided by Mr Mika Tuononen, Senior Adviser at Statistics Finland. We express our most sincere thanks to Ms Laura Jauhola, Programme Coordinator at CIMO, for sharing her expertise in mobility statistics regarding vocational education and training. We also wish to thank Ms Mira Jortikka who greatly contributed to the publication as a university trainee in summer 2005. 1 Kelo M. & Teichler U. & Wächter B. (eds.). 2006. EURODATA Student mobility in European higher education. Bonn: Lemmens 2006. 4

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Reliable and up-to-date statistical data are important and valuable policy information. We hope that this publication proves to be useful to those responsible for target setting, monitoring and implementing international mobility in public administration or in educational institutions. We also hope that the data provided in this report will serve as a helpful instrument to all, in Finland and abroad, who are tracking information on international student mobility in Finnish education. Pirjo Zirra Head of Surveys, Evaluations and Analyses Centre for International Mobility (CIMO) Ulla Ekberg Director Centre for International Mobility (CIMO) 5

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Introduction Internationalisation has been the focus of Finnish higher education policy since the early 1990 s, and mobility of students is one of the quantitative targets set for the performance management of higher education institutions by the Ministry of education. In secondary education, internationalisation has come to be emphasised as an important element enhanced by national subsidies and international mobility programmes. Consequently, there is a great need for comprehensive and up-to-date information on the progress of internationalisation in general, and mobility of students in particular. The publication at hand seeks to give an overview of recent developments of student mobility in Finnish education, but also to pay attention to availability of statistical data on this phenomenon. The data presented in numerous tables and charts were obtained from various providers of statistical information, such as Statistics Finland, the Social Insurance Institution, the National Board of Education and Centre for International Mobility CIMO. The statistics of the above organisations have been produced and developed for purposes that are different from each other. Thus, the picture of international mobility this publication aims to give, can be regarded as comprehensive as possible within the limits of the data available. The publication is structured into two parts comprising seven chapters. The first and largest part focuses on foreign students and student mobility in tertiary education while the second part gives an insight into the phenomenon in upper secondary education. Due to differences in implementation of mobility, as well as in data collection systems between the two sectors of 6 education, the scope and contents of the chapters vary respectively. Chapter 1 presents and analyses data on foreign diploma students taking their higher education degree in Finland. The chapter raises the question of mobile and non mobile foreign diploma students indicating that those foreign students who have selected Finland as their country of study are notably fewer than the statistics based on foreign nationality suggest. Chapter 2 presents the declining trend of Finnish recipients of student financial aid abroad. Chapter 3 provides an overview of inwards and outwards credit students who take part of their higher education degree in a foreign higher education institution. The chapter shows that inwards mobility is strongly centred on Europe and very dependent on the Erasmus programme. Chapter 4 offers a more thorough look into the development of credit mobility channelled through the programmes funded and/or administered by CIMO. Chapters 5 and 6 present the trend of numbers of foreign students in upper secondary education indicating rising figures for vocational education and stabile figures for general education. Chapter 7 presents and analyses student mobility in vocational education and training. Disregarding some shortages in the data collection, the chapter provides a wide range of versatile information on in general growing trend of mobility in vocational education.

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education TERTIARY EDUCATION 1. Foreign diploma students in tertiary education This article gives an insight into foreign diploma students in Finnish tertiary education. 2 Foreign diploma students are students who take their whole degree at a foreign higher education institution, and are non-citizens of the country of study. Foreign students are considered mobile when they have completed their education prior to higher education studies in another country, and/or they are not residents of the country of study. Correspondingly, foreign students who acquired their prior education in the country of study, and/or who are permanently residing therein are regarded as non- mobile. The data on foreign diploma students as presented below were obtained from the data collections of Statistics Finland. Statistics Finland annually collects the data on all education leading to an officially recognised degree or qualification in the Finnish regular education system from preprimary education to adult education. Statistics Finland is also the body responsible for the international UOE (Unesco, OECD, Eurostat) data collection. In the Finnish UOE reporting, foreign students are students who have a citizenship other than Finnish and who take their whole degree at a Finnish higher education institution. The data used in this article are derived from Statistics Finland s contribution to the UOE data collections 2000 2004. Because Statistics Finland did not distinguish mobile foreign diploma students until the 2005 UOE data collection, the data include all diploma students with a foreign citizenship. Trend of the number of foreign students As presented in Table 1.1, the number of foreign diploma students has risen markedly by more than 2000 students and 40 per cent over the past five years. Measured against all students, the percentage of foreign students, however, has remained small (2.6%) with a modest growth of 0.5 percent from 2000 to 2004. According to the Development Plan for Education and Research by the Ministry of Education 3, the proportion of foreign degree students should be four percent by 2010. The target can be considered ambitious taking into account the fact that the relative share of foreign students has risen slowly so far. Table 1.1. Foreign diploma students 2000 2004 Year All students Foreign students % 2000 270,185 5,570 2.1 2001 279,628 6,288 2.2 2002 283,805 6,760 2.4 2003 291,664 7,361 2.5 2004 299,888 7,915 2.6 Source: Statistics Finland 2 Finnish tertiary education comprises 20 universities and 31 polytechnics. The universities award the lower university degree corresponding to the Bachelor s degree, the higher university degree equal to the Master s degree, and the Doctor s degree (ISCED 5/6 levels). The polytechnic degree and the post-graduate polytechnic degree correspond to the Bachelor s and respectively the Master s degree (ISCED 5). 3 Development Plan for Education and Research 2003 2008. Ministry of Education. Helsinki. 7

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 1.2. Foreign diploma students by level of study 2004 Level of study All students % Foreign students % ISCED 5 278,681 92.9 6,426 81.2 ISCED 6 21,207 7.1 1,489 18.8 Total 299,888 100.0 7915 100.0 Source: Statistics Finland Gender Contrary to all tertiary students, more than half of foreign students are male. In 2004, the number of male students was 4 343 (55%) and that of females 3 572 (45%). Of the total number of students, females constituted 53 percent in 2004. Level of study Table 1.2 presents foreign diploma students by level of study. The data are provided at ISCED levels (International Standard Classification of Education). ISCED 5 includes studies leading to the lower or higher university degree, as well as to the polytechnic degree and post-graduate Table 1.3. Foreign diploma students by field of study 2004 Field of Study % All students % Foreign students Education 5.4 2.5 Humanities and Arts 14.7 16.5 Social Sciences, Business and Law 22.2 25.1 Science 11.6 11.2 Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction 26.7 29.6 Agriculture 2.3 1.9 Health and Welfare 12.8 10.1 Services 4.4 3.2 Total 100.0 100.0 polytechnic degree. In Bologna terms, ISCED 5 level equals the Bachelor and Master levels, and ISCED 6 corresponds to the Doctor level. A vast majority of foreign students are taking the Bachelor s or the Master s degree (81 %). Almost every fifth foreign student aims to acquire the Doctor s degree. The percentage of Doctor students (19%) is thus notably higher among foreign students than among all students (7%). Field of study Most foreign students pursue studies in the fields of Engineering (30%), Social Sciences, Business and Law (25%) and Humanities and Arts (17%). Regarding the field of study, there are hardly any differences between foreign and all students. More than two thirds of the total student population study in the three biggest fields of education (Table 1.3). Country of nationality Table 1.4 presents foreign diploma students by country of nationality from 2000 to 2004. The listing of countries follows the practice of the EURODATA project. The 32 European countries include the 25 member states of the European Union, the four member states of EEA, and Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. The majority of foreign diploma students (62%) are nationals of other than 32 European countries. Correspondingly, the Europe 32 countries make up a little less than 40 per cent of all countries of nationality. Source: Statistics Finland 8

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 1.4. Foreign diploma students by country of nationality 2000 2004 Country of nationality 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Europe 32 countries AT Austria 17 24 26 32 40 BE Belgium 14 21 24 28 22 BG Bulgaria 30 33 38 41 53 CH Switzerland 34 38 40 47 42 CY Cyprus 7 4 2 3 1 CZ Czech Republic 16 25 41 47 46 DE Germany 216 240 253 292 274 DK Denmark 42 46 44 41 49 EE Estonia 463 474 493 528 576 ES Spain 58 87 108 102 102 FI Finland host country * * * * * FR France 86 108 118 126 132 GB United Kingdom 143 147 141 160 172 GR Greece 25 33 36 39 44 HU Hungary 70 82 106 111 103 IE Ireland 28 22 25 27 32 IS Iceland 33 34 29 31 27 IT Italy 72 88 90 107 98 LI Liechtenstein 1 1 0 0 0 LT Lithuania 43 54 65 78 87 LU Luxembourg 1 0 2 2 2 LV Latvia 20 26 29 27 36 MT Malta 2 2 2 1 2 NL The Netherlands 45 56 46 50 71 NO Norway 52 60 58 63 60 PL Poland 60 60 83 88 126 PT Portugal 21 18 19 19 20 RO Romania 74 74 86 98 114 SE Sweden 543 588 581 561 540 SI Slovenia 3 3 5 8 8 SK Slovakia 9 14 19 19 22 TR Turkey 40 41 45 51 56 Total Europe 32 countries 2,268 2,503 2,654 2,827 2,957 > 9

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Country of nationality 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Other countries and regions Other European Countries 852 1,007 1,112 1,277 1,358 including Russian Federation 656 764 911 1,079 1,140 Northern America 234 255 243 241 263 including United States of America 165 184 173 172 194 Latin America and the Caribbean 102 108 127 149 160 including Mexico 13 16 21 25 31 including Brazil 14 20 24 21 23 Africa 650 716 761 829 894 Asia 1,367 1,621 1,698 1,867 2,192 including China 817 1,007 1,026 1,107 1,308 including India 44 47 55 71 132 including Japan 73 78 82 98 95 Oceania 23 27 32 36 34 Total other countries and regions 3,228 3,734 3,973 4,399 4,901 Not specified 74 51 133 135 57 Total foreign students 5,570 6,288 6,760 7,361 7,915 Source: Statistics Finland The Chinese form the largest group (17%) followed by the Russians (14%). Together, these two leading nationalities make up one third of all foreign nationalities. The Estonians and the Swedes each count for seven percent of the foreign student population. The number of foreign students has risen some 40 percent over the last five years. Among the leading nationalities, the Russians and Chinese, the growth has been markedly above the average. The number of Russian students even rose over 70 percent and that of Chinese 60 percent. In parallel, the number of Estonian students increased some 20 percent and that of Swedish only three percent (until 2003). It seems that the profile of Finland as a host to foreign diploma students is to a great extent focused only on two countries. Mobile and non-mobile foreign students So far there have been no statistical criteria for distinguishing mobile students from all foreign students. For the UOE report of 2005, Statistics Finland for the first time introduced prior education as a criterion for mobile foreign students. Prior education denotes a qualification that gives eligibility for higher education, e.g. the matriculation examination, a vocational qualification or a corresponding qualification acquired abroad. In 2004, the students at Bachelor s/master s level without a Finnish prior education qualification numbered in total 8 849.The number of Finnish citizens was 3 782 and that of foreign citizens 5 067. The number of mobile foreign students (5 067) was thus noticeably smaller than the total number of foreign students (7 915). Those foreign students who had selected Finland as the country of their study constituted 64 percent of all students with foreign nationality in 2004. 10

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education 2. Recipients of student financial aid in tertiary education This article provides data on foreign recipients of student financial aid in Finland, as well as on Finnish recipients of student financial help abroad. The data are derived from the statistics of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland (SII) that registers all students who benefit from the student financial aid. 4 According to the eligibility requirements for student financial aid, foreign beneficiaries can be considered permanent residents in Finland, whereas Finnish student financial aid recipients abroad are regarded as temporary residents in their country of study. For studies in Finland, student financial aid can be granted to Finnish citizens, employed persons from EU/EEA member states and their dependent spouse and children, and others who are not Finnish citizens, provided that they have been resident in Finland for at least two years in a capacity other than that of a student and their residence can be considered permanent. For studies outside Finland, student financial aid can be granted to Finnish citizens and employed persons from EU/EEA member states and their dependent spouse and children, provided that they have been resident in Finland for at least two years prior to the start of their studies and the residence abroad can be regarded temporary. Financial help with studies that take place outside Finland is given insofar as the studies correspond to Finnish studies that would be covered by the student financial aid provisions or alternatively form a part of a Finnish degree programme. 5 It should be borne in mind that the data of SII are minimum data on foreign students and Finnish students abroad covering only those students who receive student financial aid. Recipients of student financial aid have recently made up some 60 percent of all students at Finnish higher education institutions. Foreign recipients of student financial aid Table 2.1 presents foreign students and foreign recipients of student financial aid by ten top counties of nationality. The comparison between the two sets of data indicates that one third of the foreign students (2 077) were permanent residents in 2004. From this perspective, foreign students who had entered the country for the purpose of study made up some 70 per cent of all foreign students in 2004. It seems that half of the Russian, some 40 percent of the Estonian and one third of Swedish students reside permanently in Finland. On the contrary, almost all Chinese students seem to be non-resident. 4 Kelan opintoetuustilasto [Statistics on student financial aid by SII] 1999/00, 2000/01, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04. Kansaneläkelaitos. Tilastoryhmä. Helsinki. 5 Kansaneläkelatoksen tilastollinen vuosikirja 2003. Statistical Yearbook of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland 2003. Kansaneläkelaitoksen julkaisuja TI:39. A publication by the Social Institution TI:39. Helsinki. 11

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Although the figures based on the comparison above are only indicative, it can be estimated that the number of foreign students who select Finland as their country of study is notably lower than the statistics based only on foreign nationality suggest. In order to provide a more reliable and versatile picture of foreign and mobile students, Statistics Finland will study the possibility to apply to permanent resident status along prior education as a criterion for mobile/non-mobile foreign diploma students. Table 2.1. Foreign students and foreign recipients of student financial aid 2003/2004 Recipients of student financial aid abroad The number of Finnish diploma students abroad has declined slightly but steadily by some 15 percent over the past five years (Table 2.2). Almost all leading target countries of Finnish students have lost their attractiveness to some extent: the United Kingdom (-23%), Germany (-19%) and the United States of America (-49%). The Oceanic countries, Australia and New Zealand are the only countries where the numbers of Finnish diploma students have recently risen. In all, the beneficiaries of student financial help abroad make up less than three per cent of all recipients of student financial aid. All foreign students Country of nationality Foreign recipients of student financial aid Country of nationality Rank Rank RU Russian 1 CN China 1,308 1 Federation 569 RU Russian 2 Federation 1,140 2 EE Estonia 237 3 EE Estonia 576 3 SE Sweden 167 4 SE Sweden 540 4 5 6 DE Germany 274 5 GB United Kingdom 69 DE Germany 60 US United States of America 194 8 CN China 55 7 KE Kenya 212 6 US United States of America 53 8 IN India 132 7 IR Iran 44 9 FR France 132 9 SO Somalia 33 10 PO Poland 126 10 NE Niger 28 Total 4,634 Total 1,315 Other 3,281 Other 762 Grand total 7,915 Grand total 2,077 Source: Statistics Finland Source: Social Insurance Institution (SII) 12

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 2.2. Recipients of student financial aid abroad 1999/2000 2003/2004 Host country 1999/ 2000 2000/ 2001 2001/ 2002 2002/ 2003 2003/ 2004 Europe 32 countries AT Austria 27 27 24 25 28 BE Belgium 32 39 30 36 36 BG Bulgaria 2 1 3 4 CH Switzerland 33 34 32 36 31 CY Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0 CZ Czech Republic 4 6 7 6 3 DE Germany 386 381 350 309 312 DK Denmark 57 54 52 52 67 EE Estonia 278 275 241 242 233 ES Spain 21 29 32 34 33 FI Finland home country * * * * * FR France 94 95 94 104 98 GB United Kingdom 2,122 2,031 1,873 1,778 1,636 GR Greece 3 4 6 4 6 HU Hungary 13 19 14 13 10 IE Ireland 15 39 55 61 50 IS Iceland 7 5 5 8 7 IT Italy 61 66 80 101 90 LI Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0 LT Lithuania 0 2 4 0 0 LU Luxembourg 0 1 0 0 0 LV Latvia 0 1 0 0 0 MT Malta 0 0 0 0 0 NL The Netherlands 171 167 149 135 132 NO Norway 79 79 77 70 55 PL Poland 4 3 5 3 7 PT Portugal 0 0 0 1 2 RO Romania 0 0 0 0 0 SE Sweden 976 945 937 986 1,005 SI Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 SK Slovakia 0 0 0 0 2 TR Turkey 2 2 3 3 1 Total Europe 32 countries 4,387 4,304 4,071 4,010 3,848 > 13

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Host country 1999/ 2000 2000/ 2001 2001/ 2002 2002/ 2003 2003/ 2004 Other countries and regions Other European Countries 60 74 55 58 58 including Russian Federation 60 74 55 57 57 Northern America 579 511 465 392 306 including United States of America 536 473 424 354 274 Latin America and the Caribbean 2 2 2 0 0 Africa 0 0 0 0 0 Asia 11 13 11 16 25 Oceania 27 38 41 60 86 Total other countries and regions 679 638 580 526 475 Unknown 120 72 57 52 60 Total 5,186 5,014 4,708 4,588 4,383 Recipients of student financial aid in Finland 143,954 160,806 164,098 167,492 174,399 Total student financial aid recipients 149,140 165,820 168,806 172,080 178,782 Source: Social Insurance Institution (SII) 14

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education 3. Inwards and outwards credit students in tertiary education The data provided in this article are derived from the data collections of the Centre for International Mobility (CIMO). 6 CIMO annually collects the data on Finnish and international credit students. A credit student denotes a student who takes a part of his/her degree studies abroad, in the form of study or practical training. CIMO s data collection was initiated by the Finnish Ministry of Education and forms a part of the performance management of higher education. 7 The performance agreements concluded between the Ministry and the higher education institutions determine quantitative and qualitative targets, the resources needed to achieve these targets, the monitoring and evaluation of outcome, and further development of operations. Internationalisation has been a focus of national higher education policy since the early 1990 s, and student mobility is one of the quantitative targets set for the performance management period 2004 2006. CIMO s data collection covers 20 universities and 29 polytechnics governed by the Ministry of Education. 8 The data are collected annually by 31 January of the succeeding year. The inwards credit mobile students are identified by nationality and country of origin. The country of origin refers to the country where a student is enrolled at a higher education institution for studies leading to a formal degree or qualification. The outwards credit mobile students are identified by country of destination. This denotes a country where a student is taking a part of his/her higher education degree. Due to the performance management criteria set by the Ministry of Education, CIMO s data collection makes a distinction between the mobilities lasting three months or more and the mobilities lasting less than three months. Due the individual-level data being collected only for the long-term mobilities, the data on credit mobility presented in this article include the long-term mobilities only. CIMO s data collection covers all types of mobility arrangements, such as mobilities based on transnational or bilateral mobility programmes, scholarship schemes or individual arrangements (free movers). Trend of credit mobility Chart 3.1 shows the trend of credit mobility at both sectors of higher education over the period 2000 2004. Inwards mobility has been notably 6 Aalto P. 2001., Aalto P. 2002., Aalto P. & Garam I. 2003., Aalto P. & Garam I. 2004., Garam I. & Jortikka M. & Zirra P. 2005. Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa. [International Mobility in Universities and Polytechnics]. CIMO Publications 4/2001, 3/2002, 2/2003, 2/2004, 1/2005. Kansainvälisen henkilövaihdon keskus CIMO. Helsinki. 7 Ministry of Education. 2004. Management and Steering of Higher Education in Finland. Publications of the Ministry of Education, Finland 2004:20. Helsinki. 8 The data collection of CIMO does not cover Åland Polytechnic and Police College governed by other bodies than the Ministry of Education. 15

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Chart 3.1. Trend of credit mobility 2000 2004 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Inwards (Universities) Outwards (Universities) Inwards (Polytechnics) Outwards (Polytechnics) 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 > growing by 36 percent at universities and 81 percent at polytechnics. The year 2003 was a turning point when the number of incoming students exceeded that of the outgoing in the university sector. Compared to inwards mobility, outwards mobility at universities has almost stabilised with a modest growth of eight percent over the past five years. The data collection of 2004 showed an increase of over 10 percent from 2003 to 2004 that may indicate an exceptional year, but also a start of growing interest in study abroad. In the polytechnic sector, outwards mobility has been steadily growing by 36 percent from 2000 to 2004. Gender Table 3.1 provides the data on inwards and outwards credit mobility by gender. Among incoming students, both genders have been evenly represented while a vast majority of outgoing students have been female (70%). Balance between inwards and outwards mobility The balance between inwards and outwards mobility has reached the optimum (see Table 3.2). At universities, the proportion of inwards students is slightly over 100 percent meaning that the universities receive more international students than they send abroad. At polytechnics, the proportion of incoming students is slightly lower, some 70 percent. This unbalance is attributable to incoming trainees who, having been recruited straight to companies, are not registered at the polytechnics. Disregarding the trainees, the inwards and outwards student flows are well balanced in the polytechnic sector, too. Table 3.1. Credit mobility by gender 2000 2004 Type of mobility 2000 % female 2001 % female 2002 % female 2003 % female 2004 % female Inwards 4,805 49.9 5,496 53.0 6,026 52.0 6,616 53.5 7,237 53.5 Outwards 6,880 66.5 7,475 68.0 7,434 69.0 7,555 69.0 8,241 66.0 Total 11,685 58.2 12,971 60.5 13,460 60.5 14,171 61.3 15,478 60.0 Source: CIMO 16

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 3.2. Balance between inwards and outwards credit mobility 2000-2004 Year Proportion of inwards students at universities (%) Proportion of inwards students at polytechnics (%) 2000 80.8 54.9 2001 87.1 58.1 2002 99.4 61.8 2003 103.1 71.7 2004 101.4 73.1 Source: CIMO Mobile and non-mobile students In 2004, outwards credit students made up 2.7 percent of all students in Finnish higher education. In Finland, it is a national practice to measure the number of outgoing students against the annual intake instead of all students. In the university sector, the proportion of outgoing students of the annual intake has been some 20 percent indicating that every fifth student has been mobile. The polytechnic sector falls slightly behind; there the percentage of mobile students of the annual intake has been 15 at the highest. However, outwards mobility has increased steadily also at polytechnics. (Table 3.3). Level of study The degrees awarded by the universities are the lower university degree equal to the Bachelor s (180 credits), the higher university degree corresponding to the Master s (120 credits), the Licentiate, and the Doctor s degree. 9 The polytechnics provide the polytechnic degree (140 180 credits) and the postgraduate polytechnic degree. 10 The degrees awarded by the Finnish higher education institutions correspond to ISCED levels 5/6 in the university sector and 5 in the polytechnic sector. Almost all credit students are studying at ISCED 5 level (Table 3.4). A very small percentage of doctoral students (1.5%) is greatly attributable to Table 3.3. Outwards credit students measured against annual intake 2000 2004 Year Universities Annual intake* Outwards students % outwards students of annual intake Polytechnics Annual intake* Outwards students % outwards students of annual intake 2000 19,919 3,962 19.9 25,772 2,918 11.3 2001 20,651 3,983 19.3 25,639 3,492 13.6 2002 21,013 3,807 18.1 25,938 3,627 14.0 2003 20,933 3,860 18.5 25,806 3,692 14.0 2004 20,461 4,279 20.9 26,411 3,962 15.0 Source: CIMO *Source: Ministry of Education 17

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education the Erasmus programme that makes up a half of total credit mobility (see Charts 3.2a and 3.2b). It is estimated that only about one percent of Erasmus students are ISCED 6 level students. It is also evident that universities register Doctor s level students as research staff members rather than as students. Field of study The data on field of study are collected according to the Education Administration s Classification (Opetushallinnon koulutusalaluokitus), and were converted to ISCED using the Standard Classification of Education Handbook by Statistics Finland. Table 3.5 shows credit students by field of study in 2000 and 2004. A notable majority of inwards and outwards credit students (80%) study in the fields of Social Science, Business and Law, Engineering and Humanities and Arts. These fields of education have maintained their leading position through the past years. Country of origin of inwards students Table 3.6 presents inwards credit students by country of origin 2000 2004. Inwards credit mobility is strongly Europe centred. In 2004, the proportion of Europe 32 countries made up 85 Table 3.4. Credit students by level of study 2004 Level of study Inwards Outwards Total % ISCED 5 7,138 8,039 15,177 98.1 ISCED 6 73 163 236 1.5 Not specified 26 39 65 0.4 Total 7,237 8,241 15,478 100.0 Source: CIMO Table 3.5. Credit students by field of study 2000 and 2004 Field of study % Inwards students % Outwards students 2000 2004 2000 2004 Education 3.1 3.2 3.8 2.2 Humanities and Arts 19.5 14.9 20.8 20.5 Social science, Business and Law 38.2 40.7 38.3 36.5 Science 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.9 Engineering 20.5 22.5 17.5 17.4 Agriculture 5.2 3.2 5.0 2.7 Health and Welfare 6.5 8.8 6.6 9.9 Services 2.3 2.6 3.7 6.0 Not specified 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: CIMO 9 Government Decree on University Degrees 794/2004. 10 Government Decree amending the Government Decree on Polytechnics 411/2005 18

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education per cent of all countries of origin. The top five countries were Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Poland. Among other countries and regions, the leading countries were the Russian Federation, the United States of America and China. Inwards mobility has developed successfully with a notable growth of some 50 per cent over the past five years. Mobility from Germany and Austria, for instance, has doubled and that from Lithuania has tripled. The rising trend concerns most of the countries of origin, except the United Kingdom. In case of the Nordic countries, the numbers of incoming students have been rather low compared to other European countries. In terms of mobility, the role of African and Oceanic countries is almost insignificant. Country of destination of outwards students Table 3.7 provides data on outwards credit students by country of destination. CIMO s data collection does not distinguish outgoing students by nationality, so foreign diploma students who take a part of their degree outside Finland are included in the data set. Compared to inwards credit mobility, outwards mobility has been more stable with a growth of 20 percent over the five year period. Outwards mobility also focuses on Europe, yet to a lesser degree than inwards mobility. In 2004, the Europe 32 countries made up74 percent of all countries of destination. The five most attractive target countries were Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden and The Netherlands. Among other countries and regions, the top target countries were the same as top countries of origin: the United States of America, the Russian Federation and China. Even though outwards mobility has been Europe centred, the growth of mobility has been bigger among other countries and regions (41%) than among the 32 European countries (14%). Most target countries have increased their attractiveness as countries of study, except the United Kingdom and Ireland. Finland is sending notably more students to African and Oceanic countries than it is receiving from there. Outwards mobility to Africa and Oceania has more than doubled over the past five years. Table 3.6. Inwards credit students by country of origin 2000 2004 Country of origin 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Europe 32 countries AT Austria 109 173 170 244 248 BE Belgium 173 192 201 201 241 BG Bulgaria 3 10 14 21 31 CH Switzerland 30 44 35 48 70 CY Cyprus 7 15 19 10 15 CZ Czech Republic 96 140 204 234 277 DE Germany 613 806 963 1,081 1,206 DK Denmark 56 60 46 52 48 EE Estonia 147 163 131 99 113 ES Spain 393 494 524 552 595 FI Finland host country * * * * * FR France 520 547 646 784 865 > 19

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Country of origin 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 GB United Kingdom 286 299 280 277 220 GR Greece 60 69 89 103 135 HU Hungary 194 219 205 243 246 IE Ireland 45 49 59 45 73 IS Iceland 14 17 15 15 15 IT Italy 351 356 391 386 378 LI Liechtenstein 0 2 0 1 2 LT Lithuania 68 116 158 167 200 LU Luxembourg 2 1 0 0 1 LV Latvia 37 52 32 45 71 MT Malta 0 0 0 5 6 NL The Netherlands 254 262 287 289 344 NO Norway 37 31 34 42 52 PL Poland 177 220 254 340 374 PT Portugal 55 78 81 100 101 RO Romania 37 30 37 41 49 SE Sweden 116 86 110 113 101 SI Slovenia 14 10 23 20 30 SK Slovakia 43 38 59 72 64 TR Turkey 6 13 7 5 16 Total Europe 32 countries 3,943 4,592 5,074 5,635 6,187 Other countries and regions Other European Countries 325 298 277 278 309 including Russian Federation 307 287 267 265 296 Northern America 172 202 216 216 212 including United States of America 136 145 158 137 134 Latin America and the Caribbean 62 59 73 96 137 including Mexico 25 25 47 56 83 Africa 25 18 33 24 13 Asia 250 285 328 340 355 including China 97 78 93 89 114 including India 17 24 35 35 30 including Japan 30 44 51 62 47 Oceania 15 23 18 22 14 Total other countries and regions 849 885 945 976 1,040 Not specified 13 19 7 5 10 Total inwards students 4,805 5,496 6,026 6,616 7,237 Source: CIMO 20

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 3.7. Outwards credit students by country of destination 2000 2004 Country of destination 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Europe 32 countries AT Austria 197 250 218 244 327 BE Belgium 176 215 191 200 207 BG Bulgaria 0 2 5 7 10 CH Switzerland 111 108 110 96 120 CY Cyprus 6 13 16 12 24 CZ Czech Republic 66 90 96 136 175 DE Germany 915 921 798 878 869 DK Denmark 99 176 148 156 135 EE Estonia 69 78 96 70 70 ES Spain 349 429 502 578 644 FI Finland home country * * * * * FR France 403 469 465 487 528 GB United Kingdom 1,017 948 867 762 744 GR Greece 80 118 126 96 96 HU Hungary 114 159 135 170 172 IE Ireland 190 178 197 160 141 IS Iceland 42 60 50 54 59 IT Italy 204 224 229 250 240 LI Liechtenstein 1 0 0 0 0 LT Lithuania 11 19 14 26 28 LU Luxembourg 4 5 3 3 3 LV Latvia 8 10 21 23 21 MT Malta 4 7 12 13 28 NL The Netherlands 427 429 425 459 464 NO Norway 136 119 138 96 139 PL Poland 49 57 67 76 86 PT Portugal 41 52 49 68 74 RO Romania 3 4 16 13 19 SE Sweden 625 614 657 618 637 SI Slovenia 3 3 9 19 31 SK Slovakia 11 14 15 23 20 TR Turkey 5 4 9 6 8 Total Europe 32 countries 5,366 5,775 5,684 5,799 6,119 > 21

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Country of destination 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Other countries and regions Other European Countries 195 183 198 189 211 including Russian Federation 182 175 190 178 200 Northern America 553 586 513 494 558 including United States of America 432 455 386 334 387 Latin America and the Caribbean 64 109 126 153 201 including Mexico 21 45 60 58 71 Africa 88 155 188 222 195 Asia 504 507 549 494 741 including China 125 121 154 85 193 including India 20 25 26 22 30 including Japan 41 45 47 47 73 Oceania 77 112 134 164 177 Total other countries and regions 1,481 1,652 1,708 1,716 2,083 Not specified 33 48 42 40 39 Total outwards students 6,880 7,475 7,434 7,555 8,241 Source: CIMO Arrangement of mobility Chart 3.2a presents inwards credit mobility by programme in 2000 and 2004. The comparison between the years shows that that the dominance of the Erasmus programme as a channel of inwards mobility has even increased between the year 2000 (66 %) and 2004 (75 %). The proportion of individual arrangements (free movers) has grown notably from around zero to six percent. In parallel, the percentage of not specified cases has declined from nine to zero, which can be seen as an indication of the improved data collection. Regarding outwards mobility, the proportion of the Erasmus programme is still high, about a half of total outgoing mobility, but not as dominant as in the case of inwards mobility (see chart 3.2b). In other aspects, the development has been parallel with inwards mobility. The proportion of free movers has grown by 12 percent while that of not specified cases has declined some 15 percent. 22

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Chart 3.2 Inwards and outwards credit mobility by programme 2000 and 2004 2000 Free mover 0,3 Not specified 8,9 Erasmus 66,2 Other programme 12,3 2004 HEI s own agreement 12,3 Free mover 5.6 Other programme 9,2 Not specified 0,4 Chart 3.2a. Inwards credit mobility by programme 2000 and 2004 HEI s own agreements 9,8 Erasmus 75,0 % 2000 Not specified 17,4 Erasmus 47,0 Free mover 1,5 Other programme 16,1 2004 HEI s own agreement 18,0 Free mover 13,2 Not specified 2,2 Erasmus 48,5 Other programme 18,1 Chart 3.2b. Outwards credit mobility by programme 2000 and 2004 HEI s own agreement 18,0 23

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education 4. Mobility in programmes administered by CIMO This chapter presents student mobility funded and/or administered by CIMO. As an organisation that functions under the Ministry of Education, CIMO is subject to performance management by the Ministry. The quantitative targets for international student mobility are set in yearly agreements concluded by CIMO and the Ministry of Education. In tertiary education, CIMO administers a wide range of mobility programmes such as Socrates/Erasmus, bilateral and transnational scholarship schemes and international trainee programmes. 4.1. Socrates/Erasmus programme The Erasmus programme has proved the most important arrangement of international mobility in Finnish higher education. In 2004, some 60 percent of all student mobility took place through Erasmus (see Charts 3.2a and 3.2b). The data collected for the national Erasmus reports to the European Commission are included in CIMO s data collection on total student mobility in tertiary education. The definitions and criteria of CIMO s data collection are described in Chapter 3. The data provided in this article are based on national reports to the Commission and derived from the annual reports of CIMO 2000 2004. 11 The data include inwards and outwards Erasmus students by gender, country of student s home institution (country of origin) and country of student s host institution (country of destination). The data on field of study are excluded since they are not obtainable by ISCED classification in Erasmus statistics. In 2004, inwards and outwards Erasmus students totalled 9 067. Outgoing Erasmus students Chart 4.1.1. Mobility in the Erasmus programme 2000-2004 6000 5000 4000 3000 Inwards Outwards 2000 1000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 > 11 Kansainvälisen henkilövaihdon keskus (CIMO)/Centre for International Mobility CIMO. CIMOn vuosi/cimo in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004. Helsinki. 24

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 4.1.1. Inwards Erasmus students by country of origin 2000 2004 Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AT Austria 104 117 144 174 235 BE Belgium 190 179 182 196 229 BG Bulgaria 1 9 13 19 17 CY Cyprus 8 0 11 16 14 CZ Czech Republic 70 113 153 183 240 DE Germany 504 582 702 875 982 DK Denmark 33 20 17 14 20 EE Estonia 76 84 94 70 51 ES Spain 368 413 453 506 523 FR France 354 467 497 665 760 GB United Kingdom 309 275 262 290 212 GR Greece 73 58 62 103 116 HU Hungary 138 201 163 178 214 IE Ireland 34 35 43 43 35 IS Iceland 5 8 4 2 1 IT Italy 310 317 312 371 375 LI Liechtenstein 0 0 1 0 1 LT Lithuania 44 87 105 131 175 LU Luxemburg 0 2 0 0 0 LV Latvia 26 33 22 28 38 MT Malta 0 0 0 3 8 NL The Netherlands 213 244 253 229 289 NO Norway 8 7 8 13 15 PL Poland 137 174 191 275 312 PT Portugal 59 56 77 72 103 RO Romania 20 19 18 27 40 SE Sweden 16 17 14 23 30 SI Slovenia 6 12 15 16 29 SK Slovakia 28 25 47 55 52 Total 3,134 3,554 3,863 4,577 5,116 Source: CIMO counted for 1.3 percent of all students that is slightly above the EU average. Measured against the annual intake, the outgoing Erasmus students made up eight percent. This means that every twelfth student took part in the programme. Some 70 percent of outwards Erasmus students are female, that equals the proportion of female among all outwards credit students. Chart 4.1.1 shows the trend of Erasmus mobility over the past five years. The total mobility has increased some 40 percent, which is mostly attributable to inwards mobility. The number of incoming students has risen over 60 percent while the growth of outwards mobility has been markedly smaller, at only 13 percent. In terms of balance of mobility, the year 2001 was a turning 25

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 4.1.2. Outwards Erasmus students by country of destination 2000 2004 Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AT Austria 163 165 180 170 229 BE Belgium 111 98 122 115 148 BG Bulgaria 0 0 1 3 5 CY Cyprus 2 0 2 11 9 CZ Czech Republic 54 53 62 91 126 DE Germany 621 578 558 561 654 DK Denmark 37 22 26 26 37 EE Estonia 33 37 30 52 35 ES Spain 279 279 325 395 479 FR France 341 320 347 355 413 GB United Kingdom 859 739 609 582 552 GR Greece 76 65 71 88 72 HU Hungary 73 120 120 119 162 IE Ireland 113 134 115 117 111 IS Iceland 3 8 8 8 14 IT Italy 136 138 156 136 190 LT Lithuania 8 8 10 8 15 LV Latvia 4 5 5 6 9 MT Malta 0 2 9 11 16 NL The Netherlands 377 342 326 346 377 NO Norway 29 13 14 11 15 PL Poland 30 42 47 46 60 PT Portugal 35 38 32 46 58 RO Romania 3 3 10 10 13 SE Sweden 90 66 89 68 101 SI Slovenia 0 3 4 11 29 SK Slovakia 9 8 11 10 22 Total 3,486 3,286 3,289 3,402 3,951 Source: CIMO point when the number of incoming Erasmus students exceeded that of outgoing. Table 4.1.1 presents inwards Erasmus students by country of origin. The three top countries of origin have been Germany, France and Spain. In 2004, these countries made up over 40 percent of total inwards Erasmus mobility. Erasmus mobility has grown from most countries of origin, except Estonia, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Table 4.1.2 provides data on outwards Erasmus students by country of destination. The three top target countries of Finnish students have been Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. These countries counted for over 40 percent of total outwards Erasmus mobility in 2004. Parallel to inwards mobility, outwards mobility has increased to most target countries, except the United Kingdom. 26

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education 4.2. Scholarship programmes CIMO awards and administers scholarships for students, researchers, teachers and administrative staff of universities. In this article, the focus is on mobility of undergraduate and postgraduate students in tertiary education. 12 Chapter 3 provided an overview of the total credit mobility in higher education whereas this article intends to give a more thorough look at mobility based on CIMO s scholarship schemes only. The data are derived from CIMO s annual reports 2000 2004. In these reports, the data are provided by country of nationality (inwards students) and by country of destination (outwards students). The annual reports do not provide data on field of study or gender. The data in this article include such mobility that lasts for three months or more, with the exception of the Nordic Grant Scheme that includes several short visits. Each scholarship programme is directed towards a different target group. The undergraduate scholarships promote advanced studies of the Finnish language, as well as student mobility between Finland and specified target countries and areas such as the Russian Federation and the sub- Saharan African countries. These programmes are called Finnish in Finland, FIRST Finnish-Russian Student Exchange Programme and North-South. The statistical data on mobility within the North-South pilot programme were not obtainable by the completion of this publication. CIMO s scholarships are mainly targeted at postgraduate students who have completed their Master level studies. Scholarships for postgraduate studies are granted through programmes such as CIMO Fellowships and Finnish Government Scholarship Pool. Trend of mobility in CIMO s scholarship programme In 2004, the total number of scholarship holders was 985. The number of inwards students was 653 and that of outwards notably lower, 332 students. Chart 4.2.1. Mobility in CIMO s scholarship programmes 2000 2004 Inwards Outwards 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 > 12 Programmes not presented in this article are Travel grants to Asia, Teacher exchange with Latin America and Finnish- Hungarian Scientific-Technological Cooperation because the scholarships are awarded only for teachers and researchers in these programmes. Mobility in these programmes makes up some five percent of all scholarship mobility. 27

OCCASIONAL PAPER International mobility in Finnish education Table 4.2.1. Inwards mobility in CIMO s scholarship programmes 2000 2004 Programme 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Bilateral scholarships 206 200 188 181 131** FIRST 23 48 105 97 177 Nordic Grant Scheme* 133 207 176 73 78 CIMO Fellowships 166 198 205 178 148 Finnish language programme 38 33 44 37 35 Kindred Nations Programme 27 31 28 26 35 north2north 0 0 4 3 17 Baltia75 50 49 40 46 32 Total 643 766 790 641 653 *includes several short visits **Finnish Government Scholarship Pool Source: CIMO Chart 4.2.1 shows the development of mobility in CIMO s scholarship programmes over the past five years. The trend can be described as fairly stable with a slight decrease of some four per cent. The decrease has not been linear. The total number of students grew until the year 2002 after which it has been slightly declining. Mobility based on scholarship programmes has been strongly focused on inwards mobility. The proportion of incoming students has been some 65 percent of that of outgoing. This is greatly attributable to programmes such as CIMO Fellowships and FIRST which are targeted at inwards students only. Mobility by programme Table 4.2.1 presents inwards mobility by programme 2000 2004. The most important scholarship programmes are CIMO Fellowships, Nordic Grant Scheme, FIRST and Bilateral scholarships 13. These four programmes accounted for 82 percent of all inwards mobility in 2004. Although the overall trend in inwards mobility has been stable, there are notable differences between individual programmes. Mobility channelled through the Nordic Grant Scheme, for example, has notably declined by some 40 per cent over the past five years. In parallel, the number of the FIRST scholarship holders has become five times higher. Table 4.2.2. Outwards mobility in CIMO s scholarship programmes 2000 2004 Programme 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Bilateral scholarships 195 152 160 143 125 FIRST 0 13 35 22 65 Nordic Grant Scheme* 143 154 198 129 78 Russian scholarships to Finns 33 34 34 37 36 north2north 0 0 15 10 18 College of Europe 13 8 14 14 10 Total 384 361 456 355 332 *includes several short visits Source: CIMO Annual reports 2000 2004 13 From the year 2004 onwards Finnish Government Scholarship Pool 28